New Optical Tests of Relativity on Earth and in Space
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1 New Optical Tests of Relativity on Earth and in Space Achim Peters 38th Recontres de Moriond, March 2003, Les Arcs, France
2 Contents Motivation A modern Michelson-Morley experiment using cryogenic optical resonators (COREs) Results and prospects OPTIS a satellite test of Special and General Relativity Summary
3 Motivation Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are the foundation of modern physics Unified theories (String-theory, etc...) predict violations of Special Relativity New frameworks for describing general violations of Special Relativity have been developed recently Improved technology makes new tests possible
4 Theory of Relativity General Relativity (Einstein 1915): gravitation Special Relativity (Einstein 1904) isotropy velocity invariance time dilation local position invariance universality of free fall
5 Experimental limits (2000)! Mansouri-Sexl test theory: c c = A v 2 c 2 + B v 2 c 2 sin2 θ Assumed preferred frame: microwave background! Velocity invariance c/c < A < (Hils and Hall, 1990)! Isotropy c/c < B < (Brillet and Hall, 1979)! Time dilation measurement violation < 10-7 (Isaak, 1970, Riis et al. 1988) Lorentz transformations confirmed at level
6 MM-experiments old & new
7 Frequency stabilization to a cavity servo PD laser 1 BS stable reference cavity frequency analysis L
8 Kennedy-Thorndike experiment comparison c atomic clock velocity of laboratory
9 Movement of Earth in space
10 Why Sapphire COREs? Low thermal expansion coefficient: 1.5 K: / K 300 K: / K Pure crystalline material at cryogenic temperatures: No (or very small) relaxation processes Very high long-term stabilty: < 20 Hz / day (vs ~ 5 khy / day for 300 K)
11 Performance of COREs Analysis of beatnote measurements between independent free-beam- or fiber-coupled CORES
12 MM-experiment using COREs
13 MM-experiment using COREs Technical details: Beam alignment control 3fm-PDH-Lock: demodulate at 3rd harmonic insensitive to residual AM Offset compensation: Measure and compensate effects of residual AM, residual etalons, mixer offsets, electrical offsets,... Active beam pointing: Stabilize incoupling, compensate for cryo movements
14 Typical measurement - raw data Feb. 05, 2002 Red points: 2 min averages off-lock periods removed Frequency deviation [Hz] 100 Hz 3 days Time [days]
15 Data analysis single measurement
16 Data analysis complete data
17 Standard Model Extension (SME)
18 Analysis within SME
19 Future prospects New, improved cryostat Turntable, optimized rotation Fiber coupled resonators Crossed monolithic COREs Rotating Cryostat PVLAS vacuum birefringence experiment
20 Future Prospects - In Space -
21 OPTIS Satellite-based tests of Special and General Relativity Mission study funded by Heinrich-Heine-Univ. Universität Düsseldorf S. Schiller C. Lämmerzahl ZARM, Univ. Bremen H. Dittus Humboldt-Univ. Berlin (formerly Univ. Konstanz) A. Peters
22 Mission fs Comb Idea U 2 (r) v 2 v 1 U 1 (r) Michelson-Morley Kennedy-Thorndike Gravitational redshift
23 Summary and Outlook COREs are suitable tools for tests of fundamental physics Michelson-Morley experiment: 3-fold improvement Standard Model Extension parameters: 100-fold improvement Improved MM-experiment (3 orders of magnitude) Improved KT-experiment (1 order of magnitude) Other fundamental tests... Space based experiments No reason to worry, yet...
24 The team Holger Müller, Achim Peters, Oliver Pradl, Claus Braxmaier, Sven Herrmann, and Alexsandro Sunaga
25
26
27 MM-experiment using COREs Beam alignment control
28 Setup for measuring stability
29 Spacecraft and orbit " Mass 250 kg " Power budget 250 W In(Cs) Reservoir "High elliptic orbit "Period: 14 h "Inclination 63 "Shadow: 5 months without shadow 1 month with periods "Sun rad. press. 4.4 µn/m 2 "Earth albedo rad. press. 1.2 µn/m 2 HEO GTO Apogee motor for orbit transfer FEEPs: F = ± 0.1 µn F max = 100 µn + Reference sensor δa=10-14 m/(s 2 # Hz) ONERA Cold gas thruster for coarse attitude control
30 Analysis within SME
31 Sapphire COREs
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