Clocks and Gravity. Claus Lämmerzahl and Hansjörg Dittus. Airlie From Quantum to Cosmos, May
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- Lee Hicks
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1 Clocks and Gravity Claus Lämmerzahl and Hansjörg Dittus Zentrum für Angewandte Raumfahrttechnologie und Mikrogravitation Center for Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) University of Bremen Airlie From Quantum to Cosmos, May C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
2 Clocks and Gravity Well known issues Gravitational redshift Important effect within Einstein s General Relativity Needed for clock synchronization on Earth Needed for GPS Universality of gravitational redshift Important for the structure of General Relativity Points made here Clocks are a universal tool Clocks have many important practical applications Most space missions may profit from clocks onboard Time and position are independent observables Technology and Fundamental Physics C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
3 Outline 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
4 Outline 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
5 Outline 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
6 Outline 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
7 Outline 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
8 Outline 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
9 Outline 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
10 Outline The situation of standard physics 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
11 Outline The situation of standard physics The status 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
12 The situation of standard physics Structure of standard physics The status Universality of Free Fall Einstein Equivalence Principle Universality of Gravitat. Redshift Lorentz Invariance Equations of motion for matter Maxwell equation Dirac equation Matter determines gravity Gravity determines dynamics General Relativity Gravity = Metric Einstein equations C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
13 The present situation The situation of standard physics The status All aspects of Lorentz invariance are experimentally well tested and confirmed Foundations Postulates c = const Principle of Relativity C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
14 The present situation The situation of standard physics The status All aspects of Lorentz invariance are experimentally well tested and confirmed Foundations Postulates c = const Principle of Relativity Tests =Clocktests Independence of c from velocity of the source Universality of c Isotropy of c Independence of c from velocity of the laboratory Time dilation Isotropy of physics (Hughes Drever experiments) Independence of physics from the velocity of the laboratory C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
15 The present situation The situation of standard physics The status Many aspects of the Universality of Free Fall are experimentally well tested and confirmed Postulate In a gravitational field all structureless test particles fall in the same way C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
16 The present situation The situation of standard physics The status Many aspects of the Universality of Free Fall are experimentally well tested and confirmed Postulate In a gravitational field all structureless test particles fall in the same way Tests UFF for Neutral bulk matter Charged particles Particles with spin No test so far for Anti particles C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
17 The present situation The situation of standard physics The status Many aspects of the Universality of the Gravitational Redshift are experimentally well tested and confirmed Postulate In a gravitational field all clocks behave in the same way g C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
18 The present situation The situation of standard physics The status Many aspects of the Universality of the Gravitational Redshift are experimentally well tested and confirmed Postulate In a gravitational field all clocks behave in the same way g Tests (= Clock tests) UGR for Atomic clocks: electronic Atomic clocks: hyperfine Molecular clocks: vibrational Molecular clocks: rotational Resonators Nuclear transitions (Mössbauer effect) No test so far for Anti clocks C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
19 Universal tool The situation of standard physics The status Clocks are a universal tool for testing space time properties GR: Physics of position and time (trajectories of particles and light rays) SR: Based solely on clock camparison experiments UGR: clock comparison experiment Clock with hypothetic anomal dependence on position, orientation, and velocity Clock 1 ν 1 Clock with different hypothetic anomal dependence on position, orientation, and velocity Clock 2 ν 2 comparison ν 2 ν 1 C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
20 Clocks The situation of standard physics The status Clocks of different nature exhibit a different dependence on fundamental constants Scaling of transition energies (in units of Rydberg energy) Hyperfine energies g(m e /m p )α 2 f(α) Vibrational energies in molecules m e /m p Rotational energies in molecules m e /m p Fine-structure energies α 2 Electronic energies (incl. relativistic effects) f(α) Cavity frequency 1/α Weak interaction splitting/zeeman frequency G F C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
21 The situation of standard physics The status Test of time dilation: Transport of clocks Development of good clocks clocks on aircraft: Experiment by Hafele and Keating 1968 to test time dilation We shall do the same today: Put the best clocks on spacecraft and test clock effects! C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
22 The present situation The situation of standard physics The status All predictions of Einstein s General Relativity are experimentally well tested and confirmed Foundations The Einstein Equivalence Principle Universality of Free Fall Universality of Gravitational Redshift Local Lorentz Invariance C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
23 The present situation The situation of standard physics The status All predictions of Einstein s General Relativity are experimentally well tested and confirmed Foundations The Einstein Equivalence Principle Universality of Free Fall Universality of Gravitational Redshift Local Lorentz Invariance Predictions from GR Solar system effects Perihelion shift Gravitational redshift Deflection of light Gravitational time delay Lense Thirring effect Schiff effect Strong gravitational fields Binary systems Black holes Gravitational waves Cosmology C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
24 Outline The situation of standard physics Applications 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
25 Metrology The situation of standard physics Applications A m SR ensures uniqueness of timekeeping in moving frames SR: Constancy of speed of light mol s GR ensures uniqueness of timekeeping in gravitational fields cd 10 4 GR ensures uniqueness of definition of mass kg unknown ageing of prototype K SR & GR = Physics of space and time fundamental metrology C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
26 Metrology The situation of standard physics Applications C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
27 TAI The situation of standard physics Applications C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
28 Time scales The situation of standard physics Applications C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
29 The situation of standard physics Applications Practical application: Clocks and climate research C. La mmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
30 The situation of standard physics Applications Practical application: Clocks and climate research C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
31 The situation of standard physics Applications Practical application: Clocks and Earth dynamics. Clocks are of help to measure: warming of oceans motion of Earth s crust, C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
32 The situation of standard physics Applications Practical application: Clocks and positions C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
33 Outline The situation of standard physics Problems? 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
34 Problems? The situation of standard physics Problems? Issues to be resloved Need for Quantum Gravity Gravity anomalies C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
35 Outline Search for Quantum Gravity 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
36 Outline Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
37 Search for Quantum Gravity The need for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity Frame theories Quantum theory Special Relativity General Relativity Statistical mechanics Problem Incompatibility of quantum theory and General Relativity Interactions Electrodynamics Gravity Weak interaction Strong interaction Wish Unification of all interactions Avoiding Singularities Resolving the problem of time Need of modifications of standard physics search for modifications C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
38 Possible effects Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity Possible geometry relevant effects Anisotropic speed of light Anisotropy in quantum fields Violation of UFF, UGR Birefringence Anomalous spin coupling Anomalous coupling of charge Anomalous dispersion Newton / Coulomb potential Nonlinearities Charge non conservation Active passive mass and charge Other possible effects Decoherence Modified interference Non localities Structure of parameters Usually: parameters are asumed to be constant In unification scenarios: parameters depend on time and position, through scalar fields (dilaton, quintessence, varying e) scalar tensor theories Many of them typically clock tests Clocks are an important device in the search for QG C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
39 Outline Search for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
40 Search for Quantum Gravity Strategy: Exploration of new regimes On strategies for the search for QG effects Standard physics experimentally well proven for standard energies, velocities, distances,... Search for new effects need to go to non standard situations: C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
41 Search for Quantum Gravity Strategy: Exploration of new regimes On strategies for the search for QG effects Standard physics experimentally well proven for standard energies, velocities, distances,... Search for new effects need to go to non standard situations: Non standard situations Extreme high energies. Deviations from the standard dispersion relation Extreme low energies. Space time fluctuations, decoherence may affect quantum systems at temperatures lower than 500 fk achieved in BECs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
42 Search for Quantum Gravity Strategy: Exploration of new regimes On strategies for the search for QG effects Standard physics experimentally well proven for standard energies, velocities, distances,... Search for new effects need to go to non standard situations: Non standard situations Extreme high energies. Deviations from the standard dispersion relation Extreme low energies. Space time fluctuations, decoherence may affect quantum systems at temperatures lower than 500 fk achieved in BECs Extreme large distances. Dark energy, dark matter, Pioneer anomaly Ultra low frequency gravitational waves (early universe) Extreme small distances. Higher dimensional theories: violation of Newton s law at small (sub mm) distances C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
43 Search for Quantum Gravity Strategy: Exploration of new regimes On strategies for the search for QG effects Standard physics experimentally well proven for standard energies, velocities, distances,... Search for new effects need to go to non standard situations: Non standard situations Extreme high energies. Deviations from the standard dispersion relation Extreme low energies. Space time fluctuations, decoherence may affect quantum systems at temperatures lower than 500 fk achieved in BECs Extreme large distances. Dark energy, dark matter, Pioneer anomaly Ultra low frequency gravitational waves (early universe) Extreme small distances. Higher dimensional theories: violation of Newton s law at small (sub mm) distances Extreme long timescales. Search for space time fluctuations in terms of 1/f noise Time dependence of constants Extreme short timescales. Short time scales large energies C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
44 Outline Search for Quantum Gravity Observation vs. Experiment 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
45 Search for Quantum Gravity Observations vs. Experiment Observation vs. Experiment Comparison: high energy cosmic ray observation low energy laboratory exp. C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
46 Search for Quantum Gravity Observations vs. Experiment Observation vs. Experiment Comparison: high energy cosmic ray observation low energy laboratory exp. Astrophysical observations + Availability of ultra high energies of more than ev No systematic repeatability No unique interpretation C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
47 Search for Quantum Gravity Observations vs. Experiment Observation vs. Experiment Comparison: high energy cosmic ray observation low energy laboratory exp. Astrophysical observations + Availability of ultra high energies of more than ev No systematic repeatability No unique interpretation Laboratory search (including space) Only small energies are available + Repeatability of the experiment, systematic variation of initial and boundary conditions, used for: Identification of cause Improvement of precision of result + Ultra low temperatures, ultrastable devices like optical resonators can be obtained in the laboratory / in space only C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
48 Search for Quantum Gravity Observations vs. Experiment Observation vs. Experiment Comparison: high energy cosmic ray observation low energy laboratory exp. Astrophysical observations + Availability of ultra high energies of more than ev No systematic repeatability No unique interpretation Laboratory search (including space) Only small energies are available + Repeatability of the experiment, systematic variation of initial and boundary conditions, used for: Identification of cause Improvement of precision of result + Ultra low temperatures, ultrastable devices like optical resonators can be obtained in the laboratory / in space only Due to stability and repeatability of experiments, laboratory searches for quantum gravity effects may be as promising as astrophysical observations C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
49 Outline Space conditions 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
50 Space conditions Space conditions Particular space conditions and corresponding tests Space conditions Free fall no gravitational force Tests C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
51 Space conditions Space conditions Particular space conditions and corresponding tests Space conditions Free fall no gravitational force Tests Test of Universality of Free Fall Long time for accumulating small forces C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
52 Space conditions Space conditions Particular space conditions and corresponding tests Space conditions Free fall no gravitational force Large differences in the gravitational potential Tests Test of Universality of Free Fall Long time for accumulating small forces C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
53 Space conditions Space conditions Particular space conditions and corresponding tests Space conditions Free fall no gravitational force Large differences in the gravitational potential Tests Test of Universality of Free Fall Test of Universality of Gravitational Redshift Measurement of absolute gravitational redshift Long time for accumulating small forces C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
54 Space conditions Space conditions Particular space conditions and corresponding tests Space conditions Free fall no gravitational force Large differences in the gravitational potential Huge distances Tests Test of Universality of Free Fall Test of Universality of Gravitational Redshift Measurement of absolute gravitational redshift Long time for accumulating small forces C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
55 Space conditions Space conditions Particular space conditions and corresponding tests Space conditions Free fall no gravitational force Large differences in the gravitational potential Huge distances Tests Test of Universality of Free Fall Test of Universality of Gravitational Redshift Measurement of absolute gravitational redshift Long time for accumulating small forces Newton at large distances low frequency gravitational waves C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
56 Space conditions Space conditions Particular space conditions and corresponding tests Space conditions Free fall no gravitational force Large differences in the gravitational potential Huge distances Large velocities Tests Test of Universality of Free Fall Test of Universality of Gravitational Redshift Measurement of absolute gravitational redshift Long time for accumulating small forces Newton at large distances low frequency gravitational waves C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
57 Space conditions Space conditions Particular space conditions and corresponding tests Space conditions Free fall no gravitational force Large differences in the gravitational potential Huge distances Large velocities Tests Test of Universality of Free Fall Test of Universality of Gravitational Redshift Measurement of absolute gravitational redshift Test of Lorentz invariance Long time for accumulating small forces Newton at large distances low frequency gravitational waves C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
58 Space conditions Space conditions Particular space conditions and corresponding tests Space conditions Free fall no gravitational force Large differences in the gravitational potential Huge distances Large velocities Low noise Well defined clocks Tests Test of Universality of Free Fall Test of Universality of Gravitational Redshift Measurement of absolute gravitational redshift Test of Lorentz invariance Long time for accumulating small forces Newton at large distances low frequency gravitational waves C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
59 Space conditions Space conditions Particular space conditions and corresponding tests Freefall nogravit.force Large diff. in grav. pot. Huge distances Large velocities Low noise Well defined time Test of UFF Long accumul. small forces Test of UGR absolute gravitat. redshift Relativistic gravity Newton at large distances low frequency gravit. waves Test of LI MICROSCOPE STEP, GG, HYPER GP-B HYPER ACES, OPTIS, PARCS, SUMO, SPACETIME, RAC ACES, GP-A OPTIS LLR, Cassini LATOR, ASTROD DSGE LISA ASTROD ACES, OPTIS, PARCS, SUMO, RACE C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
60 Example: OPTIS Space conditions OPTIS = OPtical Tests of the Isotropy of Space OPTIS = Mission for improved tests of Special and General Relativity Objectives: Michelson Morley, Kennedy Thorndike, time dilation, UGR, absolute redshift, perihelion shift, Lense Thirring, Yukawa ( poster) C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
61 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Outline 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
62 Outline Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
63 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies But: Dark clouds over General Relativity? Unexplained observations C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
64 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies But: Dark clouds over General Relativity? Unexplained observations Dark Matter (Zwicky 1933) Needed to describe galactic rotation curves, lensing, structure formation C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
65 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies But: Dark clouds over General Relativity? Unexplained observations Dark Matter (Zwicky 1933) Needed to describe galactic rotation curves, lensing, structure formation Dark Energy (Turner 1999) Needed to describe the accelerated expansion of our universe C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
66 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies But: Dark clouds over General Relativity? Unexplained observations Dark Matter (Zwicky 1933) Needed to describe galactic rotation curves, lensing, structure formation Dark Energy (Turner 1999) Needed to describe the accelerated expansion of our universe Pioneer Anomaly (Anderson et al 1998, 2002) Non Newtonian acceleration of Pioneer spacecraft toward the Sun C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
67 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies But: Dark clouds over General Relativity? Unexplained observations Dark Matter (Zwicky 1933) Needed to describe galactic rotation curves, lensing, structure formation Dark Energy (Turner 1999) Needed to describe the accelerated expansion of our universe Pioneer Anomaly (Anderson et al 1998, 2002) Non Newtonian acceleration of Pioneer spacecraft toward the Sun Flyby anomaly (ESA and NASA communications) Satellite velocities are too large by a few mm/s after fly bys C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
68 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies But: Dark clouds over General Relativity? Unexplained observations Dark Matter (Zwicky 1933) Needed to describe galactic rotation curves, lensing, structure formation Dark Energy (Turner 1999) Needed to describe the accelerated expansion of our universe Pioneer Anomaly (Anderson et al 1998, 2002) Non Newtonian acceleration of Pioneer spacecraft toward the Sun Flyby anomaly (ESA and NASA communications) Satellite velocities are too large by a few mm/s after fly bys Increase of Astronomical Unit (Krasinski & Brumberg 2005, Pitjeva 2005) Distance Earth Sun increases by 10 m/cy C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
69 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies But: Dark clouds over General Relativity? Unexplained observations Dark Matter (Zwicky 1933) Needed to describe galactic rotation curves, lensing, structure formation Dark Energy (Turner 1999) Needed to describe the accelerated expansion of our universe Pioneer Anomaly (Anderson et al 1998, 2002) Non Newtonian acceleration of Pioneer spacecraft toward the Sun Flyby anomaly (ESA and NASA communications) Satellite velocities are too large by a few mm/s after fly bys Increase of Astronomical Unit (Krasinski & Brumberg 2005, Pitjeva 2005) Distance Earth Sun increases by 10 m/cy Quadrupole and octopole anomaly (Tegmark et al 2004, Schwarz et al 2005) Quadrupole and octopole of CMB are correlated with Solar system ecliptic C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
70 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies But: Dark clouds over General Relativity? Unexplained observations Dark Matter (Zwicky 1933) Needed to describe galactic rotation curves, lensing, structure formation Dark Energy (Turner 1999) Needed to describe the accelerated expansion of our universe Pioneer Anomaly (Anderson et al 1998, 2002) Non Newtonian acceleration of Pioneer spacecraft toward the Sun Flyby anomaly (ESA and NASA communications) Satellite velocities are too large by a few mm/s after fly bys Increase of Astronomical Unit (Krasinski & Brumberg 2005, Pitjeva 2005) Distance Earth Sun increases by 10 m/cy Quadrupole and octopole anomaly (Tegmark et al 2004, Schwarz et al 2005) Quadrupole and octopole of CMB are correlated with Solar system ecliptic Is the gravitational physics in the Solar system really well understood? Gravity on large scales? influence of DM and/or DE? Additional exploration with clocks! C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
71 Outline Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Solar system anomalies 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
72 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) The Pioneer anomaly Solar system anomalies The observation (Anderson et al 1998, 2002) Measured constant acceleration a Pioneer =(8.74 ± 1.33) m/s 2 Acceleration constant and toward the Sun New information from Clock on new DSGE Drift of clocks on Earth may simulate the effect clock comparison C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
73 Theory Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Solar system anomalies Theoretical considerations Cosmological influence orders of magnitude too small in order to explain the Pioneer anomaly (e.g. C.L. & Dittus 2005, Giulini & Matteo 2006) Yukawa describing galactic rotation curve can be used to describe Pioneer anomaly (Dittus & C.L. 2005) Cosmological constant cannot be responsible for Pioneer anomaly (Kagramanova, Kunz & C.L. 2006) C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
74 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Outlook: New mission Solar system anomalies C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
75 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Outlook: New mission Solar system anomalies Active spacecraft, passive test mass Accurate tracking of test mass 2 step tracking Radio: Earth spacecraft Laser: spacecraft test mass Flexible formation: varying distance Test mass is at environmentally quiet distance from spacecraft 200 m Occasional manoeuvres to maintain formation New Pioneer Explorer should be equipped with stable clock For Pioneer anomaly: Δ Pioneer ν = 1 90 AU ν c 2 a Pioneer dx =10 13 Jupiter C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
76 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) The flyby anomaly Solar system anomalies Observation After satellite flybys at Earth the velocity is too large by a few mm/s First Galileo flyby 1990, NEAR flyby 1998, Cassini flyby 1999, Rosetta flyby 2005,Messenger flyby 2005 GEGA1: Two way S band Doppler residuals & range residuals C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
77 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) The flyby anomaly Solar system anomalies Observation After satellite flybys at Earth the velocity is too large by a few mm/s First Galileo flyby 1990, NEAR flyby 1998, Cassini flyby 1999, Rosetta flyby 2005,Messenger flyby 2005 NEGA: Two way X band Doppler residuals & range residuals C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
78 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) The flyby anomaly Solar system anomalies Observation After satellite flybys at Earth the velocity is too large by a few mm/s First Galileo flyby 1990, NEAR flyby 1998, Cassini flyby 1999, Rosetta flyby 2005,Messenger flyby 2005 NEGA: Two way X band Doppler residuals & range residuals New information from: Better time resolution of velocity increase: continuous observation Clock on spacecraft Observation of Mars flyby (Rosetta) C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
79 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Increase of Astronomical Unit Solar system anomalies Observation Various groups reported Krasinsky & Brumberg 2005: 15 ± 4 m/cy Pitjeva 2005: 7 ± 1 m/cy Remarks / Questions Ġ excluded by LLR Mass loss of Sun leads only to 1 m/cy Influence of cosmic expansion by many orders of magnitude too small Interplanetary plasma? Effect can again be simulated by drift of clocks C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
80 Summary Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Solar system anomalies Possible questions Influence of cosmic expansion? (a Pioneer ch) Something wrong with weak gravity? Do clocks on Earth behave properly? Clocks Clocks are essential in helping to explore Pioneer anomaly Flyby anomaly Secular increase of AU C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
81 Outline Clocks and orbits 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
82 Clocks and orbits Gravity, geometry, clocks, and particle motion Gravity = geometry = metric + connection = clock and particle motion For the full exploration of gravity one needs position and time Measurement of time Clocks measure proper time related to dx μ T = ds with ds 2 = g(x, dx), g(x, λdx) =λ 2 g(x, dx) worldline For Riemanian space time metric ds 2 = g μν dx μ dx ν (1 T = gμν dx μ dx ν U +ẋ 2 ) dx 0 + worldline of clock Two clocks at different positions: gravitational redshift g 0i dx i C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
83 Clocks and orbits Gravity, geometry, clocks, and particle motion Motion of particles Equation of motion for particles: Weak Equivalence Principle 3 acceleration 0=v ν μ v ν + H μ (x, v) ={ μ ρσ } v μ v σ + h μ (x, v) ẍ i = i U }{{} +( i h j j h i )ẋ j +Υ i +Υ i }{{} +Υ i jkẋj ẋ k +... Newton Lense Thirring Equation of motion respects UFF but violates Einstein s elevator Such terms may play a role in Pioneer anomaly or flyby anomaly Need of precise clocks for tracking of satellites in oder to determine these terms Time and orbit of spacecraft are independent observables Only in Einstein s General Relativity both are governed by the space time metric Spacecraft should carry clocks onboard C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
84 Outline Summary and Outlook 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
85 Summary Summary and Outlook Summary Clocks are needed for most space projects Clocks are essential for the search of quantum gravity effects Clocks will play an important role in resolving current gravity puzzles C.L. & Dittus 2000 Dittus & C.L. (eds) 2003: Special Issue of Gen. Rel. Grav. on Fundamental Physics on the ISS Dittus, C.L & Turyshev 2007 (forthcoming book (Springer) on space technologies and missions) C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
86 Summary and Outlook Gravity plays a major role in modern physics Outlook: experiment/observation in gravitational physics Data basis improves New gravitating systems: binary pulsar new tests of GR, non linearities,... Longer data span: LLR Ġ/G, equivalence principle,... Longer data span: ephemerides increase of AU Improved data from new measurements: Planck cosmology, quadrupole,... UHECR: Auger,... dispersion relation, search for QG,... Gravitational waves black holes, binary systems,... Satellite navigation flyby New Horizon mission New Pioneer mission... Vastly increasing knowledge about gravity... Gravity is a very dynamic field new important applications for daily life C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
87 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs Outline 1 The situation of standard physics The status Applications Problems? 2 Search for Quantum Gravity Need for Quantum Gravity On strategies for the search for QG effects Observation vs. Experiment 3 Space conditions 4 Gravity anomalies (in Universe and within Solar system) Anomalies Solar system anomalies 5 Clocks and orbits 6 Summary and Outlook 7 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
88 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs Technology vs. Fundamental Phyiscs From Philosophy of Science: Fundamental Physics makes technological progress possible Technology stimulates scientific inventiveness, e.g. Einstein Poincaré simultaneity (Gallison 2003) Not possible: To have solely technological development (Carrier 2006):... practical challenges cannot appropriately be met without treating problems in basic science... applied research naturally grows into basic science... Applied research tends to transcend applied questions for methodological reasons. A lack of deeper understanding of a phenomenon eventually impairs the prospects of its technological use.... Uncovering the relevant mechanisms and embedding them in a theoretical framework is of some use typically for ascertaining or improving the applicability of a finding. Scientific understanding makes generalizations robust... Treating applied questions appropriately requires not treating them exclusively as applied questions. Even the demand of mere technology needs Fundamental Physics. C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
89 Final remark: Technology and Fundamental Phyiscs Final Conclusion C. Lämmerzahl (ZARM, Bremen) Clocks and Gravity Airlie, May 23, / 55
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