HYPER. ψ t. h r r. r r. δφ = One scientific objective of HYPER: Test of Universality of Free Fall for quantum matter Schrödinger equation

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1 HYPER One scientific objective of HYPER: Test of Universality of Free Fall for quantum matter Schrödinger equation ih ψ t Coresponding phase shift (exact result) δφ = m m Universality of Free Fall g i r r k g T 2 h r r = ψ + mg g xψ 2m 2 i structure of space-time structure of gravity

2 HYPER One scientific objective of HYPER: Test of Universality of Free Fall for quantum matter Schrödinger equation ih ψ t Coresponding phase shift (exact result) quasiclass. limit δφ = m m Universality of Free Fall g i r r k g 2 h r r = ψ + mg g xψ 2m T 2 i COW formula structure of space-time structure of gravity

3 HYPER Scientific objective: Search for rotation effect Schrödinger equation ih ψ t Coresponding phase shift δφ r r r = k Ω ( ) 2 υ gt 2 h r r = ψ +Ω Jψ 2m r

4 HYPER Scientific objective: Search for rotation effect Schrödinger equation ih ψ t 2 h r r = ψ +Ω Jψ 2m Coresponding phase shift δφ r r r r quasiclass. limit = k Ω ( ) 2 υ gt Sagnac form

5 HYPER Also possible (in principle) for atoms with intrinsic spin: Search for anomalous spin couplings Schrödinger equation 2 i ψ h r ψ σ ( ) ˆ t 2m p r r h = + µ ψ + ν x σ x ψ Coresponding phase shift for spin-comparison 1 r r r r δφ = H( ps, ) H( p, S) T h 2 r r r = + T ( µ S p ν( x) S xˆ )

6 HYPER More general results from a generalized Dirac equation (Kostelecky et al 1998, C.L. 1998) i γ µ M ψ = µ ψ 0 ν µ ν γ γ + γ γ = g + χ µ ν µ µν M = m + µ additional gravitationa field(s) Leads to Violation of Universality of Free Fall Violation of Local Lorentz Invariance

7 Motivation Modification of > Maxwell s equations (Gambini & Pullin 2000,...) > Dirac equation (Alfaro et al 2000,...) Metric Theory of Gravity Einstein Equivalence Principle Universality of Free Fall Universality of Gravitational Red Shift Lorentz Invariance Quantum Gravity theories (string theory or loop gravity) predict Violation of > Universality of Free Fall (Damour & Polyakov 1994 > Universality of Gravitational Red Shift ( α& ) > Local Lorentz Invariance (Kostelecky et al 1997)

8 Motivation Fundamental Physics rame theory Cosmology Astrophysics HEP SR and GR Geodesy GPS Metrology Telecommun. Applied Physics

9 Motivation Metric Theory of Gravity Einstein Equivalence Principle Universality of Free Fall Universality of Gravitational Red Shift Lorentz Invariance HYPER, MICROSCOPE, STEP OPTIS Complete test of General Relativity

10 OPTIS Scientific objectives and mission outline Claus Lämmerzahl Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf OPTIS homepage: HYPER-Meeting

11 The collaboration University Düsseldorf ZARM, Univ. Bremen Humboldt-Univ. Berlin P. Antonini H. Dittus S. Herrmann C. Lämmerzahl S. Theil H. Müller S. Schiller A. Peters Funded by 9/36 OPTIS

12 OPTIS mission outline Lämmerzahl, Dittus, Peters, Schiller CQG 18, 2499 (20 to sun apogee km comparison cavity frequenc comparis rigee km laser atomic clock(s) comb

13 OPTIS mission outline Lämmerzahl, Dittus, Peters, Schiller CQG 18, 2499 (20 to sun apogee km comparison cavity frequenc comparis rigee km laser atomic clock(s) comb

14 OPTIS mission outline Lämmerzahl, Dittus, Peters, Schiller CQG 18, 2499 (20 to sun apogee km comparison cavity frequenc comparis rigee km Michelson-Morley laser atomic clock(s) comb

15 OPTIS mission outline Lämmerzahl, Dittus, Peters, Schiller CQG 18, 2499 (20 to sun apogee km υ 2 1 comparison cavity frequenc comparis rigee km Michelson-Morley Kennedy-Thorndike laser atomic clock(s) comb

16 OPTIS mission outline Lämmerzahl, Dittus, Peters, Schiller CQG 18, 2499 (20 to sun U( x2) apogee km υ 2 1 comparison cavity frequenc comparis U( x1 ) rigee km Michelson-Morley Kennedy-Thorndike laser atomic clock(s) comb

17 OPTIS main features Space Conditions: Long integration time Large velocity changes Large potential differences Noise reduction: Drag-free motion ( δ a 10 Monolithic resonator Systematic elimination of distortions km to sun comparison apogee km laser atomic clock(s) cavity comparison comb New technologies in space: Ultrastable lasers Optical comb Resonators with narrow linewidth field emission electrical thrusters (FEEPs)

18 Scientific Objectives mprovement of tests of Isotropy of light propagation Independence of velocity of light from velocity of laborato Universality of gravitational red shift (for cavity) Universality of gravitational red shift (for atomic clocks) Test Present Accuracy Projected Accuracy Michelson- Morley Kennedy-Thorndike Gravitational red shift 1 Gravitational red shift [1] [2] [3] [4] [1] Müller et al: Conf. Lasers and Electrooptics (2002) [2] Wolf et al, preprint (2002)

19 Motivation Special Relativity Isotropy of c Independence of c from velocity of laboratory time dilation est of SR concerns Dynamical aspects of the structure of space-time (Ni 1977, Kostelecky et al 1998, C.L. 1998, C.L. & Haugan 2001) Test of Maxwell equations (modified standard model) Test of Dirac equation (modified standard model) Kinematical aspect of the structure of space-time

20 ynam. description of tests with light Chern-Simons term (Carrol, Field & Jackiw 1990, Ni 1977) L = Modified standard model (Colladay & Kostelecky 1997, 1998, Coleman & Glashow 1997) Non-commutative geometry (Carrol et al 2001) LLI violation can also be combined with supersymmetry (Berger & Kostelecky 2001) 1 2 S µνρσ ε AF µ ν ρσ Most general test theory (Haugan & CL 2001) ab abcd F + λ F + λ F = 4 π j, F = 0 b acd a b cd cd [ a bc] birefringence tensorial

21 Test of SR and GR: Basic Set-up avity Measurement of n cavity turn table x v J

22 Test of SR and GR: Basic Set-up avity Measurement of n Compariso with a cloc Defines a : clock cavity turn table x v J

23 Test of SR and GR: Basic Set-up The basic idea: comparison of clocks of different nature With hypothetical orientation, velocity, and position dependence With different hypothetical orientation, velocity, and position dependence Clock 1, n 1 Clock 2, n 2 Comparison, n 2 - n 1 ν ν ν =? f ( υϑ,, x)

24 Kind of clocks E Atomic (hf) clock H-maser Cs atomic clock Ion clock Atomic fountain clock Cavity clock L Molecule clock (rotation, vibration) m E α e rot,vib frot,vib, m p α α 2 f ( α) c may depend on direction due to external em field direction given by geometry direction given by rotation plane or direction of vibrat

25 Test of SR and GR For experiments with cavities: Measurement of n boundary condition k ν = n π L = ck cavity c = c( υϑ, ) and L= L( α) ν = νυϑα (,, ) turn table x v J

26 QG-induced violations of LPI From atomic physics: in the presence of scalar fields ν ν ACES: goal F Zαϕ ( ) ( ) 1 ( αϕ ( )) = 1 F Z δα rs 10 6 ν = ν 2 δα rs U 2 c Best future test with SPACETIME: 10 goal: for δα rs 10 (Maleki et al 2002) U / c = is connected with UUF tests because scalar field couples also to mass (Dvali & Zaldarriaga 2001)

27 Test of Universality of Red Shift Test of universality: comparison between two different clocks, null test ν ν ν = ν clock2 clock1 clock2 clock1 α α ( ) clock2 clock1 U c 2 Single clock, H-maser (Vessot et al 1980) H-maser, Cs-clock (Bauch & Weyers 2002) Cs-clock, cavity (Turneaure & Stein 1987) Cavity-Iod (electronic) α αcs H α H α Cs α cavity 2

28 Basic set-up comparison I (MM) cavity comparison I (KT and UGR lasers atomic clock comb

29 The Orbit Orbit with Ariane 5 High elliptic orbit Period: 14 h Inclination 63 Shadow: 5 months without any shadow 1 month with shadow periods Sun: radiation pressure: 4.4 mn/m 2 Earth albedo: radiation pressure: 1.2 mn/m 2

30 The Orbit Apogee Perigee Height km km Velocity 2.28 km/s 5.93 km/s Grav. Potential / c Grav. gradient s s -2 Velocity difference: 8.2 km/s Potential difference:

31 Reference sensor (ONERA) V =+V+ V' P ~ p + Vd C C F F Capacitive sensor Control laws Drive voltage amplifiers Output network V = -V + V' P ONERA Capacitive determination of position of a free tast mass with high precision Electrostatic levitation Closed Loop-Control by measuring the restoring force and control of ion-thrusters Sensitivity δ a = m/s / Hz

32 The Field EEPs ARC Seibersdorf (Austria) Force mn a = Small mass (10 20 g) Long operation g

33 Basic set-up comparison I (MM) cavity comparison I (KT and UGR lasers atomic clock comb

34 Requirements on Cavity Length variations 2 2 σc( τ) σlock ( τ) σ L( τ) = 2 + c c c ν L Searched signal laser lock instability cavity differential or absolute length instability Frequency noise Amplitude modulation Incoupling Temperature Ageing Residual accelera Gravity gradient Rotation

35 Motion of extended body Rigid body: equation of motion for center-of-mass coordinate and orientation (length ~ 5 cm) Force 1 ( kl mx r&& ) com = m U( xcom) + θ k lu( xcom) +. 2 Torque d ( ij ) ijk ( ji ( ) j k lu xcom)... dt θω = ε θ r +

36 Motion of extended body Rigid body: equation of motion for center-of-mass coordinate and orientation (length ~ 5 cm) Force Torque 1 ( kl mx r&& ) com = m U( xcom) + θ k lu( xcom) a 10 g for cylinders a 0 for cubes d ( ij ) ijk ( ji ( ) j k lu xcom)... dt θω ε θ r +

37 Motion of extended body Rigid body: equation of motion for center-of-mass coordinate and orientation (length ~ 5 cm) Force Torque 1 ( kl mx r&& ) com = m U( xcom) + θ k lu( xcom) a 10 g for cylinders a 0 for cubes d ( ij ) ijk ( ji ( ) j k lu xcom)... dt θω ε θ r ω& 10 s for cylinders ω& 0 for cubes a 8 10 g at endcaps (cyl)

38 Cavity as elastic body Distortions due to residual accelerations For ρ 2 L= La 2E 2 π ρ 2 L= Da 8 2E L max. residual acc. a 210 g L 8 a 410 g Residual gravity gradient Everything can be modelled Further analysis in progress Cavity made of fused silic

39 The cavity: further aspects Temperature stability L = β T L Material: ULE or Si ULE: β=10 9 at RT Si: β= K -1 at RT β=0 K -1 at 140 K Needs temperature stability Cavity made of fused sili Ageing: Si <->?? ULE <-> 5 50 khz/day

40 Basic set-up comparison I (MM) cavity comparison I (KT and UGR lasers atomic clock comb

41 Clocks H-maser (space qualified) Ion clocks (JPL Lute Maleki) Cd Optical Module Yb Optical Module Assembly of Three Linear Ion Traps

42 Clocks H-maser (space qualified) Ion clocks (JPL Lute Maleki) Cd Optical Module Yb Optical Module Assembly of Three Linear Ion Traps

43 Thank you! More on experimental payload and experiments by Stephan Schiller...