Searches for Local Lorentz Violation
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1 Searches for Local Lorentz Violation Jay D. Tasson St. Olaf College
2 outline background motivation SME gravity theory pure-gravity sector matter-gravity couplings experiments & observations
3 motivation E inconsistencies at higher energies Planck scale known physics standard model general relativity
4 underlying theory at Planck scale options for probing experimentally galaxy-sized accelerator E suppressed effects in sensitive experiments local Lorentz violation can arise in theories of new physics difficult to mimic with conventional effects unified theory Standard General Model Relativity
5 Standard-Model Extension (SME) test framework based on effective field theory which contains: General Relativity (GR) Standard Model (SM) arbitrary coordinate-independent Lorentz violation Lorentz-violating terms constructed from GR and SM fields parameterized by coefficients for Lorentz violation samples Colladay Kostelecký PRD '97, '98, Kostelecký PRD '04
6 What is Lorentz (rotation) violation? If I turn my head, it s clear that nothing has changed and relativity is preserved. y y Turn Experiment X X
7 What is Lorentz (rotation) violation? I can t fix this by rotating my coordinates. Relativity is violated y y Turn Experiment X X
8 Standard-Model Extension (SME) test framework based on effective field theory which contains: s c i General Relativity (GR) s y Standard Model (SM) ph w violation e arbitrary coordinate-independent Lorentz n h c r a e r o f s Lorentz-violating terms l a r e and SM fields constructed from GR n parameterized ge d n by coefficients a for Lorentz violation samples ad A o r b Colladay Kostelecký PRD '97, '98, Kostelecký PRD '04
9 PPN vs. SME framework parameterizes deviations from: PPN SME General Relativity exact LLI (including some (including some LLV) corrections to GR) expansion about: GR metric GR + standard model lagrangian GR corrections? Yes Yes, different ones! matter sector /standard model corrections? No Yes Lorentz invariant Yes corrections? (not primary interest)
10 parameterized deviations from GR are different! Example: pure-gravity sector of minimal SME vs. PPN different coefficients can lead to qualitatively different results IfIfyou youcurrently currentlyinvestigate investigatethe theppn, PPN, you youmay maybe beable ableto totest testadditional additional physics physicsusing usingthe thesme! SME! Bailey Kostelecký PRD '06
11 background vectors and tensors are cute, but where could the come from? explicit Lorentz violation the universe just looks that way consistency problems with Riemann geometry can arrise1 spontaneous Lorentz violation a vector or tensor field gets a vacuum-expectation value nonzero VEV observed for a scalar particle, the Higgs (no Lorentz violation) VEV for vector or tensor would be my red arrows consistent with Riemann geometry 1 Kostelecký PRD '04
12 tests compare experiments pointing in different directions compare experiments at different velocities compare particles and antiparticles SME predictive quantitative comparisons observe: Lorentz violation conventional field associated with larger-scale source eg. spacetime torsion1, gravitomagnetism2 1 Kostelecký Russell JT PRL '08 2 JT PRD '12
13 SME experimental and observational searches atom-interferometer tests (Mueller, Chiow, Herrmann, Chu, Chung) lunar laser ranging (Battat, Chandler, Stubbs) pulsar-timing observations (Shao) short-range gravity tests (Speake, Long,...) trapped particle tests (Dehmelt,Gabrielse, ) spin-polarized matter tests (Adelberger, Heckel, Hou, ) clock-comparison tests (Gibble, Hunter, Romalis, Walsworth, ) tests with resonant cavities (Lipa, Mueller, Peters, Schiller, Wolf, ) neutrino oscillations (LSND, Minos, Super K, ) muon tests (Hughes, BNL g-2) meson oscillations (BABAR, BELLE, DELPHI, FOCUS, KTeV, OPAL, ) astrophysical photon decay cosmological birefringence CMB analysis...
14 SME experimental and observational searches atom-interferometer tests (Mueller, Chiow, Herrmann, Chu, Chung) lunar laser ranging (Battat, Chandler, Stubbs) pulsar-timing observations (Shao) short-range gravity tests (Speake, Long,...) trapped particle tests (Dehmelt,Gabrielse, ) spin-polarized matter tests (Adelberger, Heckel, Hou, ) clock-comparison tests (Gibble, Hunter, Romalis, Walsworth, ) tests with resonant cavities (Lipa, Mueller, Peters, Schiller, Wolf, ) neutrino oscillations (LSND, Minos, Super K, ) muon tests (Hughes, BNL g-2) meson oscillations (BABAR, BELLE, DELPHI, FOCUS, KTeV, OPAL, ) astrophysical photon decay cosmological birefringence CMB analysis...
15 SME experimental and observational searches atom-interferometer tests (Mueller, Chiow, Herrmann, Chu, Chung) lunar laser ranging (Battat, Chandler, Stubbs) pulsar-timing observations (Shao) short-range gravity tests (Speake, Long,...) trapped particle tests (Dehmelt,Gabrielse, ) spin-polarized matter tests (Adelberger, Heckel, Hou, ) clock-comparison tests (Gibble, Hunter, Romalis, Walsworth, ) tests with resonant cavities (Lipa, Mueller, Peters, Schiller, Wolf, ) neutrino oscillations (LSND, Minos, Super K, ) Over 1000 experimental sensitivities Over 1000 experimental sensitivities muon tests (Hughes, BNL g-2) meson oscillations (BABAR, BELLE, DELPHI, FOCUS, KTeV, OPAL, ) Yet much remains unexplored Yet much remains unexplored astrophysical photon decay cosmological birefringence CMB analysis...
16 overview of Lorentz violation/sme Tasson, Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, (2014), arxiv: simple examples general overview video abstract
17 Lorentz violation in gravitational experiments gravitational sector1: Lorentz violation in the gravitational field Einstein-Hilbert + corrections gravitationally coupled matter sector2: Lorentz violation in matter gravity couplings species dependent couplings leads to WEP violation 1 Bailey Kostelecký PRD '06, Bailey Kostelecký Xu arxiv: JT Kostelecký PRD '11
18 gravity sector gravity sector: dynamics of gravitational field alone conventional pure-gravity source leading Lorentz violation source minimal post-newtonian effects originate from experiments that involve the gravitational field are relevant
19 gravity sector minimal effects (mass dimension 4 operators) via post Newton metric1 dimension 6 operators2 dimension 6 effects via modified 1/r behavior anisotropic combination of dim 6 coefficients 1 Bailey Kostelecký PRD '06 2 Bailey Kostelecký Xu arxiv:
20 gravitationally coupled matter sector matter sector: kinematics and interactions of particles conventional gravitationally coupled matter sector Lorentz violation source-dependent field distortions test-particle dependent responses
21 countershaded Lorentz violation upon investigating spontaneous breaking we find Minkowski-spacetime coefficients unobservable shift in fermion phase observable effects via gravity coupling for matter is unobservable in flat-spacetime tests observable effects are suppressed by the gravitational field could be large (~ 1eV) relative to existing matter-sector bounds Kostelecký JT PRL '09
22 classical results S and T denote composite coefficients for source and test respectively modified metric & particle equation of motion experimental hooks particle-species dependence time dependence
23 experiments Earth-source lab tests - gravimeter Chung et al. PRD '09 Mueller et al. PRL '08 - WEP Hohensee Mueller Wiringa PRL '13 Hohensee et al. PRL '11 space-based WEP exotic tests - charged matter - antimatter - higher-generation matter solar-system tests - laser ranging Battat Chandler Stubbs PRL '07 - perihelion precession light-travel tests - time delay - Doppler shift - red shift clock tests - null redshift - comagnetometers short-range gravity Long Kostelecký arxiv:1412:6362 Panjwani Carbone Speake in CPT'10 gravity probe B Bailey Everett Overduin PRD '13 pulsar tests Shao PRL '14 Shao arxiv:
24 experiments Earth-source lab tests - gravimeter Chung et al. PRD '09 Mueller et al. PRL '08 - WEP Hohensee Mueller Wiringa PRL '13 Hohensee et al. PRL '11 space-based WEP exotic tests - charged matter - antimatter - higher-generation matter solar-system tests - laser ranging Battat Chandler Stubbs PRL '07 - perihelion precession light-travel tests - time delay - Doppler shift - red shift clock tests - null redshift - comagnetometers short-range gravity Long Kostelecký arxiv:1412:6362 Panjwani Carbone Speake in CPT'10 gravity probe B Bailey Everett Overduin PRD '13 pulsar tests Shao PRL '14 Shao arxiv:
25 time dependence standard Sun-centered frame boost and rotation of test annual & sidereal variations
26 lab tests acceleration of a test particle T annual variations monitor monitor acceleration acceleration of ofone oneparticle particle over gravimeter over time time gravimeter monitor monitor relative relative behavior behavior of of particles particles -- EP EPtest test frequency frequencyand andphase phase distinguish distinguishfrom from other other effects effects
27 lab tests acceleration of a test particle T sidereal variations unsuppressed in some tests having horizontal sensitivity
28 Kostelecký & Tasson PRD 2011
29 Kostelecký & Tasson PRD 2011
30 Kostelecký & Tasson PRD 2011
31 Kostelecký & Tasson PRD 2011 improvement potential via atom interferometry: max reach 4 to 6 orders of magnitude improvement special linear combinations 10 orders of magnitude improvement Dimopoulos et al. PRD 2008
32 Kostelecký & Tasson PRD 2011 signals are qualitatively distinct from other sources of WEP violation due to characteristic periodicity improvement potential: max reach 4 to 6 orders special combinations 10 orders WEP tests considered atom interferometry torsion pendulum drop tower balloon drop tossed masses...and any WEP test can be used
33 experiments Earth-source lab tests - gravimeter Chung et al. PRD '09 Mueller et al. PRL '08 - WEP Hohensee Mueller Wiringa PRL '13 Hohensee et al. PRL '11 space-based WEP exotic tests - charged matter - antimatter - higher-generation matter solar-system tests - laser ranging Battat Chandler Stubbs PRL '07 - perihelion precession light-travel tests - time delay - Doppler shift - red shift clock tests - null redshift - comagnetometers short-range gravity Long Kostelecký arxiv:1412:6362 Panjwani Carbone Speake in CPT'10 gravity probe B Bailey Everett Overduin PRD '13 pulsar tests Shao PRL '14 Shao arxiv:
34 exotic tests variations of above tests involving experimentally challenging matter charged matter separate proton and electron coefficients theoretically interesting -- bumblebee electrodynamics improvement potential: sensitivity to remaining 4 unconstrained coefficients higher-generation matter few existingpotential: bounds improvement first sensitivity to for muons, for example antimatter separate CPT even and odd coefficients differing gravitational response for matter and antimatter
35 experiments Earth-source lab tests - gravimeter Chung et al. PRD '09 Mueller et al. PRL '08 - WEP Hohensee Mueller Wiringa PRL '13 Hohensee et al. PRL '11 space-based WEP exotic tests - charged matter - antimatter - higher-generation matter solar-system tests - laser ranging Battat Chandler Stubbs PRL '07 - perihelion precession light-travel tests - time delay - Doppler shift - red shift clock tests - null redshift - comagnetometers short-range gravity Long Kostelecký arxiv:1412:6362 Panjwani Carbone Speake in CPT'10 gravity probe B Bailey Everett Overduin PRD '13 pulsar tests Shao PRL '14 Shao arxiv:
36 short range anisotropic combination of dim 6 coefficients Time & orientation dependence qualitatively different from other 1/r deviations sensitivities require data analysis crude estimate of reach for given experiment improvement: first dimension 6 sensitivities via Indiana cantilever experiment 10-9 m2 Long Kostelecký arxiv:1412:6362 additional experiments offer improved sensitivity & additional coefficients Bailey Kostelecký Xu arxiv:
37 experiments Earth-source lab tests - gravimeter Chung et al. PRD '09 Mueller et al. PRL '08 - WEP Hohensee Mueller Wiringa PRL '13 Hohensee et al. PRL '11 space-based WEP exotic tests - charged matter - antimatter - higher-generation matter solar-system tests - laser ranging Battat Chandler Stubbs PRL '07 - perihelion precession light-travel tests - time delay - Doppler shift - red shift clock tests - null redshift - comagnetometers short-range gravity Long Kostelecký arxiv:1412:6362 Panjwani Carbone Speake in CPT'10 gravity probe B Bailey Everett Overduin PRD '13 pulsar tests Shao PRL '14 Shao arxiv:
38 pulsars minimal gravity sector implies constraints on effects on orbits and timing1 coefficients achieved using observations of 2: B , J , B , B , J A, B C, J , J , J , J , J , B , J The null detection of any beyond-gr effects in binary pulsars constrains LV orbital dynamics. improvement: first consideration of strong gravity several orders of magnitude improvement further improvement via direct fit to SME, observation improvements, & additional SME phenomenology 1. Bailey Kostelecký PRD '06 2. Shao PRL '14
39 Summary Lorentz violation searches have potential to detect Planckscale physics with existing technology The SME provides a field-theory based test framework Lorentz violation introduces qualitatively new signals in experiments Much work has been done but much remains unexplored
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