. M.,..,.!. "#$% &$$' ()*+ - & # /0#(% &$-: 1$ / # $ (0& / $) *&!)*2)3)$$' 2
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- Hector Wilkins
- 6 years ago
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1 . M.,..,.. :
2 : : M.,..,.. :.. :, ISBN , -,,.,,. - -, -. :. -, -., - -, -. ( 1.4/ ) :.. -.,., ( ).. -.,. ( ) ISBN ,..,.., 2010, 2010
3 - - (CGPM) - (COOMET) (BIPM) (CIPM) (OIML) 3
4 CRM
5 CCQM EURAMET EURACHEM - - GUM IEC ISO ISO/IEC ISO IEC JCRB KCDB KCRV MRA TBT VIM 5
6
7
8 , ,
9 - -, - (), , -, -,,,,.,,. - -,,, -.. -, -, -. -,, 9
10 , -.,,, - -. (), (), ,, -. -,, , , : ;, - ; ; ; - -, ; 10
11 - - ; - ;. - -.,, ,, -, -, -.,. -,, -.,, -, ().,,, - 11
12 , (), -, ,,. - : -.. : -.,, (),.. -, -, -. -.,, -., -,,,
13 :, - ; -, ; - ;. -,., - - -,,. -,. 13
14 ,,, , -,. () -,. -,. -.,,,.,,,,,., - : - 14
15 ;,. (, ) ( ) () (). 1.1 : V L (), M (), T () dim V = LT
16 . 1.2,. -,,. ().. 1.2,, : ( ) ;. -,. : 16
17 (ev) - ();,,,. :, -, ;,,. -,.,., ; -, - (, ). -. : ; ;,, ;, ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; -. 17
18 -., ( 2681), - ( 29), (VIM). - : A = {A}[A] (1.1) : {A},,, (- ) ; [A]. : m=1 ; L=1 ; U=220 ; I=10., -., -., - ( 29). (accuracy), - (trueness), (precision), (reliability), - (repeatability) (reproducibility), - (error) (uncertainty). - 18
19 , , ( 2681) -, - ( 29) (VIM).,,., -. -,, -., -., 0,001, , (), (ISO ). 19
20 , ( 2681) - - (ISO 5725).,, - ()., -,. -,,.. (ISO ). - (ISO 5725).,, - (standard deviation), (). - ISO , -,.,, (), -,. -.,, -,,,. -, -,,, 20
21 . -., -, -., - -, -., ,,, ,,,, : ; ; ; (,, );. -, /,,,,. 21
22 , - - ( 2681) -,, - ( 29) ( ). - -,. - (repeatability conditions), -,, -,, (ISO )., ( ). : ; ; - () ; ;.,, - (,, ) ( 2681),,,,,, (,,.) ( 29) - 22
23 -, (VIM) ( )..,,. : ; ; ; ; -; ;. (reproducibility conditions), -,, -, (ISO )., -., -,, -., -.., - ( ).,
24 . -,. -, -,., -,. - () ( 29) - (VIM)., -. - x x x x, (1.2) :. -,. ( - ) ( ), - () ( 29).. -, 12,55., ± 0,01, ( ) - 24
25 ., ± 0,01. -, ( 2681) -,, ( 29). -., -, ( 2681) -, -, ( 29, VIM) -,,, ( 43).. - () (, ),,. -,. ( )..,, -,.,,,,,,, -,. 25
26 1.2, -, ( 29), - (VIM). ().,,,., ( 29). : - 0,005 ±0,05 20, - 19,95 20,05., -, - ( 29), () (VIM).,
27 -, ( 29); ( ), - ( 29);, - ( 29). : 1) ; 2), - 50 (50 - ). (),, ( 29) (VIM). (observed value), (ISO ); - (test result), -. -,, ( 29). - -.,,. - 27
28 : ; - ( ); () (- ); ( ). R n, ( n - ), ( 29) Rn xmax xmi n (1.3) : max min -., - ( 2681),, - ( 29) - (VIM). -., - (), -. -,,,,, -. -,,,. -,,,,. -,,, -. 28
29 ,,,,,,.,,, -,, -, ;, -, -.,., - () - ( 2681), - ( 29), - (VIM)., - ( 2681),, - - ( 29), - - (VIM)..,, ; -,,.,, -.,,. -,. 29
30 ,, ( 29)., -, i = 1/S 2 i..,,, ( = 1),. (level of the test in a precision experiment),,.. (cell in a precision experiment),. -,. ( ) (repeatability standard deviation) ( ),.. - (ISO ). (repeatability limit), - 95 % ( ),. - r (ISO ). ( ) (reproducibility standard deviation) - 30
31 ( ), (ISO ). (reproducibility limit), - 95 % -,. - R (ISO ). (outlier), -. ( - ),, ISO (bias) - ( - ). - (ISO ). (accepted reference value), - :, ;, - ;, - ;,, -, (ISO ). 31
32 (laboratory bias) - () - ( - ) (). (bias of the measurement method),,, ()., -,.,. (laboratory component of bias) ,. (collaborative assessment experiment), ,. - 32
33 , ,, - - (),., - (-, -,,,,,, -, -,, ),,, -,,,,,. -, -, ( ). -,, -,, -,, -.,, -,,. 33
34 -,, -,,,, -. - :, 8.009;, -,, ;, -., - (, -, ), -. (- )., -,,, -, (),,,,. - ( ) : ; 34
35 , - ; -., -,. -,,,,. - :, - (,, - ). : ( ) - -. () - - (,, )., () - ( ),, - (,,, - ), -,,.,,, - 35
36 ,, (). : 1),., -, V-. -,, - ( ). 2) () : -,.. ( ), - ±., -. ( ). ( ) = 0,95. -,, -,.,, -, ( = 1), - 36
37 , -,, = 1. -,, -, ( - )., -., (, ),, - ( GUM). ;,,. -,. : - ;,,,, ;, (),,,, -. - () () (). 37
38 : 1) (- ). : = ±0,2 3 /, = 0,95., : /, , , /. 2) (- ). [ ] = 0,08; - [ ] =0,1., : S,, 50 80;,, ;,, ; 1 %. -,., -. -.,,. - -,,, ; - 38
39 ,,,, () () - ().,,,., - ( ) - -,., -,,. -. : 100 ; 20 ; 0,44; 2, , () , - 39
40 ., -,., -,,,. -,., -,, ,, -,. - -.,,,, -,,,., -,., - -,. 40
41 ,,, -, -,.,, -,. -,.,, - ( ) -,. : 1), : 10,75 3 /c; l = h = 0,15 3 /c; = 0,95. : 20, 1, /c; 10,75 3 /c ), ( - ): 10,75 3 /c; [ ] = 0,08 3 /c; [ ] = 0,10 3 /c. : 20, 1, /c; 10,50 11,00 3 /c 0,95. : 20, 1, /c. 3) u(t), ( ): S 41
42 u(t), 7,55 3,15-0,35-0,50-4,70-1,57 t, ), : 263,7 ; ; : (ISO 5725)., -., -,, () -, -.,. ISO 5725 (, ),., -. ISO 5725 :, - 42
43 ( ) -,, - (ISO ); (ISO ); -, (ISO ); (ISO ); - (ISO ISO ), (ISO ); (ISO )., ( ) -, (, ) - ( ). (, )., (). - () (ISO )., -.,, 95 % (0,95) - 43
44 ., -,,,. -,, - (ISO ISO ), -,,.,,, r R, 95 %. 95 %,, 95 %, - 30.,,,, -, -,., r - R,. r R : r ISO , R ( ) - W ()., -, r R -, -,. 1.,.. 2.? -,,,,. 44
45 3.. -? 4.? -?. 5.?? 6. -? 7.? 8.?. 9.?
46 2. 2.1, -. -, :, - ;,, - ( ); - ;, - ;.,,, : ; ; - ; ; 46
47 (, - ); ;., -, -..,.,.,,.,,,, -, : ; ; ;., :, ; ; ;, ( - ); ; 47
48 ; -..,. :,,,,,, , -., -. ( 1,. ). - - (),,., -, , -. 48
49 , ,. 49
50 : -, 10 % - ;, -,, -, 10 %.,.,, -,.,,,,,.,,,. -.,, -,.,,. -.,, -.,., -, -. -,, - 50
51 ,., -. -,, -.,,,, -.,,,. :,, -,,...,..,, -,,. -,. - -,, -. 51
52 . ;,.,,., : U m U U m sin td( t) 2, 2 0 : U m i.,,, U(t): U 1 T T 0 2 U ( t) dt, :., : ; ; ;. () -,.,, -. -,. 2.2,
53 . 2.2, ii -. :, ( 2681), ( 29);, - -, ( 2681). -.,
54 : Y = X, (2.1) : ( );,., - ( ). : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)., -. -, ( 2681), ( 29). -. : 1) D - m, h d, m D 2. 0,25d h 2) P R - U I, - : =UI; R=U. 54
55 3) h l, h = ltg., - -,, - ( 2681) -,, -, ( 29). -. : () -., -,,.. -,,.,, - (, ). : : F1 1, 2,, j,, m; 1, 2,, k 0; F2 1, 2,, j,, m; 1, 2,, k 0; (2.2) n n n Fn1, 2,, j,, m; 1, 2,, k 0, 55
56 Y 1, Y 2,..., Y j,..., Y m ; i X, X,..., X, () i () i () 1 2 k i-, i 1, n. m Y 1, Y 2,..., Y m, n m Y j, j 1, m. Y j, Y j., - -,, - ( 2681) -,, - ( 29). : () -. (). -,. Y 1, Y 2,..., Y m X, X,..., X () i () i () i 1 2 k., () - ( 29) () (- 56
57 ), ().. -. : F=mg m g ( - ). ( 2681),,, ( 29). -,, -,. -. : 1), - ; 2), , 1 3.., ( 2681), - - ( 29). : 1) ; 2). 57
58 , ( 2681), - ( 29)..,.,,,.,,, () (). ( 29), - (, - )., -,, -,,., -,.,.,, - -..,, - () -, -. 58
59 . (, ) - -, - ( 29).,,. - (, ) -, () ( 29). -, (, ). -, -,,. - ( ) ( ) -., ( ), (, ).,.,. -,, -,,, -,,,
60 -,.,,. - - ( ) ( ) - ( ).,,., -., -., () ; -, - :,., - ; -,. ( 2681), - ( 29),, (VIM).. 60
61 ,. -, -. -,.,,,, -, (. 2.3)
62 ( - ), ( ) ( ),,. : 1) - ; 2), -. :,,,,.,,.,. ( ), -, ( 29) : 1) ( ); 2) -., - ( 2681) -, -,,, ( 29). 62
63 -,. =,, -, : = +. -.,,,., 1 % - 1 %, - 0,01 % ( ). : 1),, ; 2), -. ( ) -, ( 29). -., -, () -,,,. - ( -, ), - - (),.,,. 63
64 , -,.,,, -.,., X - X 0,,., - X = X - X 0 = 0, ().. - X = X 0. : 1),,, ; 2) - ; 3). -,, -. - ( ) - ( ). - ( ), -, (-),. 64
65 , - -,, ( 29) ( ) -, ( 29)... X 0,.. - X. - 0,. - : = 0., -. -,,. : 1) ( ). 2) -,
66 , -. 3)., -,,. - - ( 2681) N : : X N X 0 (2.3) X 0 ; X 0 X X X 0 ; N ) : 1) ; 2). -,,, - ( 2681). :. ( ) -,, 66
67 ( 2681). - X 01 i X 02, - X 01 i X 02, - X ( X) (. 2.5) X X X 01 X X 02 X 01 i X 02 - X X ( n1) n 02 01, (2.4) : n, 10., X < X 01. X, X - ~ ( X 01 ) - X i : X X X. - X X, : X X X X. (2.5) ( ) l -, X l X02 l X01, (2.6) 67
68 X l( X X ) l X n. (2.7) , 01,, n. -,, 0., 0,1,,. : 1), ; 2),. - : ( 2681). n - X (. 2.6, ) 0, 0 (. 2.6, ). a) X X nx ) X 0 N X 0 X. 2.6 X 0 68
69 X N( X n), (2.8) 0 X NX nx (2.9) X max =X 0, X (X max =X 0 ), - n : 0 0 X X nx X n, (2.10) : X=X 0 /X - X. : : - -. :, - (, );,, ( -,, );,, (,, ).,,. -,,. 69
70 2.3, -. - (. signuin ),.,,,,,,,,., ; -,, -., ; (), - ; ,., - - y a (t),, t - t( t, t min max ) (. 2.8, c ). y ( y, y ),. nt ( T = const () ; n = 0; 1; 2, - y ( y, y a min ma x), - (. 2.8, ). ya(t) - t( t, t min max hi = ng, g. ), - min max 70
71 . 2.7 Y(nT), (- ), nt - h 1, h 2, h n (. 2.8,,. 2.8, - ).,,,
72 2.8 (), ( ) () (, ), - ;, -, -,. - (, ).,,. -. ( ). : - -, ( - ). 72
73 -, ,,. -,, ,., y(t)=sin( t)+( 2 2 t).., -. T, - ; f,., :, Y(t), - : : k - ; T 2 2 jkt A( k ) y t e dt T ( ), (2.11) T 2 73
74 , : 2 2 Gk ( ) Ak ( ) Re Ak ( ) Im Ak ( ), (2.12) : Re(z), Im(z) ;, - : ( k) arg Ak ( ) arctgim Ak ( ) Re Ak ( ). (2.13)., - -., (). - - : Y i i2 Y1 K r, (2.14) : Y i Y 1 - y(t).,,,, -.,. -., -.,,. -,. 74
75 ,. () (). - ()... - ;,,. :,. -,, -, -.. :. : ( ) -,, - -, ( );, - (, ); 75
76 -, - :,,, ( )..,, -.,, , ,,,.,, -.,.,,. -.,, -,. -,, 76
77 y f( x, A, B, C...), (2.15) : y ; X ;,,. (x= ) (= ). -. y f( t, A, B, C...),,,,,.... -,,. - (). -,,. y(t): yt () A Acos( nt ), (2.16) 0 n1 : A 0 ; A, n-. n n A n n( ) -, y(t) - n n 77
78 .. - (2.11) (2.13). ( - ) -. - y(t) S( ), S( ) arg S( ). : jt jarg s( ) S( ) = S( t) e dt S( ) e Re S( ) jlms( ), (2.17) : Re S ( ) Lm S( ) -, : S Re S( ) ( t)costdt, (2.18) S Lm S( ) ( t)sintdt. (2.19) - : 2 2 S( ) Re S( ) lm S( ), (2.20) lm S( ) arg S( ) argtg Re S ( ). (2.21) S( ), -,,. S( ),,. -,,, -,. 78
79 , -.,, -., - y =, : -.,, 0 t t0 ( tt0) (2.22) 1 t t0 t 0. - ( t t ) 0 t t, t : 0 0, (2.15) t t0 0 ( 0) t s s ( ) t 0 tt dt tt 0 dt, (2.23) : -. -, : 2 2 exp ( t t0) /(2 G ) ( t t0) lim. (2.24) : t ( tt ) S( tt 0 ) dt, (2.25) 0 d ( t t0) ( t t0). (2.26) dt -,
80 s x t t t dt x t 0 0 () ( ) ( ). (2.27) t : x () t x( nt)( tnt ). (2.28) n1 () t sin( t ) sin(2 T/ ). (2.29) m : y m, ( 1 T, ).,,.. () t m ( tt0) ( tt0 ), (2.30),. : k 0 m () t m ( t kt) ( t kt ). (2.31) : y m, T. -,.,,., - ( ),.,.,. - 80
81 ,, (). 4 t 0; T m T t 4 ; () t 4 m( T 4 t)/ Tm tt 4 ;3T 4, (2.32) 4 ( 3T )/ 3T m t m 4 T t 4 ;2T t () t m, t 0; T. T (2.33)., - y m =A: y 1 (t) 0; y 2 (t), (2.31); y 3 (t), : 0 t 3. t 2, -. -., -,. :,,, 1 %.,., : 1 sin t ; 81
82 sint sin3t sin5t sin 7 t ; sin t sin3t sin5t sin 7 t , - 2 : 1 n, : n, y 3 1 n., 2 0,01 1, 11( = 0,83 %); 101( = 0,99 %)., - 11, , 100.,. X(t) - - y(t),,.,, - (). () t sin( t ), (2.34) m 0 0.,,,,,.,. - - (),
83 xt () ( t) m 1m sin( 0 t 0), (2.35) xm ( ) : m ( )., x() t () t 0, (2.36) xm :, -,. X(t) - : xt () () t msin0t0 1 m, xm (2.37) ( ) : m. -, (2.34),.,., : (); - (); - ().,,,. : ; ; ;.,. 83
84 - -. -, q-. - y(t) y min y max y (t).. -, -,,, -,. (q - ) (q ). -,,,, -. () t = ( t1) qt t, (2.38) : y (t) ; N(t 1 ) ; ( t t ). -.,,.. - 6,
85 ,., y(t), 1, 1 q, N,. N , : m Int( x), Frac( x) x; sign(x), 1 x > 0-1 x < , - + 0,5, 0,5 q m q q q q 2 2,. 0 q = q 2, 0 + q = q 2, q 2 q 2 =0. () q y(t) t, - t, =1; 2... t - 85
86 , f 1 t -. - t t,. - : kt n t kttkt, (2.39) k 1 k-. t const ( t ) ,,,., -,,, -. -.,, -, - - ()., -. -.,,,,. -,, -. (t) t 86
87 t () t, (2.40) 1 : ; ; C t,,,.,,. -, -..,. -, :, , -,. -, : (t), - -, f c, t,, 12f c, f 2 f c,., (t) : 87
88 sin c t n t t n t ntfot t n tnt n c, (2.41) : 2 (t); c fc t ; F t. -, (t),,. -.,. f c (,, f, ) c.. ( ) ,. ( ),. 88
89 ,.,,,. -.,,., t, -.,, -. t, t f 1 t (),,., - -. n t Ntq tt, N t ( ), k 1 t., -,, t..., -,, q. 89
90 , : q ,. (t),,,. - :,,. () m (t).,,,., -. 1 T tdt T. 0,,,.,. : -,,, -. -, - -. m sin t t 2 1 cos t, (2.42) : ; 2 f ; 90
91 , -0,(999). 1,,, -., -, - : m 11 / 1;, 0;, 2 0 m (2.43) 2 m arcsin, ( 1;0); 2 m, 0 (2.44) 2 m, (0; ).,, ,,,,.. 3.,,,? 4.? :
92 7.,. -,? 8.??. 9.,?, - -? 10..?? 92
93 3. 3.1,, -, ( 2681)., -, :, ; - ().,,. () () (. 3.1)., ( ). :, (), (),., () ; ; - ( 2681).,,. - (,, ), -. (, - 93
94 , ) ( ):, ( 1, -, 100 );, - (, - )
95 .,,, 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1,2; 5. -,, -.,,,.,, -,.,, ( - ), -.,, (, -, ). -, - ( ). (). -, -. : ; ;, - ;,.., - 95
96 . - ( 7-12 ). -,.. - : - ; ; (,, ).,, -, - - (, ).,.,,,., -,,. - :. - (). (), -,., -,., -,. -., - 96
97 , -, ( ) ( 2681). :,,,. -, - () (). -, () (,, - ).,.. (), - ( 3-28, )., ( 2681)., -.,, - -., -. -, -, - ( 2681). 97
98 (). -, -. -, -. ( ). ( ) - -,. -,,.,, -,,. ( ) -, ( ).,,, -.,., -. -, 98
99 , -,. -., -,. -.,, - ( 2681).. - :, (-, - );,., -, ( 2681)..,.. -, -, -, -,,. (- ),. - 99
100 ( ) -, - () ( 2681). - -.,,, - ( 2681).,, -,,.. : - ;. -,,,,, - ( 2681). -,,,,,,, - ( 2681)., -, ( 2681). -. ( ). ( ), 100
101 (), -, - ( 2681).,..,,, ( 2681). : - - 1, - ( -, ).. :, -,,, -,.,, -., -,, -. : - ( ), ( ),,., -.,,. 101
102 ,,, -...,,. ( ),, ( 2681). -,, - ( 2681).., -.,,,. -,, -.,, ( -,,, -, )., - ( 2681).,,,,.. -.,,,, ;, 102
103 ,.. - -,, -.. (, ) -,.,, - ( ). - ;,, ;, - ( 2681).,, -,,.,, -,, -. ( ) - ( ).,, ( - ). 103
104 , - (,,, ). -, ( 2681). -,. -, - ( 2681)., -. Y = F () X Y, - Y p = F p (X). -, (- )., - ( 29) ,,, -., , - ( 2681)., -,, 0,1 % - 104
105 0,001 %. -.,,,., (VIM). : -, ; - ; ; - ;, ; - ;. -.,, -,., ; - ; - -, ( 2681). : 0,1 0,1 %,,.,,., -. -.,
106 . ( 2681). -,,.,., ( 2681). ( - ). -,. -, - ( 2681)., ( - )., -,,, - ( 2681). ( /º). -, -,,. : S 10. S 100 ; -, -, :,. - B 106
107 -.,, - ( 29) - (VIM). -. -, ( 2681).. S = l/x, S 0 = l/(x/x), l,, x.,,, ( 2681). - ( ) -, -., ( 2681), - -, ( 29). - ( ), ( ).., (VIM)., 107
108 . -. -, - ( 2681) -, - (VIM)., - ( 2681).,,,,.. -. : (20 ± 5) º (293 ± 5) K; (65 ± 15) %; (101,3 ± 4) (760 ± 30)..; 1 60 ; (220 4,4) (115 2,5) ; (50 1) (400 12).,,, -, (- ), - (. 3.1)., (- ).,,
109 3.1 -, º () -, - 20 (293) ± 0,1*; ± 0,2*; ± 0,5; ± 1,0; ± 2; ± 5; ±10, % , (...) ( ) -, ± 0,5 -, : (115) ± 4,4 ± 4,4 (± 2,3) ** 5 % 2 % * 0,0005; 0,001; 0,002; **.,.., ( ), -. : - ; 109
110 , ; ;.. -, -.,, ( - ) - -., ,,,,., -. -, - ( ). -, - -.,
111 ,, -., -.,, -,, ,., -.,,,,, -,,.,.,,. -, :, (3.1) instr : * MI - int, ( - ). MI int 111
112 . o o l MI 1 os Ci i1 1: ooh. (3.2) (5.2) -, : os ; o o ; o oh, ; l Ci i1, - ; () (, ).,. -. -, (, - ). - -., -.,, - -.,.,,. 112
113 l, -., 1. 2: 2 1 l MI o Ci., (3.3) : o, o os oh. (3.4) 2,. l i1 Ci i dyn,, 2 -.,,,, -, = , : 113
114 , -,, - ; ,.,,,,., 1 1-, -, P = 1, -, , : - -, -,,, f ; Y; ; 114
115 ,, -,., -,. -, -,,, , -. : s ( ) sp s sp, - s -. : s p - p 115
116 , r0 () 0 S 0 Sf. - S r 0 () Sf -. n 0-1,..., j,..., n. - n 1 n j1 j n 2 1 j. n 1 j 1 s0 ( s 1,2,..., l n) 2, 1 ns ro() ( s0). (3.5) 2 j js ( ns) j1 (3.5) - s 0. : -,, r 0 () exp, (3.6) :.,, : 2 S 0 r0 expid 2. (3.7) 116
117 3. H H -, H p - ; - ( - ) p H p ;, : Sf ( ) * : *Sf ;,, , -, : ht, - ; Sf 117
118 gt -, -; - G j ; - A - ; - - ; GS.,,, x, - 1 exp ht x t. (3.8),, x, -. - : g t dh t dt. (3.9) ( ) exp G j dh t dt j t dt. (3.10) 0 118
119 exp G S dh t dt St dt. (3.11) 0., -.,, -. 6., dam dam : t r ; - 2 2, ; T, 0,632 - ; - A 0 ; 0., -, -., 119
120 (), -, - () f max, - - (). ( ): t, -, -, ; t d - ( ), - (),,, ; () f max. : t r,, - -,., -, r 120
121 8. -,, f max - :, - - ; t d ; () f max., -,,,,, -,. 9., -, , : 121
122 -, -, - ;, ;,,, ,, -,,, -, (. 3.2)
123 () ( ) 0 : 0 (3.12), ( - ). X, ( ) Y 0 - ( ), X(Y 0 ), ( ) 0 :. (3.13) 0 0 ( ) Y 0, - X,,, 0 ( ) - ( ) i, :. (3.14) 0 0 X ( ) X 0, :. (3.15) - ( ) 0 : 100[%]. (3.16) 0, - ( ), :
124 [%]; (3.17) [%]. (3.18) -,., X -, 0.,, - ( ),. - ( ) : 100 [%]. (3.19), - X,., ( ),, -., -.,, -,, -.,, ( - ),
125 ,,, -,. ( ), - (, ), -.,, -., -. -., -. -,,., -, ( ).,, - :, - ;,,.. -,, -,. 125
126 ,,,. -, -,,.,,,. (- ),, -,,, - ()., - ( ) - ( ) -, - : -,,,,,. - ( ),,. - ;, ( );
127 , -. Y = F (X). a, a = const ( a 0 0, -., ). - -., -.,. - X bx, : b -, F - - F,. bx., -,, ,, - ( - 127
128 ), (- ).. - ;,,,,. () -.,,., -,, - ( ) :. () ( - ). ( 2681),, ;, - ( 2681, 29),, -. ( - ) () -.,,
129 ,, ( ) -,, -.. :,,.,,. - - ( ) -. ( - ),. ( ), ( )., () - () ; -,,, ( 2681). - (), -. ( ), - -,. 129
130 , - ( 2681).,. -, - ;, ( ), -, -.,, -, ( 2681). 3.3,,, - ( ), -., ,., -,, , 8.009, - 130
131 . -,. -,,,.,,. -.,, 0-10, ,. :, -, - :,. -.,, -,, -,, -. : ,5 1,0; -,, ( ).,,, 131
132 , % 1,5 1,5 1,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,02 0,01 ( K ) 1 0,02 0,01 0,02 0,01, -,,,.. - N p, (3.20) :, %; ; N,, ; 132
133 210 n ; p, 110 n 2,5 10 n ; (3 10 n ); 410 n ;5 10 n ;6 10 n (n=1, 0, 1, 2 ). ; 1,5 10 n ; (1, 6 10 n );,,. n N, -,, - (), -, -., -.,,. : º N =400 º; -. -,. -,. 3.2 (2- )
134 , - p, (3.21) :, %; X (), ( 3)., -, - c d( K ) 1, (3.22) : c, d,, p (- ); K ;, %., - (3.22), cd (. 3.2, 4).,,, (3.21) (3.22), - (. 3.2, 6).,,,,,
135 X, X 0, -. - (. 3.2, 5),. -,,. : (), () (). - : a, (3.23) - ; ab, (3.24),. a, b (3.23) (3.24), X. - a, b c, d (3.22) : cbd; d a K. (3.25), -,. (3.23) (3.24), - - -,,,.,, -,, 135
136 (, ). -, 5%. -. -,, -,,,. : ; -,, ; - ( );. ().,, -., 5 %. 3.4 (calibration),,,,,,, - 136
137 , (VIM)., -, -, -, ( 29). -,,,.,,.,, -,. -,,, (, - ) ,, - -,, ,,, -.. ISO 10012, - ( - ) (), - 137
138 .,,.., ,, ( ) - ( ).,. 3989, ,, -,. -,,. ( ),,, -,. -, -,, (, ). - ISO/IEC 17025, - : 138
139 , ; ; ; - ;, -, ; ;,,, -,, - ;, ;,,,,, -,, ; ;, -,, ;, -., (,, ),,. (, k = 2, 0,95 ).. 3.3, - ISO/IEC
140 -,, ( ) State Enterprise All-Ukrainian State Research and Production center for Standardization, Metrology, Certification and Consumers Rights Protection (SE Ukrmetrteststandard ) Calibration Certificate : Reference number: : Date of registration: : Date of calibration: / : Object: : Manufacturer: : Type: / : Serial number: : The name and address of the customer: : Location where the calibration was carried out: : Calibration mark: : Number of pages of the certificate: Director / signature, /name Head of department / signature, /name.. Official stamp 140
141 1 Calibration method 2 / Description of working standard/measuring instrument 3 Conditions of calibration 4 Calibration was made with 4.1 Working standards / Name / Manufacturer / Type / Serial number Re-calibration date Calibration certificate number Date of last calibration (,,, - ) Metrological characteristics (accuracy class, errors, measurements ranges, uncertainty of measurement) 141
142 4.2. Auxiliary facilities / Name / Manufacturer / Type / Serial number / Re-calibration / date / Calibration / Verification certificate number / Date of last calibration/verification / Main parameters 5 Calibration results 6 Uncertainty of measurement - k = 2,, 95 % -. - (GUM). Post / signature, / name Stamp or calibration mark place. 3.3, - 142
143 ISO 10012,, :,, - ;, ; ; ; ; (); - ;, ; -,, -, ; - ;, ; (), - ; (, ) - ; ;, ;,,, -,.,, -,.,, ( )
144 ? ? 6., ,. - :,, ; ? 10.,? 11. ISO/IEC 17025? 144
145 () (), -. -,,, -.. : ; - ;, ; - (5), -,,, ; - ( - 145
146 ) ( ) - ;, -, - -,,,. - - (. 4.1): (. 4.1, ) XMX x f( X ) 1 2 exp, (4.1) x : M X, x ; (. 4.1, ) 2 c 2 2 f( ) 1 2 exp, (4.2) : c M, - ; (. 4.1, ) : o.. X o o 2 2 o 2 o o f() 1 2 exp, (4.3) 146
147 f 1 2 x f 1 2 o f ( 1 2 o ) 0 M[X] 0 c 0 a) ) ) o. 4.1 ) ; ) ; ) o , - -. (. 4.2),,, -, -,,,, : f ( ) , 1 1 2, 2, (4.4) 147
148 f o o :, 1 2, o f() - 2 1, c :,, o 2 M 2 1 d ( ) ( ) 2; (4.5) D D [] , (4.6) : = 1 2, o , -, (, - ). -..,,,.,. - o 2 148
149 , -,, (- ). (. 4.3): f o 1 f ( ) o c o ; ; ; (4.7) - :, ( ) 2; (4.8) c 1 2, - o D[] , o = 6. (4.9),,,,,, 1-2-, -,,,.,,,. 4.1.,,, -., -. o 149
150 f (X) X f (X) - 0 X f (X) 0 X f (X) - 0 X - f (X) 0 X f (X) - 0 X 150
151 f (X) 1-0 X f (X) 2-0 X f (X) - 0 X f (X) 0 X, - ( )., -,., -,,,,, (), -,
152 : () -. :, -. -, i - i, F ( X) P{ X X} (4.10) X : 0 F ( X) 1, F ( ) P{ X } 0,, - X i,, F ( ) P{ X } 1 1, +., - : FX( X1) FX( X2), X X., = 1 2., 0,5, -. F(X) i X X i 152
153 F x (X) 1,0 0,5 0 X X. 4.4 F (), - i : F ( ) P{ i }. (4.11) = : F ( ) P{ i} P{ XiX XX} FX( X X) (4.12) - ( 1 ; 2 ] ( 1 ; 2 ] - : P{ X X X } P{ X X } P{ X X} F ( X ) F ( X ) (4.13) 1 i 2 i 2 i 1 X 2 X 1 P{ } P{ } P{ } F ( ) F ( ) (4.14) 1 i 2 i 2 i (X) () - (. 4.5)., () - ( - ) : ( ) df ( X ) dx ; ( ) df ( ) d (4.15) X X X 153
154 0 () [X] X (X)dX 0 1 M[] , -., - = = : X FX ( X) X t dt; F ( ) t dt (4.16) F x (+)=F (+)=1, : X X dx d1, (4.17) 154
155 ,, -,,,. P{ X1Xi X2} P{ Xi X2} P{ XiX1} FX( X2) FX( X1) X 2 X 1 X 2 X d X d X d, (4.18)., dx d., -,.,. -. -,.,, -,., -, -.. r X 1 P{ 1 i 2} d (4.19), -, -, (-. 4.5). XdX d 1 X
156 r rx X xdx (4.20), - X M[X] m : 1 X M [ X ] m X X x X dx. (4.21),. -,,, -, -. r- - r rx XmX xxdx. (4.22) : X ( ) 0 1 X mx X X dx XX X dx mx X X dx mx mx,,. r- - : r r d (4.23) r r m d (4.24)., : 156
157 o o r r r rx (4.25), : D DX2 X XmX X XdX (4.26),. -, : X DX 2 (4.27),, X..,.,, 3- : 3 X X (4.28) 3 =0. -, - : 4 X X (4.29) X X,,. 4 3,
158 - : M X X (4.30) : - M. (4.31) - : o X M X M (4.32)., -. -,, -. m, F m 12.,,. -. -,, - -. n > 40 : 1, 2, n, - +1 ; 158
159 r d ( ) n 1 r. r, n r ,,,, - ; m i,, - ; p i - pi mi n. p i r p 1. i1 i, -,, - (. 4.6)., 0,6., -.,, -, ( 1).,,,, - (. 4.2).,
160 P() ,, (). -. -,.,. - :. - ( ) -,., - -,.,
161 ,. - (,, ),,. -., - (), - -,. - (), -,, -,.,,. -., - -,,. -,, -.,.,., : 161
162 ,, ( n ) ; ( - ); ( - )., -.,, -.,, -..., : -,, (,,, )., -. ( -,, ).., - (). -, - 162
163 .,. o () t -, - : T (); T 1 o o R0( ) R0( ) ( t)( t) dt T, (4.33) 0 o () t. ( 0 ) : Ro(0) Do[]. -,, - S o (). 1 -j S o() Ro()e d 2 o, (4.34) o ( t ) - 2 r o R o(), (4.35) o : o = + D o., -,. 163
164 -,. ( ),. -,,. -,, - : ( X X... X ) n( X ) n, (4.36) 1 2 : X i - ; n. X, -. X ( ) ()., -,.,..,,,.. -, - n n i1 i 164
165 ( 29), n X i X i, (4.37) i1 : i -.. S x, - : n 2 S X ( Xi X) ( n 1) i1. (4.38), S X X,, X S X 68,3 %, X 1,96S X 95 %,, -, X 1,96S x 95 %. S X, - X (, ), : n 2 S SX n ( Xi X) n( n 1) X i1. (4.39) S X,,,, n, X 1,96S X 95 %,, - X 1,96S X 95 %., S (, - X ),, - 165
166 . - X 1,96S X 95 %. () - n S, - n ( 2681) (4.35). m N - : n 2 ( X i m) N. (4.40) i1 N -, S (VIM). : [ X ] - [ X] S n. (4.41) n S, n - (4.35). n, X -, a S 2 2. S n X, , n. - X X. X - 166
167 n X = X, (4.42) i=1 :, X i n, n 1. i1 X : i D i i 2 2 D X D D. (4.43) D n n n i i i i i i1 i1 i1 D, - i FX X. D ', - n 2., i1 ( 1 n ): i i i 1 n i i= 1 ' = = (4.44) n, -,. : 1 n 1 n 1 n = i = i= = n. (4.45) i=1 n i=1 n i=1 -, = i + i.,,. n -, n. (4.46) 167
168 2 2 1 n i. (4.47) n i1,., n i, (4.48) n 1 i1 (4.38), (4.39). - o Do, D D D X, (4.49) : D D X X. - ( ) -,, -., -, - ().,.,
169 ,, - ( )...,., -,., P.,,,, -.,,, P 0,90 0,95 (,, ), -., P - -, P.,, - X. -. -, -,. f() -,,, - 169
170 (,, - c 0) f(), , , -. :, -., - ( X) - o P ( ),, -, o P ( ) o P ( )., o o o o P P P[ > ] 1 P[ ]. (4.50) (),, ,, 170
171 P. - ( 2), P, 1 P, [%] = 100 P [%], -., - P,, -.,,. -., ( ), P - X.,, X X i., - P, X [ X, X + ]. X i i o P[ X < X X + ] = P = P. (4.51) X [ X,X ]. - X : X X 1 P[ X < X X ]. (4.52), (4.51), - o 171
172 P [ < + ] =P=P, (4.53), [, ] (. 4.7). f 0 2 i (4.51), [, ] P. (4.51) (4.53) : [, ] X [ X, X + ], 2. i i,. ( ) - : 0. 0, : c,. - c.,, 172
173 , -. -, 0,3 % +0,5 % 0,5 %,.,, (, ),. P,,, -, P,, 0,9 P = 0,9; 0,95 P = 0,95. -,, 0,8; 0,9; 0,95 0,99. 0,9 ( P = 0,9), 0,9 1, P = 0,9 ( - ). P 1, 0,, P = 0,997 P = 0,999, - - P -., P 1, 0,. 173
174 , - ( ), ( ). P 2 < + = = P[ ] P f() d. (4.54) 0 kp, (4.55) : k P., P ( ) n., -, k P, n ()., -, - () n. ( - ) ( ),, - 174
175 ,., -,, n 20 ( n 30 ), n < 20 ( n < 30). k P (4.55) z, t P ( t s )., y. (z) - f(y) - : : z z 0 0 z 2 (4.56) P() z f() y dy 2 2 exp y 2dy 2 f( y) 2 2 exp y 2. (4.57) (4.56) -,. : z 2 () z 1 2 exp y 2dy, 0 z 2 () z 2 2 exp y 2dy. z, z, z, : (4.58) (4.59) z 0,5z ; (4.60) z,5 z 0,5 z 0 1, (4.61) : + z > 0, z <
176 z z, - 3., (z) -., -, : z, z z,. z z. z,, ( ) - f( y) 1 2 expy ,, P, -. -,. P,,, - () z P - z, (4.55) ( k P = z)..,, -, - = 3, P=0, ,73 %.,,, , ,9973 =
177 4.3 y f(y) y f(y) y f(y) y f(y) 0,00 0,3989 1,00 0,2420 2,00 0,0540 3,00 0,0044 0,05 0,3984 1,05 0,2299 2,05 0,0488 3,05 0,0038 0,10 0,3970 1,10 0,2179 2,10 0,0440 3,10 0,0033 0,15 0,3945 1,15 0,2059 2,15 0,0396 3,15 0,0028 0,20 0,3910 1,20 0,1942 2,20 0,0355 3,20 0,0024 0,25 0,3867 1,25 0,1826 2,25 0,0317 3,25 0,0020 0,30 0,3814 1,30 0,1714 2,30 0,0283 3,30 0,0017 0,35 0,3752 1,35 0,1604 2,35 0,0252 3,35 0,0015 0,40 0,3683 1,40 0,1497 2,40 0,0224 3,40 0,0012 0,45 0,3605 1,45 0,1394 2,45 0,0198 3,45 0,0010 0,50 0,3521 1,50 0,1295 2,50 0,0175 3,50 0,0009 0,55 0,3429 1,55 0,1200 2,55 0,0154 3,55 0,0007 0,60 0,3332 1,60 0,1109 2,60 0,0136 3,60 0,0006 0,65 0,3230 1,65 0,1023 2,65 0,0119 3,65 0,0005 0,70 0,3123 1,70 0,0940 2,70 0,0104 3,70 0,0004 0,75 0,3011 1,75 0,0863 2,75 0,0091 3,75 0,0004 0,80 0,2897 1,80 0,0790 2,80 0,0079 3,80 0,0003 0,85 0,2780 1,85 0,0721 2,85 0,0069 3,85 0,0002 0,90 0,2661 1,90 0,0656 2,90 0,0060 3,90 0,0002 0,95 0,2541 1,95 0,0596 1,95 0,0051 3,95 0,
178 , -,,,, = 2 (P = 0,95) (, = P = 0,68).,,,, = 4, P = 0, (99,9936 %)., = 5 P = 0, (99,99994 %), ( )., -, = ,4 10, = , 2 n ,,. (4.55) - ( k P t P ),, z, P, n. P t P (. 4.4): 178
179 4.4 P/ t P k s 0,90 0,95 0,98 0,99 0, ,314 12,706 31,821 63, ,62 2 2,920 4,303 6,965 9,925 31, ,353 3,182 4,541 5,841 12, ,132 2,776 3,747 4,604 8, ,015 2,571 3,365 4,032 6, ,943 2,447 3,143 3,707 5, ,895 2,365 2,998 3,499 5, ,860 2,306 2,896 3,355 5, ,833 2,262 2,821 3,250 4, ,812 2,228 2,764 3,169 4, ,796 2,201 2,718 3,106 4, ,782 2,179 2,681 3,055 4, ,771 2,160 2,650 3,012 4, ,761 2,145 2,624 2,977 4, ,753 2,131 2,602 2,947 4, ,746 2,120 2,583 2,921 4, ,740 2,110 2,567 2,898 3, ,734 2,101 2,552 2,878 3, ,729 2,093 2,539 2,861 3, ,725 2,086 2,528 2,845 3,
180 P/ t P k s 0,90 0,95 0,98 0,99 0, ,721 2,080 2,518 2,831 3, ,717 2,074 2,508 2,819 3, ,714 2,069 2,500 2,807 3, ,711 2,064 2,492 2,797 3, ,708 2,060 2,485 2,787 3, ,706 2,056 2,479 2,779 3, ,703 2,052 2,473 2,771 3, ,701 2,048 2,467 2,763 3, ,699 2,045 2,462 2,756 3, ,697 2,042 2,457 2,750 3,646 1,6449 1,960 2,3266 2,5758 t P P[ t < t + t ] = P= 2 s( t, k ) dt (4.62) P P S 0, - : t X M X X n X X = X X i X i X. X X ( X ) - ( ). X X ; s(, tk S ), - ; 180
181 k S ks 1 ks t stk (, S) 2 ks (4.63) ks : (...) -; ks n 1. -,, - n, - n ( ). n -, n 30. t P 2 stk (, S ) dt 0 t P. t - P P - X (4.55), k P = t P. P k S., X X i ( : Xi X tp X. M X ) X X tp X, (4.64)
182 k P - : k P = 1,73; k P = 2,3; k P = 2,45. - k P (z t P ),. - f( ), - ( )., -.,, -, , ().. (L = 2) - n 1 n 2, - 182
183 1 2 X X nn n n 2 t, (4.65) P n n2 n 1 n 1 : X, X ; 2 2, ; t P, ks n1n2 2, - P =1 P(. 4.5)., - : X1 X 2 ; ; t P (. 4.4); (4.65),., L 3, -, F F, (4.66) :, ; F
184 4.5 n =1 P/ t P 0,1 0,05 0,025 0,01 3 1,406 1,412 1,414 1, ,645 1,689 1,71 1, ,731 1,869 1,917 1, ,894 1,996 2,067 2, ,974 2,093 2,182 2, ,041 2,172 2,273 2, ,097 2,237 2,349 2, ,146 2,294 2,414 2, ,190 2,343 2,470 2, ,229 2,378 2,519 2, ,264 2,426 2,562 2, ,297 2,461 2,602 2, ,326 2,493 2,638 2, ,354 2,523 2,670 2, ,380 2,551 2,701 2, ,404 2,577 2,728 2, ,426 2,601 2,754 2, ,447 2,623 2,778 2, ,467 2,644 2,801 2, ,486 2,664 2,823 3, ,504 2,683 2,843 3, ,520 2,701 2,862 3, ,537 2,717 2,88 3,071 - k 1 k 2 ( - F F 1 % 5 %). 4.6 ( (1 P)-% - 184
185 ), : k 1 L 1 F 2 ; kf 2 N L L ; n j j-, L ; N nj j j 1, L. k F 2 P k F ,90 4,11 3,94 3,88 3,84 3,83 3,82 3,80 3,79 3,78 3,76 4 0,95 6,39 6,00 5,87 5,81 5,77 5,75 5,72 5,70 5,66 5,63 0,99 16,0 14,7 14,2 14,0 13,9 13,9 13,8 13,7 13,6 13,5 0,90 2,69 2,44 2,35 2,31 2,28 2,26 2,23 2,22 2,19 2,16 9 0,95 4,26 3,18 3,02 2,95 2,90 2,87 2,83 2,80 2,76 2,71 0,99 8,02 5,35 5,00 4,84 4,73 4,66 4,57 4,52 4,42 4,31 0,90 2,39 2,12 2,02 1,97 1,94 1,92 1,89 1,87 1,83 1, ,95 3,11 2,65 2,48 2,40 2,35 2,31 2,27 2,24 2,19 2,13 0,99 5,56 4,03 3,70 3,54 3,43 3,36 3,27 3,22 3,11 3,00 0,9 2,27 1,98 1,88 1,82 1,79 1,76 1,73 1,71 1,67 1, ,95 2,90 2,42 2,26 2,17 2,11 2,08 2,03 2,00 1,94 1,88 0,99 4,50 3,53 3,19 3,03 2,93 2,86 2,77 2,71 2,60 2,49 0,9 2,19 1,91 1,80 1,74 1,70 1,68 1,64 1,62 1,58 1, ,95 2,78 2,30 2,13 2,05 1,98 1,95 1,90 1,86 1,80 1,73 0,99 4,22 3,26 2,93 2,77 2,66 2,59 2,50 2,44 2,33 2,21 185
186 k F 2 P k F ,9 2,15 1,86 1,75 1,69 1,65 1,62 1,59 1,56 1,52 1, ,95 2,70 2,22 2,05 1,96 1,90 1,86 1,81 1,78 1,71 1,64 0,99 4,04 3,09 2,77 2,60 2,49 2,43 2,33 2,28 2,16 2,03 0,9 2,10 1,79 1,68 1,62 1,58 1,55 1,52 1,49 1,44 1, ,95 2,61 2,13 1,95 1,86 1,79 1,76 1,70 1,67 1,60 1,52 0,99 3,83 2,89 2,57 2,41 2,29 2,22 2,14 2,08 1,95 1,82 0,9 2,09 1,74 1,68 1,58 1,52 1,49 1,46 1,45 1,40 1, ,95 2,56 2,07 1,90 1,78 1,74 1,66 1,64 1,61 1,54 1,40 0,99 3,73 2,79 2,47 2,28 2,19 2,11 2,02 1,96 1,85 1,62 0,9 2,00 1,70 1,58 1,51 1,47 1,44 1,39 1,37 1,30 1, ,95 2,46 1,97 1,79 1,60 1,63 1,59 1,50 1,49 1,39 1,28 0,99 3,51 2,59 2,26 2,10 1,98 1,93 1,80 1,74 1,59 1,43 0,9 1,94 1,63 1,51 1,43 1,38 1,35 1,30 1,26 1,18 1,00 0,95 2,37 1,88 1,69 1,59 1,52 1,47 1,40 1,35 1,24 1,00 0,99 3,32 2,41 2,07 1,91 1,79 1,72 1,60 1,53 1,36 1,00 L 3 : X j n j 1 = X jq n, j 1, L ; (4.67) j q 1 186
187 () N ( ) X L 1 = n X (4.68) N j j N j1 ( n n const), (4.68) j X = L L n 1 X X ; (4.69) N j j N j 1 L j 1 - ( ) 1 X X 2 L 2 n j L 1 j1 j N ; (4.70) - ( ): 2 L X X n 1, L n 2 1 j 1 2 jq j j j N L j1 q1 N L j1 (4.71) 1 2 : X X 2 n j j jq j n j 1 q1, (4.72) - j-, j 1, L ; F 2 (4.67),. 2 2, (4.67),, -. -,
188 X j - () ()., - - -, -. - () -, ( ). -. ( L 2 ). - ( L 3) n n - 1 2, F F. (4.73) F kf1 n1 1, 2 kf 2 n (4.70), - (4.73). L 3 n 4 j 2 - L 2,303 c( nj 1) lg j j1 (4.74) 188
189 1 L 1 1 : c 1 3( L 1). (4.75) j1 nj 1 N L 2 2 (4.71) (4.72). j n 30, c = 1. j 2 2, (4.76) : , 4.7, k 0,100 0,050 0,025 0,020 0,010 0,005 0, ,236 11,070 12,832 13,388 15,086 16,750 20, ,645 12,594 14,449 15,033 16,812 18,548 22, ,017 14,067 16,013 16,622 18,475 20,278 24, ,362 15,507 17,535 18,168 20,090 21,955 26, ,684 16,919 19,123 19,679 21,666 23,589 27, ,987 18,307 20,483 21,161 23,209 25,188 29, ,275 19,675 21,920 22,618 24,725 26,757 31, ,549 21,026 23,337 24,054 26,217 28,300 32, ,812 22,362 24,736 25,472 27,688 29,819 34, ,307 24,996 27,488 28,259 30,578 32,801 36, ,307 24,996 27,488 28,259 30,578 32,801 37, ,542 26,296 28,845 29,633 32,000 34,267 39,
190 , k 0,100 0,050 0,025 0,020 0,010 0,005 0, ,769 27,587 30,191 30,995 33,409 35,718 40, ,989 28,869 31,526 32,346 34,805 37,156 42, ,204 30,144 32,852 33,687 36,191 38,582 43, ,412 31,410 34,170 35,020 37,566 39,997 45, ,615 32,671 35,479 36,343 38,932 41,401 46, ,813 33,924 36,781 37,659 40,289 42,796 48, ,007 35,172 38,076 38,968 41,638 44,181 49, ,196 36,415 39,364 40,270 42,980 45,558 51, ,382 37,652 40,646 41,566 44,314 46,928 52, ,563 38,885 41,923 42,856 45,542 48,290 54, ,741 40,113 43,194 44,140 46,963 49,645 55, ,916 41,337 44,461 45,491 48,278 50,993 56, ,087 42,557 45,722 46,693 49,588 52,336 58, ,256 43,773 46,979 47,962 50,892 53,672 59, ( = 0,1; 0,05; 0,025; 0,02; 0,01; 0,005; 0,001) k S ( - k L 1). S : 2 2 2,,..., (4.71); 1 2 L (4.72); 190
191 2 (4.74) - (4.76); 2,. 4.7 ; (4.76),., ( ). (, ). 2 - () n 50, ,. (, - ). 2, - ( ) ( - ): : n P P m np np m m m, (4.77) r r r 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 ( l l) ( l l) l ( l l) l l1 Pl l1 l1 P l l- ; 191
192 * P l () l-,, P m n; * * l l m l n P () l- ; l * m l (), l- ; r h P ( 1 ) k S r s, : s *, P l., : - ; - ;. 2 - n 1 2 X Xq X. (4.78) 2 2 q1 : 2 f( ) n n 2 n 22 0 exp 0 ; 2 0. (4.79) 192
193 k S P) f( ) 2 - ( P( ) k r 3 0,90 (0,10) 0,95 (0,05) 0,98 (0,02) 0,99 (0,001) S 1 2,706 3,841 5,412 6, ,605 5,991 7,824 9, ,251 7,815 9,837 11, ,779 9,488 11,668 13, ,236 11,070 13,388 15, ,645 12,592 15,033 16, ,017 14,067 16,622 18, ,362 15,507 18,168 20, ,684 16,919 19,679 21, ,987 18,307 21,161 23, ,275 19,675 22,618 24, ,549 21,026 24,054 26, ,812 22,362 25,472 27, ,064 23,685 26,873 29, ,307 24,996 28,259 30, ,542 26,296 29,633 32, ,769 27,587 30,995 33, ,989 28,869 32,346 34,
194 P( ) k r 3 0,90 (0,10) 0,95 (0,05) 0,98 (0,02) 0,99 (0,001) S 19 27,204 30,144 33,687 36, ,412 31,410 35,020 37, ,615 32,671 36,343 38, ,813 33,924 37,659 40, ,007 35,172 38,968 41, ,196 36,415 40,27 42, ,382 37,652 41,566 44, ,563 38,885 42,856 45, ,741 40,113 44,140 46, ,916 41,337 45,419 48, ,087 42,557 46,693 49, ,256 43,773 47,962 50,892, 2 s 3 - ks r ( P) k r 3. S 2 s ; /2 k ( /2 ) - 2 s ; 1 /2 k ( 1 /2 ) 2 (. 4.8). -, 194
195 f k s ; k s ; f( ) 2 2 ks; /2 ks; 1 /2, (4.80) ks; /2 ks; 1 /2,. -,, - ( ), n, q= 1,n,. 2. q * m l -. q ( ) 1 2 n -. min 1 max n ( max min n 1 ) r
196 ,., n r h h r r. (4.81) max min n 1 * m l *,., m l - 5, -, r. 3. P l () m l. P l X q l- l- : l 0 : l ( 0 l l 1)/2. l f l 0 h, (4.82) m l l 0 - y l : ( l0 yl ) ˆ. (4.83) y l - f y l 196
197 4. m n nhf y. (4.83) l l l / ˆ * m l m l ( P l ) 2 ~ (4.80) ks; /2 ks; 1 /2 2 (4.78). - (, ) - -,., -,, -.. ( -), -,,., -,. -,, -, -., -,, -. () -., -,, 3.,, q= 1,n, - q 197
198 ˆ, >3ˆ q,,.., 3ˆ q, 1,8ˆ q., - -, ˆ,., -, -, ( ) - ( ) t, q.. 1. () -, (),, 1 2 n ˆ. 3., ( ), - : j 1 j n. tmax ˆ j, (4.84) 198
199 , n, t ( t ) - 3 t., t t, j, j= 1 j n, (n1), t tt t tt. -, n 10, -,, - j,. T P T ? , -.? 5...? (- ) ()?? 8. ()
200 9.? - -? 10. () -,?. 11. ( ) ( ).. 13.??
201 , - ( ), - ( - )., -, ;,,. ( - GUM),. -,,, -,. -, - -.,.,,,, -,,.,, -,, - 201
202 ,,., -, ; - (),.,,,,, -,,,,.,,., -, -,, -,, -.,,,,.. 5.1, GUM -,.,,.,,, ( ),, -,,, - 202
203 -. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( -, - - ) () (), (). 5.1,,,, 203
204 , () -., -, (. 5.1). 5.1 GUM, ISO/IEC 17025, ISO 10012, ILAC-G17 EA-04/02, EA-04/16, EURACHEM/CITAC Guide QUAM-P1, 43 GUM. - GUM ISO/IEC 17025, ILAC-G17 - ISO/IEC ISO , -., 204
205 ..,, -, EA-04/02, GUM, : ; ; ; - ;. EA-04/02 : ; ; ;, - ;. EA-04/16 -. EURACHEM /CITAC Guide QUAM-P1 - - (EURACHEM) - : 205
206 , ; ; ; GUM, -, -,, GUM. 43 : GUM ; ;,, -, GUM. -,. 5.3, - EA-4/02 GUM EURACHEM.,,, -, -.,. - -,,
207 ,,,,,,. -,.,,,,,,., -,, -,, -,,,, -., -, -,,. -., -,,, -,. -.,,,,. 5.2,, 207
208 ( ),, ( )., - ( 2681) -, ( ),, ( 29) -, -,.., - 208
209 ., - - ( 2681), - - ( 29). (VIM)., -., -,,,., -,, ( ).,. -.,, -, -.,,.. -, ( 29).,,,
210 -, - -,, ( 29). - (,,, -,.),, -. () -, -, - ( 29). - () ().. N 3 : i N i 1 i, (5.1) i-. N 4 K N i1 2 i, (5.2) : K ( =0,99, K=1,4)..,,
211 ,, ( 2681). -. ( ) ( ) - ( 2681). -, ( 2681) -, ( 29, VIM). -. -, ( 2681). ( ) -, - ( 29),, - ( ). -, ( ).. : - -,, ;,., ( 29).,
212 - ( 2681), ( 29). ( ). - ( 29).,, X X, (5.3) : ; ;., X -,.,, 0,1 B,,,. : : 10 B 100 B; 0,1 B - 100, 10, 100 0,1, ( 2681), ( 29) 212
213 (VIM). (), (%): (5.4) X X (5.5) : X. X,. X.,, - - c =. - -., - ( 2681), ( 29), - (VIM). -,. - k, - : k., - ( )., -,. - (,, ), 213
214 ,.,,,. -, -., ( 29). - : ; - ;. -, - ( 29). -,. ( 29). - (, ), ( 29). 3S, =±3S.. -, - ( 2681),, () ( 29). ts, tsx, (5.6) : 214
215 S, S x () ; t, - n S, ( 29) S : N i1 ( x i x) 2, (5.7) n 1 i i- ; x n ,.,, -.,,
216 S x, ( 29) 2 ( xi x) S i1 S x, (5.8) n n( n 1) : S, - ; n.,,,., - () ( -, - ), ( 29). : N 2 2 S S S, (5.9) S 1 3 i 2 i,. (x) : t t S x ; S S x ( x) t S, (5.10) 216
217 , (5.1) (5.2); t S x (5.6). () -., -.. (. 5.3) ( ),. -, -., - -,. -, -. :, - ; 217
218 ,, ;,, - ; () ; ; ; ;, ; ; ;,,.. (, -,, - ) -,. -,, -. -., -,. -. o -, (,, ), 218
219 ,., -,,., -.,,., -., -. - : o (5.11) c 5.3,,, - ( 29, VIM). : ( - ),, -, ( ) (u) -, () ( 43)., - - ();, ( -, ;, 219
220 ,, ; - ) ,, -. ( ),, -, -,, ( 43). - ( ) (),. (U), -,,, -, ( 43) u c
221 VIM ( - - ) , Y f X1 X2 X m (,,..., ), (5.12) : X 1,, X m (, ); m ; 221
222 Y f( X1, X2, X m ), - x1, x2,..., x m - y f( x1, x2, x m ) - ux ( ), ux ( ),..., ux ( ) 1 2 m - c f x, i 1,2, m i i - cu( X ), i 1, 2, m i i (.. 5.2) - u c ux (, x ) j k - U P k p Y. 5.6 f,,. 222
223 , - (. 5.2), -, -. - n , X i - -, x i -, ux ( i ) , c i - -, u i (y) X 1 1 X 2 2 x u ( x 1 ) () c 1 x u ( x 2 ) () c 2 u 1(y) u 2 (y) X N x N ( x N ) u () c N u N (y) Y Y u(y),. 5.2, -, x i, ux ( i ), - c uy ( ) cux ( ). i GUM, EA-4/02 (- ),,,, - : i i 223
224 ,, -,, ; ;, ; ;, - ;, -, ;, -, - ;, - ;,,,,.,,. -, -, - -,. GUM
225 : ; ; - ;. - ISO/IE ILAC-G17, ( ), : ;, ; ; ;, ; ; ;, ; /, - ;,. ISO 10012,
226 EA-4/02, -,, :, ( ).,,,,. -,,,,, - ;, - ( ),,,, -,, -, -., -,, - F F GUM., -.,, : ; ; ; EA-4/02 - :, ; ; 226
227 , -, ; ;, ;, -. -,,, ( EURACHEM) ,, : ; ; ;.,.,, -,, -,. 5.8., -,,. 227
228 , 228
229 : 1.1 ; 1.2 ; ; 1.4 (1.4.1 ; ; ); 1.5 (1.5.1 ; ); ; 1.7 (1.7.1 ; ).,, : 2.1 ; 2.2 -, ; ; 2.4 ; 2.5, ; 2.6, -.,, : 3.1 (3.1.1, 3.1.2, - ); 3.2,, - ; 3.3 ; 3.4 ; 3.5 ; 3.6. : 4.1 ; 4.2 ; 4.3 ; 4.4 (4.4.1 ; ) , ( EURACHEM).,, -,,. -,, -,., - 229
230 ,, -., -, -, (, ), ,.,,., -., , %, % 55,0 55,0 20,5 75,5 15,5 91,0 9,0 100,0 230
231 . 5.3, -. ( ), % ,5 15, '. 5.9, % - (55 %). (. 5.8), ( ). -,. ( - ),, -.,,, - 231
232 ,,, - 80 % (. 5.9). y - x 1,, x m -, y = f (x 1,, x m ). (5.13) u(x i ) (i = 1,, m) r(x i, x j ) i- j- (j = 1,, ). : : c i u i - ui( y) cu i ( xi), ci f xi (5.14). - (u A ) x il,, x in, : i = 1,..., m; n i i-. i- - u A,i u n 1 i n 1 x x 2 Ai, iq i i q1, (5.15) : 1 n i xi x n iq q1 i- -. ( i ) i-,, - : n 1 i u ( x) x x 2. (5.16) n( n 1) A i iq i i i q1 232
233 ( B ) :, - ; ;, ; ;,, ( ) [(b i-, b i+ ) i- - ]., u B (x B i), : u ( x) ( b b ) 2 3, (5.17) B i i i (± b i ) u ( x) b 3. (5.18) B i i -. u B - : ub U k, (5.19) : U, ; k. 233
234 , - : X X - ; X X Q, l 1,2,..., L (, - ): X g ( Q, Q,..., Q) ; i i 1 2 l Xk gk( Q1, Q2,..., Ql). (5.20) -. r(x i, x j ) (x il, x jl ), l = 1,..., n ij ; n ij - ) l i i k k rx (, x) i j n ij i1 n ij xil xi xjl xj ij 2 xil xi xjl xj l1 l1 n 2. (5.21) x 1,, x m - u c (y) m 2 2 c( ) i ( ) i1 u y c u xi. (5.22) u c : u c m i1 2 [ u ( y)]. (5.23) x 1,, x m - u c (y) 2 2 ( ) m ( ) m m c i i i j i, j ( i) ( ) i1 i1 j1 i u y c u x c c r x x u x u xj, (5.24) 234
235 : r(x i, x j ) ; u(x i ) i-, -.,, ( - ) ( ), L - 2 ux ( i, xk) cilcklu( Ql), l1 x ij, x kj, j 1,2,.., n: : 1 n s( xi, xk) ( xij xi)( xkj xk), c i, c k, nn ( 1) j1 1 g1 g 2 ; : n 1 xi xij, x n k xkj. n j1 n j1 uq ( l ) Ql, l 1,2,..., L., - (.. 5.2) (). 5.5 x 1 x 2 x N x 1 u 2 ( x1 ) u ( x 1, x 2) u ( x 1, x N ) x 2 u ( x 1, x 2) u 2 ( x2 ) u ( x 2, x N ) x N u ( x 1, x N ) u ( x 2, x N ) 2 u ( x N ) 235
236 ,, - U U k u c. (5.25) k (, ) k = t p (v eff ), (5.26) : t p (v eff ) v eff ( ). t p (v eff ) ,6827 0,9000 0,9500 0,9545 0,9900 0,9973 k 1,000 1,645 1,960 2,000 2,576 3,000 v eff u 4 c m 4 4 c i u xi, (5.27) i1 v : v i i-, : v i = n i -1 ; v i =. - - : k = 2 p 0,95 k = 3 p 0,99. - : k =1,65 p 0,95 k =1,71 p 0,99. i 236
237 7.2.2 GUM - ±,,,, -., -,, - y, U,, - : Y y U. (5.28), -, (. 5.7)., : - GUM ( GUM) EURACHEM ( EURACHEM), ( ); -, ; ; ISO/IEC , (- ),, -, -,,. 237
238 5.7 Uncertainty Analyzer v. 2.0 Uncertainty SideKick Pro v. 1.0 Integrated Sciences Group, GUM Uncertainty Calculator v. 3.2 Compaq, GUM Uncertainty Toolbox v Quametec, GUM - EA GUM Workbench v. 2.3 DFM-GUM v. 2.1a Metrodata GmbH, Danish Institute for Fundamental Metrology (DFM), GUM GUM - EA Assistant v. 2.2 Intramet, EA WINCERT Implex, GUM Uncertainty Pro Timeko Uncertainty v. 3.0 Chemistry-software, Timeko, - GUM EUROCHEM GUM - EA Uncertainty Manager v. 2.0 EMPA, GUM EUROCHEM Evaluator v Newton Metrology Inc., GUM, -,,
239 ,, -., ;,, - ( ) - ;,, -. -,, - ( ) -. -,, (- ). : ;,, (, ); - (, - ). (),, - (,, ). 239
240 (),,,, -, -. (, ),,, - (,,, ). (), -,,. -, -. ( ), - ( ),. : () :, = 0,95 ( ), 1, 0% ;, : 0, , , 10 %, 20 º +50 º., -, ( - ), 240
241 (, -,, - ). -, : -.. :, ;,, -,, -,., -, : ( );,., -, -. -,
242 , -., :,,, - ; - ( ), ; -, ; (),. -, :, 1 2,, 3 ( 1 2, - 50 %, );, ; -,, -. -,
243 , - ( ). :,., -., - -., : ; ; ; ( k). () :,, - GUM., 43, -, : GUM ; ; - 243
244 ,, GUM.,,,, - GUM 43. p - U p ( p) S 0,8 0,8 ( p) S 8,0 ( p) S 8,0 t ( f ) S ( p) p, t ( f S, ( p) p p ) m : S c S m 2 p 2 2 i S c 2 i m 2 i1 3 i S ci i i xi; ( p) k ci i, : k=1,1 p=0,95 i1 f e m i1 k=1,4 p=0,99 m>4; m 2 m ci S xi ci S xi i1 m 1 i1 m ci S xi m 1 i1 p GUM m 2 2 U t v c u x p p eff i i i1 c, : veff, m 4 4 ci u xi vi v i n i 1, ; v,. i ( U0,95 2u c, U 0,99 3u c ) ( U0,95 1, 65u c, U0,99 1, 71u c ) -. i1 u 4 - : 244
245 ; () ; (), -. - :,, -,,, - GUM 43, u ˆ - (1 2), -, : 1: y ; S - ; ( p), - ; m ; f eff ; f eff = n 1 (n ). y ; uˆa S -, ; uˆ B ( p) k 3 -, ; uˆ ˆ2 c ua uˆb 2 ; vˆ 1 ˆ eff feff ub uˆ A ; Uˆ ˆ p tp veff û c
246 2: y ; p ; p y ; Uˆ p p - ; uˆc p z p ; z. p, -,, -,,., - :., ( - ) - ( - )., (y U p, y+u p ) GUM,, ( - ). -, (, ). -,,,
247 : - (. 5.9); (. 5.10). - 2 px; E,,..., 2 : E, : yy y y 5.9 S p ; x iq, q=1,, n i ; i=1,, m; ;, -, Sx i, i, ;. S n 1 i xil xiq xi n 1 i q1 2 n 1 i xi xiq xi 2 ; S ; n ( n 1) m 2 2 i ( x i) i1 m 2 2 i i i1 S c S i i q1 ( p) k c, : k = 1,1 p = 0,95 k = 1,4 p = 0,99 m>4 t 2 ( ) m p f S p 2 2 i p S c 2 i m 2 i1 3 i S ci 3 p, S, n, f i1 (- p, + p ) p -,, (y- p, y+p) p -. p 247
248 (x,,,...), 2 : ;. 2 u c u i m i1 U - ; - xiq, q=1,, n i; i=1,, m; ; ;. : u A, i ni q1 x iq x n 1 i 2 i ; u u x b 3 A B i i - U p t p v eff uc : v eff u 4 c m 4 4 i i i1 c u x v i x i, ni q1 x n ( n 1) i x iq m 2 2 c i i i1 ; u c u x ; i 2 i U 0,95 = 2u c, U 0,99 = 3uc ; U 0,95 = 1,65u c, U 0,99 = 1,71uc. p - - uc, U p, k, u i, vi (y Up, y+u p ) () -, -. : S ; ; p, - : ; ; U p. u c 248
249 1.? , -.? (). 5. ( ).. 6.,.. 7.?.? 8.?. 9.? ? ().. 249
250 ( ) ; -, ( 2681). : F = mg, : m, g -.,,. (),,,, - ().,. -. -,, (), -,,,., () - ( 250
251 ) ;, () ; -, ;,,, -, - ( 2681)., ; - -, ( ); (),, - ; -, ( 2681).,, -,.,, ( ),. - ( ).,..,,, -., -,.,, I, -,, - (, -90 ).,
252 ,. -, (), -.,. -,.. () () -,, -. (). -, -, -,,. - -.,, (), -. -,
253 .,,.,, -, -,., -,, -,, -., -, -, , - (),.,,,, 3231.,,, -,, -,., -,
254 ; -,. - :, ; - ; ;, - ;, -, - ;. - :, ; ; ; ;. - : 01 ; 254
255 02 ; 03,,, ; 04, ; 05 - ; 06 ; 07 ; 08 ; 09 ; 11 - ; 12.,,,,. -,.., -,. -. -, : ; ;., ;, 255
256 ;,, ( 2681)., -,. - -., - -,.,. -,,,.,,. -,.,. -,, - ( ). (, ), 0,
257 N 4 N, (6.1) i 1 1 K n, (6.2) : i - ; K 0,99 (K = 1,4). - S i 1 S Si n, (6.3) : S i, S i n X i 1 n 1 2 i 2 i, (6.4) : Xi X i X ; ; X i - ;, -.. = F(Y 1,Y 2, Y m ) - : F F F 2 S S S... S, (6.5) m Y Y Ym : S 1, S 2, S m Y 1, Y 2 Y m. (6.1) (6.2), 2 257
258 F Y i, (6.6) Y : Y i Y i. S S S S, (6.7) 1 N 2 : S i. 3 i1 S t tx S t, (6.8) S S : t x.,,. S E, - S E N 2 2 SE Ei 3 i1 1, (6.9) : S E - ; E 3.. () - (n=10). X = 1 + 1, S = 0,023. : 1 = 0,030 ; 258
259 2 = 0,016 ; 3 = 0,026 ; 4 = 0,002.. (6.2) : ,4 (0,030) (0,016) (0,026) (0,002) 1,4 0, ,060; = 0,06 ; = 0,99., N = 4. (6.7) : 2 1 n 2 S S i 0, , , i1 t S,. t (6.8), t x =3,25 (=0,99, n=10): ts 0,060 0,075 x t 2,81. S S 0,025 0,023 : ts = ± 2,81 0,034 = ± 0,096 ± 0,10. - ( ), 0,10, y = 0,10 /.,, 10, 1 + 1, ,, - 0,99, ±0,10. : X =1 + 1, ts = ± 0,10 = 0,99, n = 10, N = 4; = 0,10 /. : S ( - - ); ( p) p; m; 259
260 n, -., : uˆa S ; uˆ ( p) 3 K( p ), : K( p) 1,1 p 0,95; K( p) 1,4 p 0,99 m 4 ( - () ); 2 2 uˆ ˆ ˆ c ua u B ; 2 2 ˆ ( 1) 1 ˆ ˆ eff n ub u A ( - ); k t ( ) p ; ˆ eff U ˆ k uˆ. : U p ; k ; p., - : n; eff. :, S ˆ u U k; p c B c p p eff 2 260
261 Sˆ u ˆ 4 A S ( n 1) eff ; 2 2, Sˆ u Sˆ Sˆ ; ˆ( p) Kp 3Ŝ, K( p) 1,1 p 0,95 ; K( p) 1,4 p 0,99 m 4 ; t ˆ ˆ p( n1) S( p) ˆ p S, : t - Sˆ Sˆ p( n1) p ( n 1). B (), ,,, F MRA. - - (),, EURA. VIM 29. (comparison),. (key comparison) -, () - ; (),, (refer- 261
262 ence value, KCRV)., -, -., -, - (degree of equivalence), -. -.,,,.,. (supplementary comparison),,, -, -,,. -,,,. - (bilateral comparisons), -. (pilot comparison), -,, 262
263 .,,,. -,. (pilot NMI), -. (comparison coordinator),. (transfer standard), -,,. - VIM (),, 29,, F MRA ( ),, KCRV. -,.,,,. -,,,,.,,, ;
264 . 6.1,,, -. -, -., -. -, : - ;,, -, - ; 264
265 , ;. -., -,, ,, : ( -, ); ( -,, ).,,. -.., -,,., -., -,,, - 265
266 . -.,,,,.,,,., -., -, -, -., -,.., :. -, , (, ). 9 -,, - ( ). 266
267 ,, KCRV, -,, ( ). EURA -,,, JCRB, EURA KCDB., :, (CC, BIPM, COOMET, EURAMET, APMP, SIM, AFRIMET); (AUV, EM, L, M, PR, QM, RI, T, TF); (.RF,.M,.P,.F,.D,.H,.A,.U,.V,.W,.I,.II,.III); ; (K, S, P );, (1, 2, 3, ); 267
268 - - -? -? -? KCRV? KCRV? - KCDB? - -? -, - KCDB
269 (.1,.2,.a,.b,.c, ). : 1) CCEM-K4 4; 2) CCEM-K4.1 CCEM-K4; 3) CCEM.RF-K10-10 ; 4) CCQM-P12 12; 5) BIPM.EM-K : 1) EURAMET.EM-K5 EURAMET, CCEM-K5; 2) EURAMET.EM-K5.1 EURAMET, CCEM-K5.1; 3) COOMET.EM-K4 COOMET -, CCEM-K4; 4) APMP.QM-S7 APMP 7; 5) COOMET.EM.BIPM.EM-K11 COOMET, - BIPM.EM-K ,,,,, ( - 269
270 - )., 18,., ,,,. - -,, ,, -,. -,, ,, - - -, , -,. 270
271 ,. -. -, -,,., -.,,. -,, -, -. -,,. -,, -.,, , ,.,,,
272 - -., -, -.,,.,,, -.,,.,., -,,.,,,,.,, KCDB,. -.., -,., - 272
273 . -,,,.,, -,. 6.3,,,,, -., ( ) -., -,,, : ;,, ;,,., -,. - -, - ( ). 273
274 -, - : X x U, p 0,95, (6.10) ref ref ref : U ref k u( x ) ref x ref (, ); k ( - k 1, k 2, k 1, k 2 ) : : x N * ref i xi i1, (6.11) x ref ; * x i -; i - ( i 1); N. - GUM.,, -,., -.,, -,,. 274 N i1
275 -, -, -. -,. -,, GUM. : : N 2 2 * ref i i1 2 u ( x ) u ( x ) N, (6.12) * x i - ; u ( x ref ) ; ux * ( i ) - ; N., u kcrv CCQM-K18 : 1,858 o ukcrv medianafi x, (6.13) n 1 : AF, - ; x ; n -. i- D i,, - 275
276 ( ), ( i j): D x x (6.14) * i i ref D x x * (6.15) * ij i j i- : 2 2 * 2 u ( Di) u ( xi) u ( xref ) (6.16) u D u x u x (6.17) 2 2 * 2 ( * ij ) ( i ) ( j ) : D i, D ij ; i j. (6.16) - KCRV,, (6.17), -,, ( - ).. : - -,, - ; -,, 276
277 , - ;. - N M ( ) ( ) ( ) T x r ( x r 1,..., x r N ), (6.18) : r 1,..., M ; T. M : M (1) ( M ) x,..., x Z, (1) ( M ) Z ( x,..., x ), (6.19) (1) ( M ) q ( m,..., m ), (6.20) q, -. x ref q, q ux ) - x ref. r i ( ref, -, r ( i Z) q, (6.21) i r ij,, : i 1,..., N ; j 1,..., N ; i j. r ( i Z ) ( j Z), (6.22) ij 277
278 r r - ( ). ud ij ij ud) ( i - -,,., -,. -, -. -,,. -., CCQM-K18, -, -. CCQM - CCQM-K18.1, -. CCQM K-18 CCQM K-18.1 : D D AF AF, (6.23) NMI SMU K18 NMI K18.1 SMU K18.1 : D NMI, DSMU K18 - CCQM-K18.1 (SMU, ) CCQM-K18; 278
279 , - AF NMI K18.1 AF SMU K18.1 CCQM-K18.1., CCQM-K18 CCQM-K18.1,. 6.3.,,, -..,,, -.,,. NMI(K18.1) 0 0 AFNMIK18.1 AFSM U K 18.1 SMU(K18, K18.1) KCRV(K18) D SMU K18 D NMI. 6.3 ( CCQM-K18 CCQM-K18.1), CCQM-K18, (-,, -), 279
280 AF = 10,1985 u AF = 0, k = 1. CCQM K-18 CCQM K : : NMI D D AF AF, (6.24) NMI SMU K18 NMI K18.1 SMU K18.1 D, - D SMU K18 CCQM-K18.1 (SMU) CCQM-K18; AF NMI K 18.1 AF SMU K 18.1 CCQM-K18.1; (SMU) - CCQM-K18.1. CCQM-K , CCQM-K18 CCQM-K ,22 CCQM - K18 (Carbonate buffer at 25 C) 10,21 Acidity funcction at b Cl- 0 10,20 10,19 10,18 10,17 NIM LNE NCM NIST GUM UMTS SMU CMI NMIJ INMETRO CENAM PTB INPL 10,16 Coordinating Laboratory: SMU. 6.4 CCQM-K18 280
281 : ; ; -, ; -. 0,04 Degrees of Equivalence for K18 and K18.1 0,03 0,02 0,01 K18 K18.1 DINPL= 0,066 0,00-0,01-0,02-0,03 NIM LNE NCM NIST GUM UMTS SMU CMI NMIJ INMETRO CENAM PTB INPL LNE NIM INMETRO PTB DFM CENAM INPL -0, CCQM-K18 CCQM-K18.1, : Metrologia ; Metrologia ;, ;.. 281
282 , - Metrologia. MRA. -, , C R/GM/14. (EURAMET, APMP, SIM, AFRIMET) - -., - C R/GM/14, : ; ().,., -. -,, -. (,, ). :, ( - 282
283 ,, 0,5, ); (). D, -.,. -,, -..,,,,. D,.,,. -.,,,,. :, - ( );. -.,,, 283
284 ,, - S..,,.,, -. :,, ; -. x ref, - x ref. - -.,, x ref -,. -,, -.,, x ref, 284
285 .,,,,, - S,.,., -.,,, -. -,,, -,,. D, -., -,., -,, -,., : -, ;., ( - ) D * * x x, x x ( ); (6.25) ' i i 285
286 x x c, ' i i * * c x x ( D), (6.26), i- - : ; i i i ref, Dij x i xj D x x D x i i cxr e f, D cx ( x ) ( D), (6.28) ij i j ( ); (6.27) x, x * x, ' i * x ;, -, c ; S, * * * ( S (1 ) u( x ), ux ( ) ux ( )); i -. - Direl, xi xref Di, rel ( xi xref ) xref ( D). D, -,,., ( ) D : 2 2 u ( x) u ( x) u ( ), u ( ) 2S (6.29) 2 ' 2 2 i i : 2 2 * u ( x ) u ( x ) u ( c), u ( c) 2 u ( x )(1 ) (6.30) 2 ' 2 2 rel i rel i rel rel rel i 286
287 ' ux ( i ), ux ( i ), u( ) -, -, ; ' * u ( x ), u ( x ), u () c, u ( x ) - rel i rel i rel rel,,,,. D, - ( 1 L ), -, L L 2 ( i Si ) S 2 i i1 i1 ( ); (6.27) : L L 2 * * * 2 * [1 rel ( k )(1 i )] ( k k ) [1 rel ( k )(1 i )] k1 k1 c u x x x u x (6.28) x x ; * * i i i ( D), S i -, - ; i> L; L. D -, : L S 2 i i1 2 u ( ) 2, (6.29) L 2 2 * rel rel k i k 1 u () c 2 [1 u ( x )(1 )]. (6.30) 287
H1: Metrological support. Milena Horvat, Polona Vreča, Tea Zuliani, Radojko Jaćimović, Radmila Milačič
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