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1 . M.,..,.. :

2 : : M.,..,.. :.. :, ISBN , -,,.,,. - -, -. :. -, -., - -, -. ( 1.4/ ) :.. -.,., ( ).. -.,. ( ) ISBN ,..,.., 2010, 2010

3 - - (CGPM) - (COOMET) (BIPM) (CIPM) (OIML) 3

4 CRM

5 CCQM EURAMET EURACHEM - - GUM IEC ISO ISO/IEC ISO IEC JCRB KCDB KCRV MRA TBT VIM 5

6

7

8 , ,

9 - -, - (), , -, -,,,,.,,. - -,,, -.. -, -, -. -,, 9

10 , -.,,, - -. (), (), ,, -. -,, , , : ;, - ; ; ; - -, ; 10

11 - - ; - ;. - -.,, ,, -, -, -.,. -,, -.,, -, ().,,, - 11

12 , (), -, ,,. - : -.. : -.,, (),.. -, -, -. -.,, -., -,,,

13 :, - ; -, ; - ;. -,., - - -,,. -,. 13

14 ,,, , -,. () -,. -,. -.,,,.,,,,,., - : - 14

15 ;,. (, ) ( ) () (). 1.1 : V L (), M (), T () dim V = LT

16 . 1.2,. -,,. ().. 1.2,, : ( ) ;. -,. : 16

17 (ev) - ();,,,. :, -, ;,,. -,.,., ; -, - (, ). -. : ; ;,, ;, ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; -. 17

18 -., ( 2681), - ( 29), (VIM). - : A = {A}[A] (1.1) : {A},,, (- ) ; [A]. : m=1 ; L=1 ; U=220 ; I=10., -., -., - ( 29). (accuracy), - (trueness), (precision), (reliability), - (repeatability) (reproducibility), - (error) (uncertainty). - 18

19 , , ( 2681) -, - ( 29) (VIM).,,., -. -,, -., -., 0,001, , (), (ISO ). 19

20 , ( 2681) - - (ISO 5725).,, - ()., -,. -,,.. (ISO ). - (ISO 5725).,, - (standard deviation), (). - ISO , -,.,, (), -,. -.,, -,,,. -, -,,, 20

21 . -., -, -., - -, -., ,,, ,,,, : ; ; ; (,, );. -, /,,,,. 21

22 , - - ( 2681) -,, - ( 29) ( ). - -,. - (repeatability conditions), -,, -,, (ISO )., ( ). : ; ; - () ; ;.,, - (,, ) ( 2681),,,,,, (,,.) ( 29) - 22

23 -, (VIM) ( )..,,. : ; ; ; ; -; ;. (reproducibility conditions), -,, -, (ISO )., -., -,, -., -.., - ( ).,

24 . -,. -, -,., -,. - () ( 29) - (VIM)., -. - x x x x, (1.2) :. -,. ( - ) ( ), - () ( 29).. -, 12,55., ± 0,01, ( ) - 24

25 ., ± 0,01. -, ( 2681) -,, ( 29). -., -, ( 2681) -, -, ( 29, VIM) -,,, ( 43).. - () (, ),,. -,. ( )..,, -,.,,,,,,, -,. 25

26 1.2, -, ( 29), - (VIM). ().,,,., ( 29). : - 0,005 ±0,05 20, - 19,95 20,05., -, - ( 29), () (VIM).,

27 -, ( 29); ( ), - ( 29);, - ( 29). : 1) ; 2), - 50 (50 - ). (),, ( 29) (VIM). (observed value), (ISO ); - (test result), -. -,, ( 29). - -.,,. - 27

28 : ; - ( ); () (- ); ( ). R n, ( n - ), ( 29) Rn xmax xmi n (1.3) : max min -., - ( 2681),, - ( 29) - (VIM). -., - (), -. -,,,,, -. -,,,. -,,,,. -,,, -. 28

29 ,,,,,,.,,, -,, -, ;, -, -.,., - () - ( 2681), - ( 29), - (VIM)., - ( 2681),, - - ( 29), - - (VIM)..,, ; -,,.,, -.,,. -,. 29

30 ,, ( 29)., -, i = 1/S 2 i..,,, ( = 1),. (level of the test in a precision experiment),,.. (cell in a precision experiment),. -,. ( ) (repeatability standard deviation) ( ),.. - (ISO ). (repeatability limit), - 95 % ( ),. - r (ISO ). ( ) (reproducibility standard deviation) - 30

31 ( ), (ISO ). (reproducibility limit), - 95 % -,. - R (ISO ). (outlier), -. ( - ),, ISO (bias) - ( - ). - (ISO ). (accepted reference value), - :, ;, - ;, - ;,, -, (ISO ). 31

32 (laboratory bias) - () - ( - ) (). (bias of the measurement method),,, ()., -,.,. (laboratory component of bias) ,. (collaborative assessment experiment), ,. - 32

33 , ,, - - (),., - (-, -,,,,,, -, -,, ),,, -,,,,,. -, -, ( ). -,, -,, -,, -.,, -,,. 33

34 -,, -,,,, -. - :, 8.009;, -,, ;, -., - (, -, ), -. (- )., -,,, -, (),,,,. - ( ) : ; 34

35 , - ; -., -,. -,,,,. - :, - (,, - ). : ( ) - -. () - - (,, )., () - ( ),, - (,,, - ), -,,.,,, - 35

36 ,, (). : 1),., -, V-. -,, - ( ). 2) () : -,.. ( ), - ±., -. ( ). ( ) = 0,95. -,, -,.,, -, ( = 1), - 36

37 , -,, = 1. -,, -, ( - )., -., (, ),, - ( GUM). ;,,. -,. : - ;,,,, ;, (),,,, -. - () () (). 37

38 : 1) (- ). : = ±0,2 3 /, = 0,95., : /, , , /. 2) (- ). [ ] = 0,08; - [ ] =0,1., : S,, 50 80;,, ;,, ; 1 %. -,., -. -.,,. - -,,, ; - 38

39 ,,,, () () - ().,,,., - ( ) - -,., -,,. -. : 100 ; 20 ; 0,44; 2, , () , - 39

40 ., -,., -,,,. -,., -,, ,, -,. - -.,,,, -,,,., -,., - -,. 40

41 ,,, -, -,.,, -,. -,.,, - ( ) -,. : 1), : 10,75 3 /c; l = h = 0,15 3 /c; = 0,95. : 20, 1, /c; 10,75 3 /c ), ( - ): 10,75 3 /c; [ ] = 0,08 3 /c; [ ] = 0,10 3 /c. : 20, 1, /c; 10,50 11,00 3 /c 0,95. : 20, 1, /c. 3) u(t), ( ): S 41

42 u(t), 7,55 3,15-0,35-0,50-4,70-1,57 t, ), : 263,7 ; ; : (ISO 5725)., -., -,, () -, -.,. ISO 5725 (, ),., -. ISO 5725 :, - 42

43 ( ) -,, - (ISO ); (ISO ); -, (ISO ); (ISO ); - (ISO ISO ), (ISO ); (ISO )., ( ) -, (, ) - ( ). (, )., (). - () (ISO )., -.,, 95 % (0,95) - 43

44 ., -,,,. -,, - (ISO ISO ), -,,.,,, r R, 95 %. 95 %,, 95 %, - 30.,,,, -, -,., r - R,. r R : r ISO , R ( ) - W ()., -, r R -, -,. 1.,.. 2.? -,,,,. 44

45 3.. -? 4.? -?. 5.?? 6. -? 7.? 8.?. 9.?

46 2. 2.1, -. -, :, - ;,, - ( ); - ;, - ;.,,, : ; ; - ; ; 46

47 (, - ); ;., -, -..,.,.,,.,,,, -, : ; ; ;., :, ; ; ;, ( - ); ; 47

48 ; -..,. :,,,,,, , -., -. ( 1,. ). - - (),,., -, , -. 48

49 , ,. 49

50 : -, 10 % - ;, -,, -, 10 %.,.,, -,.,,,,,.,,,. -.,, -,.,,. -.,, -.,., -, -. -,, - 50

51 ,., -. -,, -.,,,, -.,,,. :,, -,,...,..,, -,,. -,. - -,, -. 51

52 . ;,.,,., : U m U U m sin td( t) 2, 2 0 : U m i.,,, U(t): U 1 T T 0 2 U ( t) dt, :., : ; ; ;. () -,.,, -. -,. 2.2,

53 . 2.2, ii -. :, ( 2681), ( 29);, - -, ( 2681). -.,

54 : Y = X, (2.1) : ( );,., - ( ). : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)., -. -, ( 2681), ( 29). -. : 1) D - m, h d, m D 2. 0,25d h 2) P R - U I, - : =UI; R=U. 54

55 3) h l, h = ltg., - -,, - ( 2681) -,, -, ( 29). -. : () -., -,,.. -,,.,, - (, ). : : F1 1, 2,, j,, m; 1, 2,, k 0; F2 1, 2,, j,, m; 1, 2,, k 0; (2.2) n n n Fn1, 2,, j,, m; 1, 2,, k 0, 55

56 Y 1, Y 2,..., Y j,..., Y m ; i X, X,..., X, () i () i () 1 2 k i-, i 1, n. m Y 1, Y 2,..., Y m, n m Y j, j 1, m. Y j, Y j., - -,, - ( 2681) -,, - ( 29). : () -. (). -,. Y 1, Y 2,..., Y m X, X,..., X () i () i () i 1 2 k., () - ( 29) () (- 56

57 ), ().. -. : F=mg m g ( - ). ( 2681),,, ( 29). -,, -,. -. : 1), - ; 2), , 1 3.., ( 2681), - - ( 29). : 1) ; 2). 57

58 , ( 2681), - ( 29)..,.,,,.,,, () (). ( 29), - (, - )., -,, -,,., -,.,.,, - -..,, - () -, -. 58

59 . (, ) - -, - ( 29).,,. - (, ) -, () ( 29). -, (, ). -, -,,. - ( ) ( ) -., ( ), (, ).,.,. -,, -,,, -,,,

60 -,.,,. - - ( ) ( ) - ( ).,,., -., -., () ; -, - :,., - ; -,. ( 2681), - ( 29),, (VIM).. 60

61 ,. -, -. -,.,,,, -, (. 2.3)

62 ( - ), ( ) ( ),,. : 1) - ; 2), -. :,,,,.,,.,. ( ), -, ( 29) : 1) ( ); 2) -., - ( 2681) -, -,,, ( 29). 62

63 -,. =,, -, : = +. -.,,,., 1 % - 1 %, - 0,01 % ( ). : 1),, ; 2), -. ( ) -, ( 29). -., -, () -,,,. - ( -, ), - - (),.,,. 63

64 , -,.,,, -.,., X - X 0,,., - X = X - X 0 = 0, ().. - X = X 0. : 1),,, ; 2) - ; 3). -,, -. - ( ) - ( ). - ( ), -, (-),. 64

65 , - -,, ( 29) ( ) -, ( 29)... X 0,.. - X. - 0,. - : = 0., -. -,,. : 1) ( ). 2) -,

66 , -. 3)., -,,. - - ( 2681) N : : X N X 0 (2.3) X 0 ; X 0 X X X 0 ; N ) : 1) ; 2). -,,, - ( 2681). :. ( ) -,, 66

67 ( 2681). - X 01 i X 02, - X 01 i X 02, - X ( X) (. 2.5) X X X 01 X X 02 X 01 i X 02 - X X ( n1) n 02 01, (2.4) : n, 10., X < X 01. X, X - ~ ( X 01 ) - X i : X X X. - X X, : X X X X. (2.5) ( ) l -, X l X02 l X01, (2.6) 67

68 X l( X X ) l X n. (2.7) , 01,, n. -,, 0., 0,1,,. : 1), ; 2),. - : ( 2681). n - X (. 2.6, ) 0, 0 (. 2.6, ). a) X X nx ) X 0 N X 0 X. 2.6 X 0 68

69 X N( X n), (2.8) 0 X NX nx (2.9) X max =X 0, X (X max =X 0 ), - n : 0 0 X X nx X n, (2.10) : X=X 0 /X - X. : : - -. :, - (, );,, ( -,, );,, (,, ).,,. -,,. 69

70 2.3, -. - (. signuin ),.,,,,,,,,., ; -,, -., ; (), - ; ,., - - y a (t),, t - t( t, t min max ) (. 2.8, c ). y ( y, y ),. nt ( T = const () ; n = 0; 1; 2, - y ( y, y a min ma x), - (. 2.8, ). ya(t) - t( t, t min max hi = ng, g. ), - min max 70

71 . 2.7 Y(nT), (- ), nt - h 1, h 2, h n (. 2.8,,. 2.8, - ).,,,

72 2.8 (), ( ) () (, ), - ;, -, -,. - (, ).,,. -. ( ). : - -, ( - ). 72

73 -, ,,. -,, ,., y(t)=sin( t)+( 2 2 t).., -. T, - ; f,., :, Y(t), - : : k - ; T 2 2 jkt A( k ) y t e dt T ( ), (2.11) T 2 73

74 , : 2 2 Gk ( ) Ak ( ) Re Ak ( ) Im Ak ( ), (2.12) : Re(z), Im(z) ;, - : ( k) arg Ak ( ) arctgim Ak ( ) Re Ak ( ). (2.13)., - -., (). - - : Y i i2 Y1 K r, (2.14) : Y i Y 1 - y(t).,,,, -.,. -., -.,,. -,. 74

75 ,. () (). - ()... - ;,,. :,. -,, -, -.. :. : ( ) -,, - -, ( );, - (, ); 75

76 -, - :,,, ( )..,, -.,, , ,,,.,, -.,.,,. -.,, -,. -,, 76

77 y f( x, A, B, C...), (2.15) : y ; X ;,,. (x= ) (= ). -. y f( t, A, B, C...),,,,,.... -,,. - (). -,,. y(t): yt () A Acos( nt ), (2.16) 0 n1 : A 0 ; A, n-. n n A n n( ) -, y(t) - n n 77

78 .. - (2.11) (2.13). ( - ) -. - y(t) S( ), S( ) arg S( ). : jt jarg s( ) S( ) = S( t) e dt S( ) e Re S( ) jlms( ), (2.17) : Re S ( ) Lm S( ) -, : S Re S( ) ( t)costdt, (2.18) S Lm S( ) ( t)sintdt. (2.19) - : 2 2 S( ) Re S( ) lm S( ), (2.20) lm S( ) arg S( ) argtg Re S ( ). (2.21) S( ), -,,. S( ),,. -,,, -,. 78

79 , -.,, -., - y =, : -.,, 0 t t0 ( tt0) (2.22) 1 t t0 t 0. - ( t t ) 0 t t, t : 0 0, (2.15) t t0 0 ( 0) t s s ( ) t 0 tt dt tt 0 dt, (2.23) : -. -, : 2 2 exp ( t t0) /(2 G ) ( t t0) lim. (2.24) : t ( tt ) S( tt 0 ) dt, (2.25) 0 d ( t t0) ( t t0). (2.26) dt -,

80 s x t t t dt x t 0 0 () ( ) ( ). (2.27) t : x () t x( nt)( tnt ). (2.28) n1 () t sin( t ) sin(2 T/ ). (2.29) m : y m, ( 1 T, ).,,.. () t m ( tt0) ( tt0 ), (2.30),. : k 0 m () t m ( t kt) ( t kt ). (2.31) : y m, T. -,.,,., - ( ),.,.,. - 80

81 ,, (). 4 t 0; T m T t 4 ; () t 4 m( T 4 t)/ Tm tt 4 ;3T 4, (2.32) 4 ( 3T )/ 3T m t m 4 T t 4 ;2T t () t m, t 0; T. T (2.33)., - y m =A: y 1 (t) 0; y 2 (t), (2.31); y 3 (t), : 0 t 3. t 2, -. -., -,. :,,, 1 %.,., : 1 sin t ; 81

82 sint sin3t sin5t sin 7 t ; sin t sin3t sin5t sin 7 t , - 2 : 1 n, : n, y 3 1 n., 2 0,01 1, 11( = 0,83 %); 101( = 0,99 %)., - 11, , 100.,. X(t) - - y(t),,.,, - (). () t sin( t ), (2.34) m 0 0.,,,,,.,. - - (),

83 xt () ( t) m 1m sin( 0 t 0), (2.35) xm ( ) : m ( )., x() t () t 0, (2.36) xm :, -,. X(t) - : xt () () t msin0t0 1 m, xm (2.37) ( ) : m. -, (2.34),.,., : (); - (); - ().,,,. : ; ; ;.,. 83

84 - -. -, q-. - y(t) y min y max y (t).. -, -,,, -,. (q - ) (q ). -,,,, -. () t = ( t1) qt t, (2.38) : y (t) ; N(t 1 ) ; ( t t ). -.,,.. - 6,

85 ,., y(t), 1, 1 q, N,. N , : m Int( x), Frac( x) x; sign(x), 1 x > 0-1 x < , - + 0,5, 0,5 q m q q q q 2 2,. 0 q = q 2, 0 + q = q 2, q 2 q 2 =0. () q y(t) t, - t, =1; 2... t - 85

86 , f 1 t -. - t t,. - : kt n t kttkt, (2.39) k 1 k-. t const ( t ) ,,,., -,,, -. -.,, -, - - ()., -. -.,,,,. -,, -. (t) t 86

87 t () t, (2.40) 1 : ; ; C t,,,.,,. -, -..,. -, :, , -,. -, : (t), - -, f c, t,, 12f c, f 2 f c,., (t) : 87

88 sin c t n t t n t ntfot t n tnt n c, (2.41) : 2 (t); c fc t ; F t. -, (t),,. -.,. f c (,, f, ) c.. ( ) ,. ( ),. 88

89 ,.,,,. -.,,., t, -.,, -. t, t f 1 t (),,., - -. n t Ntq tt, N t ( ), k 1 t., -,, t..., -,, q. 89

90 , : q ,. (t),,,. - :,,. () m (t).,,,., -. 1 T tdt T. 0,,,.,. : -,,, -. -, - -. m sin t t 2 1 cos t, (2.42) : ; 2 f ; 90

91 , -0,(999). 1,,, -., -, - : m 11 / 1;, 0;, 2 0 m (2.43) 2 m arcsin, ( 1;0); 2 m, 0 (2.44) 2 m, (0; ).,, ,,,,.. 3.,,,? 4.? :

92 7.,. -,? 8.??. 9.,?, - -? 10..?? 92

93 3. 3.1,, -, ( 2681)., -, :, ; - ().,,. () () (. 3.1)., ( ). :, (), (),., () ; ; - ( 2681).,,. - (,, ), -. (, - 93

94 , ) ( ):, ( 1, -, 100 );, - (, - )

95 .,,, 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1,2; 5. -,, -.,,,.,, -,.,, ( - ), -.,, (, -, ). -, - ( ). (). -, -. : ; ;, - ;,.., - 95

96 . - ( 7-12 ). -,.. - : - ; ; (,, ).,, -, - - (, ).,.,,,., -,,. - :. - (). (), -,., -,., -,. -., - 96

97 , -, ( ) ( 2681). :,,,. -, - () (). -, () (,, - ).,.. (), - ( 3-28, )., ( 2681)., -.,, - -., -. -, -, - ( 2681). 97

98 (). -, -. -, -. ( ). ( ) - -,. -,,.,, -,,. ( ) -, ( ).,,, -.,., -. -, 98

99 , -,. -., -,. -.,, - ( 2681).. - :, (-, - );,., -, ( 2681)..,.. -, -, -, -,,. (- ),. - 99

100 ( ) -, - () ( 2681). - -.,,, - ( 2681).,, -,,.. : - ;. -,,,,, - ( 2681). -,,,,,,, - ( 2681)., -, ( 2681). -. ( ). ( ), 100

101 (), -, - ( 2681).,..,,, ( 2681). : - - 1, - ( -, ).. :, -,,, -,.,, -., -,, -. : - ( ), ( ),,., -.,,. 101

102 ,,, -...,,. ( ),, ( 2681). -,, - ( 2681).., -.,,,. -,, -.,, ( -,,, -, )., - ( 2681).,,,,.. -.,,,, ;, 102

103 ,.. - -,, -.. (, ) -,.,, - ( ). - ;,, ;, - ( 2681).,, -,,.,, -,, -. ( ) - ( ).,, ( - ). 103

104 , - (,,, ). -, ( 2681). -,. -, - ( 2681)., -. Y = F () X Y, - Y p = F p (X). -, (- )., - ( 29) ,,, -., , - ( 2681)., -,, 0,1 % - 104

105 0,001 %. -.,,,., (VIM). : -, ; - ; ; - ;, ; - ;. -.,, -,., ; - ; - -, ( 2681). : 0,1 0,1 %,,.,,., -. -.,

106 . ( 2681). -,,.,., ( 2681). ( - ). -,. -, - ( 2681)., ( - )., -,,, - ( 2681). ( /º). -, -,,. : S 10. S 100 ; -, -, :,. - B 106

107 -.,, - ( 29) - (VIM). -. -, ( 2681).. S = l/x, S 0 = l/(x/x), l,, x.,,, ( 2681). - ( ) -, -., ( 2681), - -, ( 29). - ( ), ( ).., (VIM)., 107

108 . -. -, - ( 2681) -, - (VIM)., - ( 2681).,,,,.. -. : (20 ± 5) º (293 ± 5) K; (65 ± 15) %; (101,3 ± 4) (760 ± 30)..; 1 60 ; (220 4,4) (115 2,5) ; (50 1) (400 12).,,, -, (- ), - (. 3.1)., (- ).,,

109 3.1 -, º () -, - 20 (293) ± 0,1*; ± 0,2*; ± 0,5; ± 1,0; ± 2; ± 5; ±10, % , (...) ( ) -, ± 0,5 -, : (115) ± 4,4 ± 4,4 (± 2,3) ** 5 % 2 % * 0,0005; 0,001; 0,002; **.,.., ( ), -. : - ; 109

110 , ; ;.. -, -.,, ( - ) - -., ,,,,., -. -, - ( ). -, - -.,

111 ,, -., -.,, -,, ,., -.,,,,, -,,.,.,,. -, :, (3.1) instr : * MI - int, ( - ). MI int 111

112 . o o l MI 1 os Ci i1 1: ooh. (3.2) (5.2) -, : os ; o o ; o oh, ; l Ci i1, - ; () (, ).,. -. -, (, - ). - -., -.,, - -.,.,,. 112

113 l, -., 1. 2: 2 1 l MI o Ci., (3.3) : o, o os oh. (3.4) 2,. l i1 Ci i dyn,, 2 -.,,,, -, = , : 113

114 , -,, - ; ,.,,,,., 1 1-, -, P = 1, -, , : - -, -,,, f ; Y; ; 114

115 ,, -,., -,. -, -,,, , -. : s ( ) sp s sp, - s -. : s p - p 115

116 , r0 () 0 S 0 Sf. - S r 0 () Sf -. n 0-1,..., j,..., n. - n 1 n j1 j n 2 1 j. n 1 j 1 s0 ( s 1,2,..., l n) 2, 1 ns ro() ( s0). (3.5) 2 j js ( ns) j1 (3.5) - s 0. : -,, r 0 () exp, (3.6) :.,, : 2 S 0 r0 expid 2. (3.7) 116

117 3. H H -, H p - ; - ( - ) p H p ;, : Sf ( ) * : *Sf ;,, , -, : ht, - ; Sf 117

118 gt -, -; - G j ; - A - ; - - ; GS.,,, x, - 1 exp ht x t. (3.8),, x, -. - : g t dh t dt. (3.9) ( ) exp G j dh t dt j t dt. (3.10) 0 118

119 exp G S dh t dt St dt. (3.11) 0., -.,, -. 6., dam dam : t r ; - 2 2, ; T, 0,632 - ; - A 0 ; 0., -, -., 119

120 (), -, - () f max, - - (). ( ): t, -, -, ; t d - ( ), - (),,, ; () f max. : t r,, - -,., -, r 120

121 8. -,, f max - :, - - ; t d ; () f max., -,,,,, -,. 9., -, , : 121

122 -, -, - ;, ;,,, ,, -,,, -, (. 3.2)

123 () ( ) 0 : 0 (3.12), ( - ). X, ( ) Y 0 - ( ), X(Y 0 ), ( ) 0 :. (3.13) 0 0 ( ) Y 0, - X,,, 0 ( ) - ( ) i, :. (3.14) 0 0 X ( ) X 0, :. (3.15) - ( ) 0 : 100[%]. (3.16) 0, - ( ), :

124 [%]; (3.17) [%]. (3.18) -,., X -, 0.,, - ( ),. - ( ) : 100 [%]. (3.19), - X,., ( ),, -., -.,, -,, -.,, ( - ),

125 ,,, -,. ( ), - (, ), -.,, -., -. -., -. -,,., -, ( ).,, - :, - ;,,.. -,, -,. 125

126 ,,,. -, -,,.,,,. (- ),, -,,, - ()., - ( ) - ( ) -, - : -,,,,,. - ( ),,. - ;, ( );

127 , -. Y = F (X). a, a = const ( a 0 0, -., ). - -., -.,. - X bx, : b -, F - - F,. bx., -,, ,, - ( - 127

128 ), (- ).. - ;,,,,. () -.,,., -,, - ( ) :. () ( - ). ( 2681),, ;, - ( 2681, 29),, -. ( - ) () -.,,

129 ,, ( ) -,, -.. :,,.,,. - - ( ) -. ( - ),. ( ), ( )., () - () ; -,,, ( 2681). - (), -. ( ), - -,. 129

130 , - ( 2681).,. -, - ;, ( ), -, -.,, -, ( 2681). 3.3,,, - ( ), -., ,., -,, , 8.009, - 130

131 . -,. -,,,.,,. -.,, 0-10, ,. :, -, - :,. -.,, -,, -,, -. : ,5 1,0; -,, ( ).,,, 131

132 , % 1,5 1,5 1,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,02 0,01 ( K ) 1 0,02 0,01 0,02 0,01, -,,,.. - N p, (3.20) :, %; ; N,, ; 132

133 210 n ; p, 110 n 2,5 10 n ; (3 10 n ); 410 n ;5 10 n ;6 10 n (n=1, 0, 1, 2 ). ; 1,5 10 n ; (1, 6 10 n );,,. n N, -,, - (), -, -., -.,,. : º N =400 º; -. -,. -,. 3.2 (2- )

134 , - p, (3.21) :, %; X (), ( 3)., -, - c d( K ) 1, (3.22) : c, d,, p (- ); K ;, %., - (3.22), cd (. 3.2, 4).,,, (3.21) (3.22), - (. 3.2, 6).,,,,,

135 X, X 0, -. - (. 3.2, 5),. -,,. : (), () (). - : a, (3.23) - ; ab, (3.24),. a, b (3.23) (3.24), X. - a, b c, d (3.22) : cbd; d a K. (3.25), -,. (3.23) (3.24), - - -,,,.,, -,, 135

136 (, ). -, 5%. -. -,, -,,,. : ; -,, ; - ( );. ().,, -., 5 %. 3.4 (calibration),,,,,,, - 136

137 , (VIM)., -, -, -, ( 29). -,,,.,,.,, -,. -,,, (, - ) ,, - -,, ,,, -.. ISO 10012, - ( - ) (), - 137

138 .,,.., ,, ( ) - ( ).,. 3989, ,, -,. -,,. ( ),,, -,. -, -,, (, ). - ISO/IEC 17025, - : 138

139 , ; ; ; - ;, -, ; ;,,, -,, - ;, ;,,,,, -,, ; ;, -,, ;, -., (,, ),,. (, k = 2, 0,95 ).. 3.3, - ISO/IEC

140 -,, ( ) State Enterprise All-Ukrainian State Research and Production center for Standardization, Metrology, Certification and Consumers Rights Protection (SE Ukrmetrteststandard ) Calibration Certificate : Reference number: : Date of registration: : Date of calibration: / : Object: : Manufacturer: : Type: / : Serial number: : The name and address of the customer: : Location where the calibration was carried out: : Calibration mark: : Number of pages of the certificate: Director / signature, /name Head of department / signature, /name.. Official stamp 140

141 1 Calibration method 2 / Description of working standard/measuring instrument 3 Conditions of calibration 4 Calibration was made with 4.1 Working standards / Name / Manufacturer / Type / Serial number Re-calibration date Calibration certificate number Date of last calibration (,,, - ) Metrological characteristics (accuracy class, errors, measurements ranges, uncertainty of measurement) 141

142 4.2. Auxiliary facilities / Name / Manufacturer / Type / Serial number / Re-calibration / date / Calibration / Verification certificate number / Date of last calibration/verification / Main parameters 5 Calibration results 6 Uncertainty of measurement - k = 2,, 95 % -. - (GUM). Post / signature, / name Stamp or calibration mark place. 3.3, - 142

143 ISO 10012,, :,, - ;, ; ; ; ; (); - ;, ; -,, -, ; - ;, ; (), - ; (, ) - ; ;, ;,,, -,.,, -,.,, ( )

144 ? ? 6., ,. - :,, ; ? 10.,? 11. ISO/IEC 17025? 144

145 () (), -. -,,, -.. : ; - ;, ; - (5), -,,, ; - ( - 145

146 ) ( ) - ;, -, - -,,,. - - (. 4.1): (. 4.1, ) XMX x f( X ) 1 2 exp, (4.1) x : M X, x ; (. 4.1, ) 2 c 2 2 f( ) 1 2 exp, (4.2) : c M, - ; (. 4.1, ) : o.. X o o 2 2 o 2 o o f() 1 2 exp, (4.3) 146

147 f 1 2 x f 1 2 o f ( 1 2 o ) 0 M[X] 0 c 0 a) ) ) o. 4.1 ) ; ) ; ) o , - -. (. 4.2),,, -, -,,,, : f ( ) , 1 1 2, 2, (4.4) 147

148 f o o :, 1 2, o f() - 2 1, c :,, o 2 M 2 1 d ( ) ( ) 2; (4.5) D D [] , (4.6) : = 1 2, o , -, (, - ). -..,,,.,. - o 2 148

149 , -,, (- ). (. 4.3): f o 1 f ( ) o c o ; ; ; (4.7) - :, ( ) 2; (4.8) c 1 2, - o D[] , o = 6. (4.9),,,,,, 1-2-, -,,,.,,,. 4.1.,,, -., -. o 149

150 f (X) X f (X) - 0 X f (X) 0 X f (X) - 0 X - f (X) 0 X f (X) - 0 X 150

151 f (X) 1-0 X f (X) 2-0 X f (X) - 0 X f (X) 0 X, - ( )., -,., -,,,,, (), -,

152 : () -. :, -. -, i - i, F ( X) P{ X X} (4.10) X : 0 F ( X) 1, F ( ) P{ X } 0,, - X i,, F ( ) P{ X } 1 1, +., - : FX( X1) FX( X2), X X., = 1 2., 0,5, -. F(X) i X X i 152

153 F x (X) 1,0 0,5 0 X X. 4.4 F (), - i : F ( ) P{ i }. (4.11) = : F ( ) P{ i} P{ XiX XX} FX( X X) (4.12) - ( 1 ; 2 ] ( 1 ; 2 ] - : P{ X X X } P{ X X } P{ X X} F ( X ) F ( X ) (4.13) 1 i 2 i 2 i 1 X 2 X 1 P{ } P{ } P{ } F ( ) F ( ) (4.14) 1 i 2 i 2 i (X) () - (. 4.5)., () - ( - ) : ( ) df ( X ) dx ; ( ) df ( ) d (4.15) X X X 153

154 0 () [X] X (X)dX 0 1 M[] , -., - = = : X FX ( X) X t dt; F ( ) t dt (4.16) F x (+)=F (+)=1, : X X dx d1, (4.17) 154

155 ,, -,,,. P{ X1Xi X2} P{ Xi X2} P{ XiX1} FX( X2) FX( X1) X 2 X 1 X 2 X d X d X d, (4.18)., dx d., -,.,. -. -,.,, -,., -, -.. r X 1 P{ 1 i 2} d (4.19), -, -, (-. 4.5). XdX d 1 X

156 r rx X xdx (4.20), - X M[X] m : 1 X M [ X ] m X X x X dx. (4.21),. -,,, -, -. r- - r rx XmX xxdx. (4.22) : X ( ) 0 1 X mx X X dx XX X dx mx X X dx mx mx,,. r- - : r r d (4.23) r r m d (4.24)., : 156

157 o o r r r rx (4.25), : D DX2 X XmX X XdX (4.26),. -, : X DX 2 (4.27),, X..,.,, 3- : 3 X X (4.28) 3 =0. -, - : 4 X X (4.29) X X,,. 4 3,

158 - : M X X (4.30) : - M. (4.31) - : o X M X M (4.32)., -. -,, -. m, F m 12.,,. -. -,, - -. n > 40 : 1, 2, n, - +1 ; 158

159 r d ( ) n 1 r. r, n r ,,,, - ; m i,, - ; p i - pi mi n. p i r p 1. i1 i, -,, - (. 4.6)., 0,6., -.,, -, ( 1).,,,, - (. 4.2).,

160 P() ,, (). -. -,.,. - :. - ( ) -,., - -,.,

161 ,. - (,, ),,. -., - (), - -,. - (), -,, -,.,,. -., - -,,. -,, -.,.,., : 161

162 ,, ( n ) ; ( - ); ( - )., -.,, -.,, -..., : -,, (,,, )., -. ( -,, ).., - (). -, - 162

163 .,. o () t -, - : T (); T 1 o o R0( ) R0( ) ( t)( t) dt T, (4.33) 0 o () t. ( 0 ) : Ro(0) Do[]. -,, - S o (). 1 -j S o() Ro()e d 2 o, (4.34) o ( t ) - 2 r o R o(), (4.35) o : o = + D o., -,. 163

164 -,. ( ),. -,,. -,, - : ( X X... X ) n( X ) n, (4.36) 1 2 : X i - ; n. X, -. X ( ) ()., -,.,..,,,.. -, - n n i1 i 164

165 ( 29), n X i X i, (4.37) i1 : i -.. S x, - : n 2 S X ( Xi X) ( n 1) i1. (4.38), S X X,, X S X 68,3 %, X 1,96S X 95 %,, -, X 1,96S x 95 %. S X, - X (, ), : n 2 S SX n ( Xi X) n( n 1) X i1. (4.39) S X,,,, n, X 1,96S X 95 %,, - X 1,96S X 95 %., S (, - X ),, - 165

166 . - X 1,96S X 95 %. () - n S, - n ( 2681) (4.35). m N - : n 2 ( X i m) N. (4.40) i1 N -, S (VIM). : [ X ] - [ X] S n. (4.41) n S, n - (4.35). n, X -, a S 2 2. S n X, , n. - X X. X - 166

167 n X = X, (4.42) i=1 :, X i n, n 1. i1 X : i D i i 2 2 D X D D. (4.43) D n n n i i i i i i1 i1 i1 D, - i FX X. D ', - n 2., i1 ( 1 n ): i i i 1 n i i= 1 ' = = (4.44) n, -,. : 1 n 1 n 1 n = i = i= = n. (4.45) i=1 n i=1 n i=1 -, = i + i.,,. n -, n. (4.46) 167

168 2 2 1 n i. (4.47) n i1,., n i, (4.48) n 1 i1 (4.38), (4.39). - o Do, D D D X, (4.49) : D D X X. - ( ) -,, -., -, - ().,.,

169 ,, - ( )...,., -,., P.,,,, -.,,, P 0,90 0,95 (,, ), -., P - -, P.,, - X. -. -, -,. f() -,,, - 169

170 (,, - c 0) f(), , , -. :, -., - ( X) - o P ( ),, -, o P ( ) o P ( )., o o o o P P P[ > ] 1 P[ ]. (4.50) (),, ,, 170

171 P. - ( 2), P, 1 P, [%] = 100 P [%], -., - P,, -.,,. -., ( ), P - X.,, X X i., - P, X [ X, X + ]. X i i o P[ X < X X + ] = P = P. (4.51) X [ X,X ]. - X : X X 1 P[ X < X X ]. (4.52), (4.51), - o 171

172 P [ < + ] =P=P, (4.53), [, ] (. 4.7). f 0 2 i (4.51), [, ] P. (4.51) (4.53) : [, ] X [ X, X + ], 2. i i,. ( ) - : 0. 0, : c,. - c.,, 172

173 , -. -, 0,3 % +0,5 % 0,5 %,.,, (, ),. P,,, -, P,, 0,9 P = 0,9; 0,95 P = 0,95. -,, 0,8; 0,9; 0,95 0,99. 0,9 ( P = 0,9), 0,9 1, P = 0,9 ( - ). P 1, 0,, P = 0,997 P = 0,999, - - P -., P 1, 0,. 173

174 , - ( ), ( ). P 2 < + = = P[ ] P f() d. (4.54) 0 kp, (4.55) : k P., P ( ) n., -, k P, n ()., -, - () n. ( - ) ( ),, - 174

175 ,., -,, n 20 ( n 30 ), n < 20 ( n < 30). k P (4.55) z, t P ( t s )., y. (z) - f(y) - : : z z 0 0 z 2 (4.56) P() z f() y dy 2 2 exp y 2dy 2 f( y) 2 2 exp y 2. (4.57) (4.56) -,. : z 2 () z 1 2 exp y 2dy, 0 z 2 () z 2 2 exp y 2dy. z, z, z, : (4.58) (4.59) z 0,5z ; (4.60) z,5 z 0,5 z 0 1, (4.61) : + z > 0, z <

176 z z, - 3., (z) -., -, : z, z z,. z z. z,, ( ) - f( y) 1 2 expy ,, P, -. -,. P,,, - () z P - z, (4.55) ( k P = z)..,, -, - = 3, P=0, ,73 %.,,, , ,9973 =

177 4.3 y f(y) y f(y) y f(y) y f(y) 0,00 0,3989 1,00 0,2420 2,00 0,0540 3,00 0,0044 0,05 0,3984 1,05 0,2299 2,05 0,0488 3,05 0,0038 0,10 0,3970 1,10 0,2179 2,10 0,0440 3,10 0,0033 0,15 0,3945 1,15 0,2059 2,15 0,0396 3,15 0,0028 0,20 0,3910 1,20 0,1942 2,20 0,0355 3,20 0,0024 0,25 0,3867 1,25 0,1826 2,25 0,0317 3,25 0,0020 0,30 0,3814 1,30 0,1714 2,30 0,0283 3,30 0,0017 0,35 0,3752 1,35 0,1604 2,35 0,0252 3,35 0,0015 0,40 0,3683 1,40 0,1497 2,40 0,0224 3,40 0,0012 0,45 0,3605 1,45 0,1394 2,45 0,0198 3,45 0,0010 0,50 0,3521 1,50 0,1295 2,50 0,0175 3,50 0,0009 0,55 0,3429 1,55 0,1200 2,55 0,0154 3,55 0,0007 0,60 0,3332 1,60 0,1109 2,60 0,0136 3,60 0,0006 0,65 0,3230 1,65 0,1023 2,65 0,0119 3,65 0,0005 0,70 0,3123 1,70 0,0940 2,70 0,0104 3,70 0,0004 0,75 0,3011 1,75 0,0863 2,75 0,0091 3,75 0,0004 0,80 0,2897 1,80 0,0790 2,80 0,0079 3,80 0,0003 0,85 0,2780 1,85 0,0721 2,85 0,0069 3,85 0,0002 0,90 0,2661 1,90 0,0656 2,90 0,0060 3,90 0,0002 0,95 0,2541 1,95 0,0596 1,95 0,0051 3,95 0,

178 , -,,,, = 2 (P = 0,95) (, = P = 0,68).,,,, = 4, P = 0, (99,9936 %)., = 5 P = 0, (99,99994 %), ( )., -, = ,4 10, = , 2 n ,,. (4.55) - ( k P t P ),, z, P, n. P t P (. 4.4): 178

179 4.4 P/ t P k s 0,90 0,95 0,98 0,99 0, ,314 12,706 31,821 63, ,62 2 2,920 4,303 6,965 9,925 31, ,353 3,182 4,541 5,841 12, ,132 2,776 3,747 4,604 8, ,015 2,571 3,365 4,032 6, ,943 2,447 3,143 3,707 5, ,895 2,365 2,998 3,499 5, ,860 2,306 2,896 3,355 5, ,833 2,262 2,821 3,250 4, ,812 2,228 2,764 3,169 4, ,796 2,201 2,718 3,106 4, ,782 2,179 2,681 3,055 4, ,771 2,160 2,650 3,012 4, ,761 2,145 2,624 2,977 4, ,753 2,131 2,602 2,947 4, ,746 2,120 2,583 2,921 4, ,740 2,110 2,567 2,898 3, ,734 2,101 2,552 2,878 3, ,729 2,093 2,539 2,861 3, ,725 2,086 2,528 2,845 3,

180 P/ t P k s 0,90 0,95 0,98 0,99 0, ,721 2,080 2,518 2,831 3, ,717 2,074 2,508 2,819 3, ,714 2,069 2,500 2,807 3, ,711 2,064 2,492 2,797 3, ,708 2,060 2,485 2,787 3, ,706 2,056 2,479 2,779 3, ,703 2,052 2,473 2,771 3, ,701 2,048 2,467 2,763 3, ,699 2,045 2,462 2,756 3, ,697 2,042 2,457 2,750 3,646 1,6449 1,960 2,3266 2,5758 t P P[ t < t + t ] = P= 2 s( t, k ) dt (4.62) P P S 0, - : t X M X X n X X = X X i X i X. X X ( X ) - ( ). X X ; s(, tk S ), - ; 180

181 k S ks 1 ks t stk (, S) 2 ks (4.63) ks : (...) -; ks n 1. -,, - n, - n ( ). n -, n 30. t P 2 stk (, S ) dt 0 t P. t - P P - X (4.55), k P = t P. P k S., X X i ( : Xi X tp X. M X ) X X tp X, (4.64)

182 k P - : k P = 1,73; k P = 2,3; k P = 2,45. - k P (z t P ),. - f( ), - ( )., -.,, -, , ().. (L = 2) - n 1 n 2, - 182

183 1 2 X X nn n n 2 t, (4.65) P n n2 n 1 n 1 : X, X ; 2 2, ; t P, ks n1n2 2, - P =1 P(. 4.5)., - : X1 X 2 ; ; t P (. 4.4); (4.65),., L 3, -, F F, (4.66) :, ; F

184 4.5 n =1 P/ t P 0,1 0,05 0,025 0,01 3 1,406 1,412 1,414 1, ,645 1,689 1,71 1, ,731 1,869 1,917 1, ,894 1,996 2,067 2, ,974 2,093 2,182 2, ,041 2,172 2,273 2, ,097 2,237 2,349 2, ,146 2,294 2,414 2, ,190 2,343 2,470 2, ,229 2,378 2,519 2, ,264 2,426 2,562 2, ,297 2,461 2,602 2, ,326 2,493 2,638 2, ,354 2,523 2,670 2, ,380 2,551 2,701 2, ,404 2,577 2,728 2, ,426 2,601 2,754 2, ,447 2,623 2,778 2, ,467 2,644 2,801 2, ,486 2,664 2,823 3, ,504 2,683 2,843 3, ,520 2,701 2,862 3, ,537 2,717 2,88 3,071 - k 1 k 2 ( - F F 1 % 5 %). 4.6 ( (1 P)-% - 184

185 ), : k 1 L 1 F 2 ; kf 2 N L L ; n j j-, L ; N nj j j 1, L. k F 2 P k F ,90 4,11 3,94 3,88 3,84 3,83 3,82 3,80 3,79 3,78 3,76 4 0,95 6,39 6,00 5,87 5,81 5,77 5,75 5,72 5,70 5,66 5,63 0,99 16,0 14,7 14,2 14,0 13,9 13,9 13,8 13,7 13,6 13,5 0,90 2,69 2,44 2,35 2,31 2,28 2,26 2,23 2,22 2,19 2,16 9 0,95 4,26 3,18 3,02 2,95 2,90 2,87 2,83 2,80 2,76 2,71 0,99 8,02 5,35 5,00 4,84 4,73 4,66 4,57 4,52 4,42 4,31 0,90 2,39 2,12 2,02 1,97 1,94 1,92 1,89 1,87 1,83 1, ,95 3,11 2,65 2,48 2,40 2,35 2,31 2,27 2,24 2,19 2,13 0,99 5,56 4,03 3,70 3,54 3,43 3,36 3,27 3,22 3,11 3,00 0,9 2,27 1,98 1,88 1,82 1,79 1,76 1,73 1,71 1,67 1, ,95 2,90 2,42 2,26 2,17 2,11 2,08 2,03 2,00 1,94 1,88 0,99 4,50 3,53 3,19 3,03 2,93 2,86 2,77 2,71 2,60 2,49 0,9 2,19 1,91 1,80 1,74 1,70 1,68 1,64 1,62 1,58 1, ,95 2,78 2,30 2,13 2,05 1,98 1,95 1,90 1,86 1,80 1,73 0,99 4,22 3,26 2,93 2,77 2,66 2,59 2,50 2,44 2,33 2,21 185

186 k F 2 P k F ,9 2,15 1,86 1,75 1,69 1,65 1,62 1,59 1,56 1,52 1, ,95 2,70 2,22 2,05 1,96 1,90 1,86 1,81 1,78 1,71 1,64 0,99 4,04 3,09 2,77 2,60 2,49 2,43 2,33 2,28 2,16 2,03 0,9 2,10 1,79 1,68 1,62 1,58 1,55 1,52 1,49 1,44 1, ,95 2,61 2,13 1,95 1,86 1,79 1,76 1,70 1,67 1,60 1,52 0,99 3,83 2,89 2,57 2,41 2,29 2,22 2,14 2,08 1,95 1,82 0,9 2,09 1,74 1,68 1,58 1,52 1,49 1,46 1,45 1,40 1, ,95 2,56 2,07 1,90 1,78 1,74 1,66 1,64 1,61 1,54 1,40 0,99 3,73 2,79 2,47 2,28 2,19 2,11 2,02 1,96 1,85 1,62 0,9 2,00 1,70 1,58 1,51 1,47 1,44 1,39 1,37 1,30 1, ,95 2,46 1,97 1,79 1,60 1,63 1,59 1,50 1,49 1,39 1,28 0,99 3,51 2,59 2,26 2,10 1,98 1,93 1,80 1,74 1,59 1,43 0,9 1,94 1,63 1,51 1,43 1,38 1,35 1,30 1,26 1,18 1,00 0,95 2,37 1,88 1,69 1,59 1,52 1,47 1,40 1,35 1,24 1,00 0,99 3,32 2,41 2,07 1,91 1,79 1,72 1,60 1,53 1,36 1,00 L 3 : X j n j 1 = X jq n, j 1, L ; (4.67) j q 1 186

187 () N ( ) X L 1 = n X (4.68) N j j N j1 ( n n const), (4.68) j X = L L n 1 X X ; (4.69) N j j N j 1 L j 1 - ( ) 1 X X 2 L 2 n j L 1 j1 j N ; (4.70) - ( ): 2 L X X n 1, L n 2 1 j 1 2 jq j j j N L j1 q1 N L j1 (4.71) 1 2 : X X 2 n j j jq j n j 1 q1, (4.72) - j-, j 1, L ; F 2 (4.67),. 2 2, (4.67),, -. -,

188 X j - () ()., - - -, -. - () -, ( ). -. ( L 2 ). - ( L 3) n n - 1 2, F F. (4.73) F kf1 n1 1, 2 kf 2 n (4.70), - (4.73). L 3 n 4 j 2 - L 2,303 c( nj 1) lg j j1 (4.74) 188

189 1 L 1 1 : c 1 3( L 1). (4.75) j1 nj 1 N L 2 2 (4.71) (4.72). j n 30, c = 1. j 2 2, (4.76) : , 4.7, k 0,100 0,050 0,025 0,020 0,010 0,005 0, ,236 11,070 12,832 13,388 15,086 16,750 20, ,645 12,594 14,449 15,033 16,812 18,548 22, ,017 14,067 16,013 16,622 18,475 20,278 24, ,362 15,507 17,535 18,168 20,090 21,955 26, ,684 16,919 19,123 19,679 21,666 23,589 27, ,987 18,307 20,483 21,161 23,209 25,188 29, ,275 19,675 21,920 22,618 24,725 26,757 31, ,549 21,026 23,337 24,054 26,217 28,300 32, ,812 22,362 24,736 25,472 27,688 29,819 34, ,307 24,996 27,488 28,259 30,578 32,801 36, ,307 24,996 27,488 28,259 30,578 32,801 37, ,542 26,296 28,845 29,633 32,000 34,267 39,

190 , k 0,100 0,050 0,025 0,020 0,010 0,005 0, ,769 27,587 30,191 30,995 33,409 35,718 40, ,989 28,869 31,526 32,346 34,805 37,156 42, ,204 30,144 32,852 33,687 36,191 38,582 43, ,412 31,410 34,170 35,020 37,566 39,997 45, ,615 32,671 35,479 36,343 38,932 41,401 46, ,813 33,924 36,781 37,659 40,289 42,796 48, ,007 35,172 38,076 38,968 41,638 44,181 49, ,196 36,415 39,364 40,270 42,980 45,558 51, ,382 37,652 40,646 41,566 44,314 46,928 52, ,563 38,885 41,923 42,856 45,542 48,290 54, ,741 40,113 43,194 44,140 46,963 49,645 55, ,916 41,337 44,461 45,491 48,278 50,993 56, ,087 42,557 45,722 46,693 49,588 52,336 58, ,256 43,773 46,979 47,962 50,892 53,672 59, ( = 0,1; 0,05; 0,025; 0,02; 0,01; 0,005; 0,001) k S ( - k L 1). S : 2 2 2,,..., (4.71); 1 2 L (4.72); 190

191 2 (4.74) - (4.76); 2,. 4.7 ; (4.76),., ( ). (, ). 2 - () n 50, ,. (, - ). 2, - ( ) ( - ): : n P P m np np m m m, (4.77) r r r 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 ( l l) ( l l) l ( l l) l l1 Pl l1 l1 P l l- ; 191

192 * P l () l-,, P m n; * * l l m l n P () l- ; l * m l (), l- ; r h P ( 1 ) k S r s, : s *, P l., : - ; - ;. 2 - n 1 2 X Xq X. (4.78) 2 2 q1 : 2 f( ) n n 2 n 22 0 exp 0 ; 2 0. (4.79) 192

193 k S P) f( ) 2 - ( P( ) k r 3 0,90 (0,10) 0,95 (0,05) 0,98 (0,02) 0,99 (0,001) S 1 2,706 3,841 5,412 6, ,605 5,991 7,824 9, ,251 7,815 9,837 11, ,779 9,488 11,668 13, ,236 11,070 13,388 15, ,645 12,592 15,033 16, ,017 14,067 16,622 18, ,362 15,507 18,168 20, ,684 16,919 19,679 21, ,987 18,307 21,161 23, ,275 19,675 22,618 24, ,549 21,026 24,054 26, ,812 22,362 25,472 27, ,064 23,685 26,873 29, ,307 24,996 28,259 30, ,542 26,296 29,633 32, ,769 27,587 30,995 33, ,989 28,869 32,346 34,

194 P( ) k r 3 0,90 (0,10) 0,95 (0,05) 0,98 (0,02) 0,99 (0,001) S 19 27,204 30,144 33,687 36, ,412 31,410 35,020 37, ,615 32,671 36,343 38, ,813 33,924 37,659 40, ,007 35,172 38,968 41, ,196 36,415 40,27 42, ,382 37,652 41,566 44, ,563 38,885 42,856 45, ,741 40,113 44,140 46, ,916 41,337 45,419 48, ,087 42,557 46,693 49, ,256 43,773 47,962 50,892, 2 s 3 - ks r ( P) k r 3. S 2 s ; /2 k ( /2 ) - 2 s ; 1 /2 k ( 1 /2 ) 2 (. 4.8). -, 194

195 f k s ; k s ; f( ) 2 2 ks; /2 ks; 1 /2, (4.80) ks; /2 ks; 1 /2,. -,, - ( ), n, q= 1,n,. 2. q * m l -. q ( ) 1 2 n -. min 1 max n ( max min n 1 ) r

196 ,., n r h h r r. (4.81) max min n 1 * m l *,., m l - 5, -, r. 3. P l () m l. P l X q l- l- : l 0 : l ( 0 l l 1)/2. l f l 0 h, (4.82) m l l 0 - y l : ( l0 yl ) ˆ. (4.83) y l - f y l 196

197 4. m n nhf y. (4.83) l l l / ˆ * m l m l ( P l ) 2 ~ (4.80) ks; /2 ks; 1 /2 2 (4.78). - (, ) - -,., -,, -.. ( -), -,,., -,. -,, -, -., -,, -. () -., -,, 3.,, q= 1,n, - q 197

198 ˆ, >3ˆ q,,.., 3ˆ q, 1,8ˆ q., - -, ˆ,., -, -, ( ) - ( ) t, q.. 1. () -, (),, 1 2 n ˆ. 3., ( ), - : j 1 j n. tmax ˆ j, (4.84) 198

199 , n, t ( t ) - 3 t., t t, j, j= 1 j n, (n1), t tt t tt. -, n 10, -,, - j,. T P T ? , -.? 5...? (- ) ()?? 8. ()

200 9.? - -? 10. () -,?. 11. ( ) ( ).. 13.??

201 , - ( ), - ( - )., -, ;,,. ( - GUM),. -,,, -,. -, - -.,.,,,, -,,.,, -,, - 201

202 ,,., -, ; - (),.,,,,, -,,,,.,,., -, -,, -,, -.,,,,.. 5.1, GUM -,.,,.,,, ( ),, -,,, - 202

203 -. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( -, - - ) () (), (). 5.1,,,, 203

204 , () -., -, (. 5.1). 5.1 GUM, ISO/IEC 17025, ISO 10012, ILAC-G17 EA-04/02, EA-04/16, EURACHEM/CITAC Guide QUAM-P1, 43 GUM. - GUM ISO/IEC 17025, ILAC-G17 - ISO/IEC ISO , -., 204

205 ..,, -, EA-04/02, GUM, : ; ; ; - ;. EA-04/02 : ; ; ;, - ;. EA-04/16 -. EURACHEM /CITAC Guide QUAM-P1 - - (EURACHEM) - : 205

206 , ; ; ; GUM, -, -,, GUM. 43 : GUM ; ;,, -, GUM. -,. 5.3, - EA-4/02 GUM EURACHEM.,,, -, -.,. - -,,

207 ,,,,,,. -,.,,,,,,., -,, -,, -,,,, -., -, -,,. -., -,,, -,. -.,,,,. 5.2,, 207

208 ( ),, ( )., - ( 2681) -, ( ),, ( 29) -, -,.., - 208

209 ., - - ( 2681), - - ( 29). (VIM)., -., -,,,., -,, ( ).,. -.,, -, -.,,.. -, ( 29).,,,

210 -, - -,, ( 29). - (,,, -,.),, -. () -, -, - ( 29). - () ().. N 3 : i N i 1 i, (5.1) i-. N 4 K N i1 2 i, (5.2) : K ( =0,99, K=1,4)..,,

211 ,, ( 2681). -. ( ) ( ) - ( 2681). -, ( 2681) -, ( 29, VIM). -. -, ( 2681). ( ) -, - ( 29),, - ( ). -, ( ).. : - -,, ;,., ( 29).,

212 - ( 2681), ( 29). ( ). - ( 29).,, X X, (5.3) : ; ;., X -,.,, 0,1 B,,,. : : 10 B 100 B; 0,1 B - 100, 10, 100 0,1, ( 2681), ( 29) 212

213 (VIM). (), (%): (5.4) X X (5.5) : X. X,. X.,, - - c =. - -., - ( 2681), ( 29), - (VIM). -,. - k, - : k., - ( )., -,. - (,, ), 213

214 ,.,,,. -, -., ( 29). - : ; - ;. -, - ( 29). -,. ( 29). - (, ), ( 29). 3S, =±3S.. -, - ( 2681),, () ( 29). ts, tsx, (5.6) : 214

215 S, S x () ; t, - n S, ( 29) S : N i1 ( x i x) 2, (5.7) n 1 i i- ; x n ,.,, -.,,

216 S x, ( 29) 2 ( xi x) S i1 S x, (5.8) n n( n 1) : S, - ; n.,,,., - () ( -, - ), ( 29). : N 2 2 S S S, (5.9) S 1 3 i 2 i,. (x) : t t S x ; S S x ( x) t S, (5.10) 216

217 , (5.1) (5.2); t S x (5.6). () -., -.. (. 5.3) ( ),. -, -., - -,. -, -. :, - ; 217

218 ,, ;,, - ; () ; ; ; ;, ; ; ;,,.. (, -,, - ) -,. -,, -. -., -,. -. o -, (,, ), 218

219 ,., -,,., -.,,., -., -. - : o (5.11) c 5.3,,, - ( 29, VIM). : ( - ),, -, ( ) (u) -, () ( 43)., - - ();, ( -, ;, 219

220 ,, ; - ) ,, -. ( ),, -, -,, ( 43). - ( ) (),. (U), -,,, -, ( 43) u c

221 VIM ( - - ) , Y f X1 X2 X m (,,..., ), (5.12) : X 1,, X m (, ); m ; 221

222 Y f( X1, X2, X m ), - x1, x2,..., x m - y f( x1, x2, x m ) - ux ( ), ux ( ),..., ux ( ) 1 2 m - c f x, i 1,2, m i i - cu( X ), i 1, 2, m i i (.. 5.2) - u c ux (, x ) j k - U P k p Y. 5.6 f,,. 222

223 , - (. 5.2), -, -. - n , X i - -, x i -, ux ( i ) , c i - -, u i (y) X 1 1 X 2 2 x u ( x 1 ) () c 1 x u ( x 2 ) () c 2 u 1(y) u 2 (y) X N x N ( x N ) u () c N u N (y) Y Y u(y),. 5.2, -, x i, ux ( i ), - c uy ( ) cux ( ). i GUM, EA-4/02 (- ),,,, - : i i 223

224 ,, -,, ; ;, ; ;, - ;, -, ;, -, - ;, - ;,,,,.,,. -, -, - -,. GUM

225 : ; ; - ;. - ISO/IE ILAC-G17, ( ), : ;, ; ; ;, ; ; ;, ; /, - ;,. ISO 10012,

226 EA-4/02, -,, :, ( ).,,,,. -,,,,, - ;, - ( ),,,, -,, -, -., -,, - F F GUM., -.,, : ; ; ; EA-4/02 - :, ; ; 226

227 , -, ; ;, ;, -. -,,, ( EURACHEM) ,, : ; ; ;.,.,, -,, -,. 5.8., -,,. 227

228 , 228

229 : 1.1 ; 1.2 ; ; 1.4 (1.4.1 ; ; ); 1.5 (1.5.1 ; ); ; 1.7 (1.7.1 ; ).,, : 2.1 ; 2.2 -, ; ; 2.4 ; 2.5, ; 2.6, -.,, : 3.1 (3.1.1, 3.1.2, - ); 3.2,, - ; 3.3 ; 3.4 ; 3.5 ; 3.6. : 4.1 ; 4.2 ; 4.3 ; 4.4 (4.4.1 ; ) , ( EURACHEM).,, -,,. -,, -,., - 229

230 ,, -., -, -, (, ), ,.,,., -., , %, % 55,0 55,0 20,5 75,5 15,5 91,0 9,0 100,0 230

231 . 5.3, -. ( ), % ,5 15, '. 5.9, % - (55 %). (. 5.8), ( ). -,. ( - ),, -.,,, - 231

232 ,,, - 80 % (. 5.9). y - x 1,, x m -, y = f (x 1,, x m ). (5.13) u(x i ) (i = 1,, m) r(x i, x j ) i- j- (j = 1,, ). : : c i u i - ui( y) cu i ( xi), ci f xi (5.14). - (u A ) x il,, x in, : i = 1,..., m; n i i-. i- - u A,i u n 1 i n 1 x x 2 Ai, iq i i q1, (5.15) : 1 n i xi x n iq q1 i- -. ( i ) i-,, - : n 1 i u ( x) x x 2. (5.16) n( n 1) A i iq i i i q1 232

233 ( B ) :, - ; ;, ; ;,, ( ) [(b i-, b i+ ) i- - ]., u B (x B i), : u ( x) ( b b ) 2 3, (5.17) B i i i (± b i ) u ( x) b 3. (5.18) B i i -. u B - : ub U k, (5.19) : U, ; k. 233

234 , - : X X - ; X X Q, l 1,2,..., L (, - ): X g ( Q, Q,..., Q) ; i i 1 2 l Xk gk( Q1, Q2,..., Ql). (5.20) -. r(x i, x j ) (x il, x jl ), l = 1,..., n ij ; n ij - ) l i i k k rx (, x) i j n ij i1 n ij xil xi xjl xj ij 2 xil xi xjl xj l1 l1 n 2. (5.21) x 1,, x m - u c (y) m 2 2 c( ) i ( ) i1 u y c u xi. (5.22) u c : u c m i1 2 [ u ( y)]. (5.23) x 1,, x m - u c (y) 2 2 ( ) m ( ) m m c i i i j i, j ( i) ( ) i1 i1 j1 i u y c u x c c r x x u x u xj, (5.24) 234

235 : r(x i, x j ) ; u(x i ) i-, -.,, ( - ) ( ), L - 2 ux ( i, xk) cilcklu( Ql), l1 x ij, x kj, j 1,2,.., n: : 1 n s( xi, xk) ( xij xi)( xkj xk), c i, c k, nn ( 1) j1 1 g1 g 2 ; : n 1 xi xij, x n k xkj. n j1 n j1 uq ( l ) Ql, l 1,2,..., L., - (.. 5.2) (). 5.5 x 1 x 2 x N x 1 u 2 ( x1 ) u ( x 1, x 2) u ( x 1, x N ) x 2 u ( x 1, x 2) u 2 ( x2 ) u ( x 2, x N ) x N u ( x 1, x N ) u ( x 2, x N ) 2 u ( x N ) 235

236 ,, - U U k u c. (5.25) k (, ) k = t p (v eff ), (5.26) : t p (v eff ) v eff ( ). t p (v eff ) ,6827 0,9000 0,9500 0,9545 0,9900 0,9973 k 1,000 1,645 1,960 2,000 2,576 3,000 v eff u 4 c m 4 4 c i u xi, (5.27) i1 v : v i i-, : v i = n i -1 ; v i =. - - : k = 2 p 0,95 k = 3 p 0,99. - : k =1,65 p 0,95 k =1,71 p 0,99. i 236

237 7.2.2 GUM - ±,,,, -., -,, - y, U,, - : Y y U. (5.28), -, (. 5.7)., : - GUM ( GUM) EURACHEM ( EURACHEM), ( ); -, ; ; ISO/IEC , (- ),, -, -,,. 237

238 5.7 Uncertainty Analyzer v. 2.0 Uncertainty SideKick Pro v. 1.0 Integrated Sciences Group, GUM Uncertainty Calculator v. 3.2 Compaq, GUM Uncertainty Toolbox v Quametec, GUM - EA GUM Workbench v. 2.3 DFM-GUM v. 2.1a Metrodata GmbH, Danish Institute for Fundamental Metrology (DFM), GUM GUM - EA Assistant v. 2.2 Intramet, EA WINCERT Implex, GUM Uncertainty Pro Timeko Uncertainty v. 3.0 Chemistry-software, Timeko, - GUM EUROCHEM GUM - EA Uncertainty Manager v. 2.0 EMPA, GUM EUROCHEM Evaluator v Newton Metrology Inc., GUM, -,,

239 ,, -., ;,, - ( ) - ;,, -. -,, - ( ) -. -,, (- ). : ;,, (, ); - (, - ). (),, - (,, ). 239

240 (),,,, -, -. (, ),,, - (,,, ). (), -,,. -, -. ( ), - ( ),. : () :, = 0,95 ( ), 1, 0% ;, : 0, , , 10 %, 20 º +50 º., -, ( - ), 240

241 (, -,, - ). -, : -.. :, ;,, -,, -,., -, : ( );,., -, -. -,

242 , -., :,,, - ; - ( ), ; -, ; (),. -, :, 1 2,, 3 ( 1 2, - 50 %, );, ; -,, -. -,

243 , - ( ). :,., -., - -., : ; ; ; ( k). () :,, - GUM., 43, -, : GUM ; ; - 243

244 ,, GUM.,,,, - GUM 43. p - U p ( p) S 0,8 0,8 ( p) S 8,0 ( p) S 8,0 t ( f ) S ( p) p, t ( f S, ( p) p p ) m : S c S m 2 p 2 2 i S c 2 i m 2 i1 3 i S ci i i xi; ( p) k ci i, : k=1,1 p=0,95 i1 f e m i1 k=1,4 p=0,99 m>4; m 2 m ci S xi ci S xi i1 m 1 i1 m ci S xi m 1 i1 p GUM m 2 2 U t v c u x p p eff i i i1 c, : veff, m 4 4 ci u xi vi v i n i 1, ; v,. i ( U0,95 2u c, U 0,99 3u c ) ( U0,95 1, 65u c, U0,99 1, 71u c ) -. i1 u 4 - : 244

245 ; () ; (), -. - :,, -,,, - GUM 43, u ˆ - (1 2), -, : 1: y ; S - ; ( p), - ; m ; f eff ; f eff = n 1 (n ). y ; uˆa S -, ; uˆ B ( p) k 3 -, ; uˆ ˆ2 c ua uˆb 2 ; vˆ 1 ˆ eff feff ub uˆ A ; Uˆ ˆ p tp veff û c

246 2: y ; p ; p y ; Uˆ p p - ; uˆc p z p ; z. p, -,, -,,., - :., ( - ) - ( - )., (y U p, y+u p ) GUM,, ( - ). -, (, ). -,,,

247 : - (. 5.9); (. 5.10). - 2 px; E,,..., 2 : E, : yy y y 5.9 S p ; x iq, q=1,, n i ; i=1,, m; ;, -, Sx i, i, ;. S n 1 i xil xiq xi n 1 i q1 2 n 1 i xi xiq xi 2 ; S ; n ( n 1) m 2 2 i ( x i) i1 m 2 2 i i i1 S c S i i q1 ( p) k c, : k = 1,1 p = 0,95 k = 1,4 p = 0,99 m>4 t 2 ( ) m p f S p 2 2 i p S c 2 i m 2 i1 3 i S ci 3 p, S, n, f i1 (- p, + p ) p -,, (y- p, y+p) p -. p 247

248 (x,,,...), 2 : ;. 2 u c u i m i1 U - ; - xiq, q=1,, n i; i=1,, m; ; ;. : u A, i ni q1 x iq x n 1 i 2 i ; u u x b 3 A B i i - U p t p v eff uc : v eff u 4 c m 4 4 i i i1 c u x v i x i, ni q1 x n ( n 1) i x iq m 2 2 c i i i1 ; u c u x ; i 2 i U 0,95 = 2u c, U 0,99 = 3uc ; U 0,95 = 1,65u c, U 0,99 = 1,71uc. p - - uc, U p, k, u i, vi (y Up, y+u p ) () -, -. : S ; ; p, - : ; ; U p. u c 248

249 1.? , -.? (). 5. ( ).. 6.,.. 7.?.? 8.?. 9.? ? ().. 249

250 ( ) ; -, ( 2681). : F = mg, : m, g -.,,. (),,,, - ().,. -. -,, (), -,,,., () - ( 250

251 ) ;, () ; -, ;,,, -, - ( 2681)., ; - -, ( ); (),, - ; -, ( 2681).,, -,.,, ( ),. - ( ).,..,,, -., -,.,, I, -,, - (, -90 ).,

252 ,. -, (), -.,. -,.. () () -,, -. (). -, -, -,,. - -.,, (), -. -,

253 .,,.,, -, -,., -,, -,, -., -, -, , - (),.,,,, 3231.,,, -,, -,., -,

254 ; -,. - :, ; - ; ;, - ;, -, - ;. - :, ; ; ; ;. - : 01 ; 254

255 02 ; 03,,, ; 04, ; 05 - ; 06 ; 07 ; 08 ; 09 ; 11 - ; 12.,,,,. -,.., -,. -. -, : ; ;., ;, 255

256 ;,, ( 2681)., -,. - -., - -,.,. -,,,.,,. -,.,. -,, - ( ). (, ), 0,

257 N 4 N, (6.1) i 1 1 K n, (6.2) : i - ; K 0,99 (K = 1,4). - S i 1 S Si n, (6.3) : S i, S i n X i 1 n 1 2 i 2 i, (6.4) : Xi X i X ; ; X i - ;, -.. = F(Y 1,Y 2, Y m ) - : F F F 2 S S S... S, (6.5) m Y Y Ym : S 1, S 2, S m Y 1, Y 2 Y m. (6.1) (6.2), 2 257

258 F Y i, (6.6) Y : Y i Y i. S S S S, (6.7) 1 N 2 : S i. 3 i1 S t tx S t, (6.8) S S : t x.,,. S E, - S E N 2 2 SE Ei 3 i1 1, (6.9) : S E - ; E 3.. () - (n=10). X = 1 + 1, S = 0,023. : 1 = 0,030 ; 258

259 2 = 0,016 ; 3 = 0,026 ; 4 = 0,002.. (6.2) : ,4 (0,030) (0,016) (0,026) (0,002) 1,4 0, ,060; = 0,06 ; = 0,99., N = 4. (6.7) : 2 1 n 2 S S i 0, , , i1 t S,. t (6.8), t x =3,25 (=0,99, n=10): ts 0,060 0,075 x t 2,81. S S 0,025 0,023 : ts = ± 2,81 0,034 = ± 0,096 ± 0,10. - ( ), 0,10, y = 0,10 /.,, 10, 1 + 1, ,, - 0,99, ±0,10. : X =1 + 1, ts = ± 0,10 = 0,99, n = 10, N = 4; = 0,10 /. : S ( - - ); ( p) p; m; 259

260 n, -., : uˆa S ; uˆ ( p) 3 K( p ), : K( p) 1,1 p 0,95; K( p) 1,4 p 0,99 m 4 ( - () ); 2 2 uˆ ˆ ˆ c ua u B ; 2 2 ˆ ( 1) 1 ˆ ˆ eff n ub u A ( - ); k t ( ) p ; ˆ eff U ˆ k uˆ. : U p ; k ; p., - : n; eff. :, S ˆ u U k; p c B c p p eff 2 260

261 Sˆ u ˆ 4 A S ( n 1) eff ; 2 2, Sˆ u Sˆ Sˆ ; ˆ( p) Kp 3Ŝ, K( p) 1,1 p 0,95 ; K( p) 1,4 p 0,99 m 4 ; t ˆ ˆ p( n1) S( p) ˆ p S, : t - Sˆ Sˆ p( n1) p ( n 1). B (), ,,, F MRA. - - (),, EURA. VIM 29. (comparison),. (key comparison) -, () - ; (),, (refer- 261

262 ence value, KCRV)., -, -., -, - (degree of equivalence), -. -.,,,.,. (supplementary comparison),,, -, -,,. -,,,. - (bilateral comparisons), -. (pilot comparison), -,, 262

263 .,,,. -,. (pilot NMI), -. (comparison coordinator),. (transfer standard), -,,. - VIM (),, 29,, F MRA ( ),, KCRV. -,.,,,. -,,,,.,,, ;

264 . 6.1,,, -. -, -., -. -, : - ;,, -, - ; 264

265 , ;. -., -,, ,, : ( -, ); ( -,, ).,,. -.., -,,., -., -,,, - 265

266 . -.,,,,.,,,., -., -, -, -., -,.., :. -, , (, ). 9 -,, - ( ). 266

267 ,, KCRV, -,, ( ). EURA -,,, JCRB, EURA KCDB., :, (CC, BIPM, COOMET, EURAMET, APMP, SIM, AFRIMET); (AUV, EM, L, M, PR, QM, RI, T, TF); (.RF,.M,.P,.F,.D,.H,.A,.U,.V,.W,.I,.II,.III); ; (K, S, P );, (1, 2, 3, ); 267

268 - - -? -? -? KCRV? KCRV? - KCDB? - -? -, - KCDB

269 (.1,.2,.a,.b,.c, ). : 1) CCEM-K4 4; 2) CCEM-K4.1 CCEM-K4; 3) CCEM.RF-K10-10 ; 4) CCQM-P12 12; 5) BIPM.EM-K : 1) EURAMET.EM-K5 EURAMET, CCEM-K5; 2) EURAMET.EM-K5.1 EURAMET, CCEM-K5.1; 3) COOMET.EM-K4 COOMET -, CCEM-K4; 4) APMP.QM-S7 APMP 7; 5) COOMET.EM.BIPM.EM-K11 COOMET, - BIPM.EM-K ,,,,, ( - 269

270 - )., 18,., ,,,. - -,, ,, -,. -,, ,, - - -, , -,. 270

271 ,. -. -, -,,., -.,,. -,, -, -. -,,. -,, -.,, , ,.,,,

272 - -., -, -.,,.,,, -.,,.,., -,,.,,,,.,, KCDB,. -.., -,., - 272

273 . -,,,.,, -,. 6.3,,,,, -., ( ) -., -,,, : ;,, ;,,., -,. - -, - ( ). 273

274 -, - : X x U, p 0,95, (6.10) ref ref ref : U ref k u( x ) ref x ref (, ); k ( - k 1, k 2, k 1, k 2 ) : : x N * ref i xi i1, (6.11) x ref ; * x i -; i - ( i 1); N. - GUM.,, -,., -.,, -,,. 274 N i1

275 -, -, -. -,. -,, GUM. : : N 2 2 * ref i i1 2 u ( x ) u ( x ) N, (6.12) * x i - ; u ( x ref ) ; ux * ( i ) - ; N., u kcrv CCQM-K18 : 1,858 o ukcrv medianafi x, (6.13) n 1 : AF, - ; x ; n -. i- D i,, - 275

276 ( ), ( i j): D x x (6.14) * i i ref D x x * (6.15) * ij i j i- : 2 2 * 2 u ( Di) u ( xi) u ( xref ) (6.16) u D u x u x (6.17) 2 2 * 2 ( * ij ) ( i ) ( j ) : D i, D ij ; i j. (6.16) - KCRV,, (6.17), -,, ( - ).. : - -,, - ; -,, 276

277 , - ;. - N M ( ) ( ) ( ) T x r ( x r 1,..., x r N ), (6.18) : r 1,..., M ; T. M : M (1) ( M ) x,..., x Z, (1) ( M ) Z ( x,..., x ), (6.19) (1) ( M ) q ( m,..., m ), (6.20) q, -. x ref q, q ux ) - x ref. r i ( ref, -, r ( i Z) q, (6.21) i r ij,, : i 1,..., N ; j 1,..., N ; i j. r ( i Z ) ( j Z), (6.22) ij 277

278 r r - ( ). ud ij ij ud) ( i - -,,., -,. -, -. -,,. -., CCQM-K18, -, -. CCQM - CCQM-K18.1, -. CCQM K-18 CCQM K-18.1 : D D AF AF, (6.23) NMI SMU K18 NMI K18.1 SMU K18.1 : D NMI, DSMU K18 - CCQM-K18.1 (SMU, ) CCQM-K18; 278

279 , - AF NMI K18.1 AF SMU K18.1 CCQM-K18.1., CCQM-K18 CCQM-K18.1,. 6.3.,,, -..,,, -.,,. NMI(K18.1) 0 0 AFNMIK18.1 AFSM U K 18.1 SMU(K18, K18.1) KCRV(K18) D SMU K18 D NMI. 6.3 ( CCQM-K18 CCQM-K18.1), CCQM-K18, (-,, -), 279

280 AF = 10,1985 u AF = 0, k = 1. CCQM K-18 CCQM K : : NMI D D AF AF, (6.24) NMI SMU K18 NMI K18.1 SMU K18.1 D, - D SMU K18 CCQM-K18.1 (SMU) CCQM-K18; AF NMI K 18.1 AF SMU K 18.1 CCQM-K18.1; (SMU) - CCQM-K18.1. CCQM-K , CCQM-K18 CCQM-K ,22 CCQM - K18 (Carbonate buffer at 25 C) 10,21 Acidity funcction at b Cl- 0 10,20 10,19 10,18 10,17 NIM LNE NCM NIST GUM UMTS SMU CMI NMIJ INMETRO CENAM PTB INPL 10,16 Coordinating Laboratory: SMU. 6.4 CCQM-K18 280

281 : ; ; -, ; -. 0,04 Degrees of Equivalence for K18 and K18.1 0,03 0,02 0,01 K18 K18.1 DINPL= 0,066 0,00-0,01-0,02-0,03 NIM LNE NCM NIST GUM UMTS SMU CMI NMIJ INMETRO CENAM PTB INPL LNE NIM INMETRO PTB DFM CENAM INPL -0, CCQM-K18 CCQM-K18.1, : Metrologia ; Metrologia ;, ;.. 281

282 , - Metrologia. MRA. -, , C R/GM/14. (EURAMET, APMP, SIM, AFRIMET) - -., - C R/GM/14, : ; ().,., -. -,, -. (,, ). :, ( - 282

283 ,, 0,5, ); (). D, -.,. -,, -..,,,,. D,.,,. -.,,,,. :, - ( );. -.,,, 283

284 ,, - S..,,.,, -. :,, ; -. x ref, - x ref. - -.,, x ref -,. -,, -.,, x ref, 284

285 .,,,,, - S,.,., -.,,, -. -,,, -,,. D, -., -,., -,, -,., : -, ;., ( - ) D * * x x, x x ( ); (6.25) ' i i 285

286 x x c, ' i i * * c x x ( D), (6.26), i- - : ; i i i ref, Dij x i xj D x x D x i i cxr e f, D cx ( x ) ( D), (6.28) ij i j ( ); (6.27) x, x * x, ' i * x ;, -, c ; S, * * * ( S (1 ) u( x ), ux ( ) ux ( )); i -. - Direl, xi xref Di, rel ( xi xref ) xref ( D). D, -,,., ( ) D : 2 2 u ( x) u ( x) u ( ), u ( ) 2S (6.29) 2 ' 2 2 i i : 2 2 * u ( x ) u ( x ) u ( c), u ( c) 2 u ( x )(1 ) (6.30) 2 ' 2 2 rel i rel i rel rel rel i 286

287 ' ux ( i ), ux ( i ), u( ) -, -, ; ' * u ( x ), u ( x ), u () c, u ( x ) - rel i rel i rel rel,,,,. D, - ( 1 L ), -, L L 2 ( i Si ) S 2 i i1 i1 ( ); (6.27) : L L 2 * * * 2 * [1 rel ( k )(1 i )] ( k k ) [1 rel ( k )(1 i )] k1 k1 c u x x x u x (6.28) x x ; * * i i i ( D), S i -, - ; i> L; L. D -, : L S 2 i i1 2 u ( ) 2, (6.29) L 2 2 * rel rel k i k 1 u () c 2 [1 u ( x )(1 )]. (6.30) 287

H1: Metrological support. Milena Horvat, Polona Vreča, Tea Zuliani, Radojko Jaćimović, Radmila Milačič

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