Metrology Principles for Earth Observation: the NMI view. Emma Woolliams 17 th October 2017

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1 Metrology Principles for Earth Observation: the NMI view Emma Woolliams 17 th October 2017

2 Interoperability Decadal Stability Radiometric Accuracy

3 Identical worldwide Century-long stability Absolute accuracy

4 Organisation of World Metrology The Convention of the Metre (Convention du Mètre) 1875 International System of Units (SI) (Système International d'unités) 1960 Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM-MRA) 1999

5 This presentation 1. How world metrology achieves interoperability, stability and accuracy 2. How these principles can be applied to Earth Observation 3. Resources to help

6 This presentation 1. How world metrology achieves interoperability, stability and accuracy 2. How these principles can be applied to Earth Observation 3. Resources to help

7 How do we make sure a wing built in one country fits a fuselage built in another? How do we make sure the SI units are stable over centuries? How do we improve SI over time without losing interoperability and stability?

8 History of the metre Metre des Archives 1889 International Prototype Distance light travels in 1/ th of a second 1 ten millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator through Paris wavelengths of a krypton-86 transition Stable Improves over time Reference to physical process 2018 Distance that makes the speed of light m s -1

9 Three principles Traceability Uncertainty Analysis Comparison

10 Increasing uncertainty Traceability SI Primary standard Secondary standard Laboratory calibration Industrial / field measurement Unit definition At BIPM and NMIs Users

11 Traceability: An unbroken chain Transfer standards Audits SI Rigorous uncertainty analysis Documented procedures

12 Rigorous Uncertainty Analysis The Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) The foremost authority and guide to the expression and calculation of uncertainty in measurement science Written by the BIPM, ISO, etc. Covers a wide number of applications Also a set of supplements

13 Principle of Uncertainty Analysis X 1 Y X 2 Measurement model Output quantity X 3 Error effects Input quantities

14 Monte Carlo Approach Y Measurement model Output quantity Error effects Input quantities

15 Law of Propagation of Uncertainty u X 1 X 1 C y f f f x x x 1 2 n u X 2,a u X 2,b u X 2,c u X 3 X 2 X 3 Locally linearised model Y uy Output quantity Error effects Input quantities

16 Comparisons Scientific comparisons: Immature field learning what we don t know Formal MRA comparisons: Mature field to check world metrology still works!

17 Lab-to-lab (results of a scientific comparison)

18 MRA Formal comparison Luminous Intensity key comparison

19 CMC Database Evidence: Formal peer review or audit of procedures, participation in a relevant key comparison (within 10 years) with declared uncertainties defended, review within region and between regions

20 Protocol Written by working group Approved by participants Reviewed then approved by CCPR Measurements Results sent to pilot only Often star-form Pre-Draft A Relative results (intra-lab consistency) Review of uncertainty statements No results shown Discussion on dealing with outliers (blind) Draft A First time participants see results Review by participants Draft B Review by experts Approval by CCPR Used to: Validate CMCs Inform customers Final report Published

21 Ongoing research: Outliers Error bars: expanded unc.(k = 2) Deviation from KCRV(all) KCRV(subset) - KCRV(all) X_i - KCRV(all) X_i(excluded) - KCRV(all) 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% -0.5% -1.0% -1.5% -2.0% c 2 obs 20.5 c (n) Participants If you exclude 5 or 7 the others (including 7 or 5) become consistent

22 Mutual Recognition Arrangement SIM CONVENTION OF THE METRE Key comparison of primary unit National Metrology Institutes APMP EURAMET Regional comparisons auditing procedures transfer standards Accredited Calibration Laboratories calibration INDUSTRY

23 Identical worldwide Century-long stability Absolute accuracy Achieved through: Traceability Uncertainty Analysis Comparison

24 This presentation 1. How world metrology achieves interoperability, stability and accuracy 2. How these principles can be applied to Earth Observation 3. Resources to help

25 The traceability chain is broken

26 No repeat measurements

27 No reference in space

28 No reference in space yet

29 Three principles Traceability Uncertainty Analysis Comparison

30 Traceability

31 Traceability: Using reference sites Drift of MVIRI Vis band since launch as determined from desert (red) and ocean (blue) test sites. Figure from: FastOpt

32 Traceability Reference to sensors Reference radiance, or sensor-to-sensor Many (150 million +) Correlated Sensor to sensor

33 Traceability: Using matchups L a L a 2 1 T 2 T 2 E a0 CE a2ce 0 CT C Time (years)

34 Uncertainty Analysis S2 Radiometric Uncertainty Tool

35

36 Error correlation

37 Error correlation between measured values Earth view Calibration target view Space view

38 Error correlation between measured values Earth view Calibration target view Space view

39 Error correlation between measured values Earth view Calibration target view Space view

40 Comparison

41 This presentation 1. How world metrology achieves interoperability, stability and accuracy 2. How these principles can be applied to Earth Observation 3. Resources to help

42 Training materials Text book uncertainty analysis for EO instrument calibration Videos of lectures (30-60 minutes each) Sign up for NPL s e-learning courses Includes free introduction to metrology and introduction to uncertainty And (currently free) Uncertainty Analysis for Earth Observation

43 Screen shots from e-course

44 New material under development Question and answer based shorts (2 minute videos/single page texts) Focus on satellite Level 1 products Examples: What do I need to know about an effect to propagate uncertainties? Can noise ever be correlated? How do we calculate the error correlation between measured values in different spectral bands? How do I know whether my uncertainties are right?

45 Resources to help NPL MetEOC FIDUCEO FRM programme

46 Thank you MetEOC and MetEOC-2 were funded by EMRP MetEOC-3 is funded under EMPIR The National Physical Laboratory is operated by NPL Management Ltd, a wholly-owned company of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). FIDUCEO has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation, under Grant Agreement no

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