:,,.. ;,..,.,. 90 :.. :, , «-»,, -. : -,,, -, -., ,, -, -. - «-»:,,, ,.,.
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- Lester Gregory
- 6 years ago
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Transcription
1 .,.,
2 :,,.. ;,. 90.,.,. :.. :, , «-»,, -. : -,,, -, -., ,, -, -. - «-»:,,, ,.,., 2015,
3 , , ,
4 ,
5 «-». «-» » () 3 (108 - ), 54 (18, 36 - ), : ; - ; (); ; ; - ; -. - () ():,, (-11); - - (-9); - - (-14);,, (-17). : : 5
6 ; ; - ; ; - ;, : ; -, :,, ;. 6
7 : - () ; - ;. -, -. () () - -,,,, -.,, , -,. «-», -, : ; ; ;, - ; ; - ; (). 7
8 «-» ,. 27: «, -,,». -,.. : (), ); - -, - ;. : 1. - (). 2. -, : :,,. 4. (). : 1., (). 8
9 , (,,.). Z:,,,,,. 3., -., -. : , , (),, - (), -, - ( ). () - () () - (),. -.. :. -. -, 9
10 - (,, ), (-, ).,,,,,,, (). : 29 9, 113, 13 (), 13,. : (): -, - ; (): (), (), - (); () (-, ), - (); (). 450, 700, -., , (). -,. - ( ) (- ;, ). -238, 2 5 % (),,
11 6 15,. - ().,, ().,, -.,,, (-90, -137, -239 (240, 241, 242))., :, - 35 ;, -51, -54, -59, : -239, -241, -237, -242 (243). () - )., -.,, -, ,7 %, 1,5 %. (, ), -., 100, , -,,. : ;, 11
12 . - ()., -, (),., -, -..,,.. - : -,,,,,. -,,, -,,,,. (),,,. (,,, - ),, -.. -, -. -,.,
13 -, , -,,.. -,. -,.., -. () - (, - ). - -,.,. -, -.,, -., -,.,,,,, -,., , -. -,. 13
14 ,!».,,,.,,,,,,,. -..,. -,..,., ). 5%-- : ,., -,. -, , ().. :,, -,,, (),,, -,,.. -,, -. -,, 14
15 ., -,,, ,,. -, -.,.,,, ,, -., -,. -,,., -,, -. -.,,. - (),.,. -,,,. -, ;, -. -, -,.. 15
16 ,,., (). -,,. -,, -, ( 2008 «-») - - ().,, (),.. - (IV ) ( ) (II ).,. -.,,,,, -.,, -,. «-» -.,
17 (100 % ).. : ; ; ;.,.. -. (U3O8).. - (UF6), -. (UF6). - (UF6). -, () ,, , ,, , ,,,
18 ,,,,,.,,,. «-»,, -,,.,. : ; - ; ;, ; (.. 1), ( 60 ) : , ( 30 ). «-4» 7, ; -3» ( 8,5 ) ; , 3. 2 ;.. 18
19 ,»,,,.,, , -.. -,., , -,
20 , 4,4., - 4, ,.,,. -, -, , ,, -,.,,., ( ). -,. «-». -,, , ( 210 ) () - 20
21 ., , EBR-1 (, ). -, -,, 40 % (, - 50 ). :,, 2,. -., - (), -,. 1957,, - -65,», ,,,,,.,,, -, -., -, ( ) -, , -,,,., , %, 1 21
22 2,., 10,, ,, -, :,, (),,. 23,,.,,., -, ,,, ,. 11. ;,,, ».,, ; , ).,, -,. - : ,., » () , 22
23 15. -, , -.,, (- ), 10., %, -., , -, (.. 1.2, 1.3), ,, - 30., , -. 90, , , 30,
24 :,,,., ,
25 ,5. -., () ( ) ,., , ( ),. - ( 5 2 ), ( 15 2 ), ( 25 2 ), ( 25 2 ).,,. -, -. : () ;, (70 % - 131), ; - (); - (-90, -137, -239 (240, 241, 242)); - 25
26 ,, - ; 85 %, 15 %. () ( ), , 119, , ,, 200.., ,,. -1» : - 1, , 2, 3 4, INES «-1» - :, ;, ; ;, -. 26
27 «-1» ? ? 27
28 , , (. 2.1). 1,610 19, 1840 m = 9, , 0,05 %., ( ). - ( ) 2 2..,. 1, ,
29 , -,., -. (n) -, 1840m (m ),.,,, 15, ; m. -,,, () - ().. : A Z X, A, Z. (A): A = + n, (2.1) ; n.. Z,. ( ), : q =Ze. n : n = A Z., -., Z, A., : 92 U, 92 U, 92 U ,, 81 Tl, Pb, Bi Po ,, n = N 29
30 Z, -,., Br, 18, 4,4.,, , 1/5. R = R 0 1/3 = 1, /3. (2.2) 2.2.,,. (): 1 = 10 15, -. (). - 1.,., -. - (). 1, , , 1/40., -, 1.,,. - (), () ().,.,,., -, 1., 0, m = , -, 1...: 30
31 0 = m. c 2 = 1, ( ) 2 =1, = 931, = = 931,5.. - : -, -. - ),,,,...) =, 12: m 12 C 1...= 12 = 1, = 931, , ,511. = 1, = 938,3. = 939,6. ; (), - 1 : 1 = 1, = 1, (): 1 = 10 6 = 1, ,., : Pt, A = 195, p = Z = 78, (2.1) : 78 n = A = = , m 12 6 (m = 19, ). 31 Zm : e 6 9, , m 27 19, , - 1 3, -. 3 : V = 4/3R 0 = 1 3 ; = A/V. (2.2) : = A/(4/3R 0 3 ) =1/[1,3333. (1, ) 3 ] = 0, /c
32 2.2.1., Au, , 53 I ,, , , 7N, 11Na, , ,,, , m (m = 40,08...) W,, -. : 2 p n,. (2.3) W mc Zm A Z m M A Z c,..,., : W /. (2.4),Z, - (.. 2.2).,.., - +. : 2 / 3 Z A / 1, 98 0, 015 A. (2.5) 32
33 (.. ),. : - ( ) ( - ).. ( ) -., -,, , -,,, (,, ) , m He = 6, , m = 1, , m n = =1, , c = : Z = 2, A = 4, (2.3) : 27 W 10 = 28, , , 675 6, ,
34 2.3.2., Li 1 4 Be 0n (), m Li = 11, , m = 1, , m = 11, , m n = 1, : W m m m m c 10 11, , , , Li H Be 0, n 1, Na. - (2.4)), m N = 22, , m = 19, N, m 0, ,, , , , 3 4, 39,3. m, , N 2e 8 O 1H (), m O = 2, , m N = 2, , m = 6, , m H = 1, , (), m = 7, , m = 1, , m = 6, , m = 6, H 1 2 He 0n 34
35 3 3,27. 2 He, 1 1 3, , m n = 1, ,,, -.,, () - (,, -, ). Z : A A Z 1 Z , (2.6) X, Y, a i,.,,.. m x m y m i - : m m m : x y i i Q 931mx my mi,, (2.7) i..., Q > 0,, Q < 0. -, - ( ).,,,,,. Z = 82.,, i 35
36 , 2 4,.. -, Pu 92U Z- A Z Z A 2 4 A A4 4 Z X Z 2Y 2 S + E, A A Z X Z 1 Y W, A A ~ Z X Z 1Y W, 1899 k 1 0 A A e Y W, 1937 Z X Z 1 Z A ZY A A Z X A ZY Z Z 0 0 X E, 1900 Z/2 A/2 A A Y S + E,, A A1 Z X Z 1 Y p S + E., A A2 Z X Z 1 Y p p S + E., A X A Y n Z Z., W, S, -. - :. 1 = (2.8) Z 1 = Z 2 + Z 3. (2.9) ( + ). - : () - ~ (.. 2.3); + () ;..,, - 36
37 ,.,, ,3 0,99, -, 18, 2,5.,,,,. - = ( = 4 ), 10, 40, ~1 10,. -,,,.. -, (.. 2.4). -, (,,.., -..,
38 : 1, 2, 3, ,048. : 1 = 1, , : ,60210 [] 13 0,04810 [] 0, [] h : h, h (h = 6, ); -, ; (~3, ); : , , ,2610 2, ,07710, ,,, -,. 1. -,, -. (k).,,,. 38
39 :, ;,, - - ;, -. ( ) () () ,, 90 Th 232 -, : 90Th 88 Ra 89 Ac 90Th : 9 x 1x 7 x xx. : , 9 F 1H 7 N 3He. 228,, : Th Rn 220 -, -, -, U Ra Bi Bi U 238 -, U 238 -, U 238 -, -, -, U 238 -, -, -, -, -, : N He O x Be He C x Li x1h 2He Al He P x H H n x Th n Xe 3 n x. 0 x
40 x Ra x x 2x xu 0n 57 La x 40 n ,, 4,795 4,611.,? 2.5..,, -.,. -,, -.,, -, N. dn dt, : dn N, (2.10) dt ( ). (2.10),.. - N. (2.10) : N = N 0 xp( t), (2.11) N 0 (t = 0). (2.11) N t. ½, (.. 2.6). (2.11) ½ t (t = ½ ), - ½ : N 0 /2 = N 0 xp( ½ ), - xp( ½ ) = ½, xp( ½ ) = 2 = ln 2/ ½ = 0,69/ ½. (2.12), - ( - ). - :
41 = 1/. (2.13) -, Be 3, Rb. -, (.. 2.2) , , , , , , , , , , , ,. : (- ), -. 1/2,,, 1/ 2 2 : 1/ 2 1/. 1/2 1/ 2, Th 229, 1/2 = : (2.11): = 0,693/( ) = 3, : 3-2? : / 2, 1, /2 > / 41
42 , - (t =1/)? (N 0 N)/N 0. : N = N 0 ( t) = N 0 (. 1/) = N 0 ( 1), N/N 0 = 1/e = 1 / 2,7 = = 0,37; N = 0,37 N 0 (N 0 N)/N 0 = (N 0 0,37N 0 )/N 0 = 0,63 = 63 % , - 4? : t 1 = 1., t 2 = 4, N 0 /N 1 = 4. N 0 /N 2. : N 1 = N 0 ( t 1 ), N 2 = N 0 ( t 2 ), N 0 /N 1 = et 1 ) = 4, - = ln 4/t 1. N 0 /N 2 = et 2 ) = (ln 4. t 2 /t 1 ) = (3. ln 4) = (4,1589) 64, , Pb U 238 (t = 4, ). :, - N U N0 N0 exp( 0,693t / T1/ 2) N01 exp( 0,693t / T1/ 2), N 0. - mau MU Na M U U 238, N a = = 6, , 1/2 = 4, ). m U U 238 mu mu N a N0 U mau M U U 238,,, Pb 206 : N Pb = N U. : N Pb M Pb M Pb mpb mu 1 exp 0,693t / T1/ 2 N M a U exp( 0,693 4,5 10 / 4,46810 ) 0, , (t = 0) N 0. T 1/2 - N 0 /2. t = N 0, t = T 1/ N 0 /2. 2T 1/2 N 0 /(2 2) t = 2T 1/ N 0 /(2*2) = N 0 / nt 1/2 N 0 / 2 n n t / T1 / 2 t = nt 1/ N N / 2 N,.. n = t/t ½ , : 42
43 / 1/ t T N N. (2.14) dt N m dn m,.. dn m N dt, dn g,.. dn g m m N dt, : g g dn dn N N. (2.15) m g m m g g (2.12), 1/2 ~, (2.15) - : g m T m1/ 2 g1/ 2. (2.16) (2.16), , - : = dn/dt =N. (2.17) ( = 1-1 ) (). 1 = 3, Ra). 1 Ra -,, 1 Ra, - 0,5 (1 Ra - 8,4 1 1 ).,,., - : A = N/(1,44T 1/2 ). m - []: 43
44 24 m 2,4 10 M T A, (2.18). (2.18) , 2,4 10 8, (2.18) []: 1/ 2 4,17 10 m. (2.19) T M 1/ 2 [] ,17 10 (2.19) 1, m, - V, S ) L ) A m (A/m), A V (A/V), A S (A/S) A L (A/L) -. : (t) = 0 xp( t), (2.20) 0 (t = 0) N 0n 6C 1H, ,.., N 6 7 1, ,, -. 44
45 14 12, - 14 A m0 =15,3 ± 0, (2.11), (2.20) N ln 0 t. N A ln 0 t. A N A A A m m m ln 0 ln 0 ln 0 0 ln m0 0 t N A Am m A ln, m m.. : N ~ A m. (2.12), : 1 A 2,303lg( / ) ln 0 T1/ 2 A ln 0 A 0 A t m m T m m 1/ 2 A 0,693 A 0,693 (2.21) 3,331T m 1/ 2 lg( A m0 / A m m ) 3,331T 1/ 2 lg( m 0 / m) , (2.21) A m0 : t lg(15,3/ A m). (2.22) / = (4/5) 0. t. :, : t = N 0 ( t). 0 = N 0., - ( t ) : t = 0 ( t). ln (A t /A 0 ) = t = ln2 t/t 1/2. t = T 1/2 ln(a t /A 0 )/ln2 = 5570 ln(4/5)/ln2 = 5570 ( 0,225)/0,693 = = 1808, m ( - ) = 1 : U 238 m 1 /m = 0,99275, 1/2 = 4, ; U 235 m 2 /m = = 0,007196, 1/2 =7, ; U 234 m 3 /m = 0,00005, 1/2 = 7, : m = m 1 + m 2 + m 3..., - 1,1310 m[ ] (2.19) :., - T1/ 2[ ] M, 13 45
46 A m 13 m 1, m2 m 3. T1/ 2 M 1 T1/ 2 M 2 T1/ 2 M 3 13,1310 0, , , , c 238 4, , , = 1, m = 1, U U 238 Pb U 238 1/2 = 4, , ,,,, -, U 238 Th 234,. - (2.21), 1/2 = 4, c Pb 206 m Pb = 0,277 1,667 U 238.? : U 238, 0,277, mpb M M Pb U 238 0,227 0, , 0, ,667 = = 1,987. (2.20),, 9 9 t 4,510 3,331lg(1,987 /1,667) 1, , 1/2 = 3, I 131, 1/2 = 8 c U 238, 1/2 = 4, Pb 210 =10-9 c -1. t, - 46
47 2/5 N , 13 % (%), (t = 2)? , 5/8 (N/N 0 =(N 0 N)/N 0 = 5/8) t = , / t, 1/3 N Pb 210 = 10-9 c -1. t, - 2/5 N , 14,, 12, , 14, -, 9, , 14,, 8, , 14, -, 7, , 14, -, 5, , 5 2, ,, % , 9, ? () 22,8 % , - 14,, 4,
48 1.. 2.,,? 3.,,,. 4.? 5. - ;? 6.? 7. -? 8.? 48
49 3., 3.1. (), - -.,. -.,,, -., (-,,, )., - (,, -,, ). ( ),, , -,,. -., -. -,,. 2,.,.,,. -., -,, -., 0,
50 ( = ), -, -,., (), -. -,. ( = ), (), -, -.,, (). (),. -,,. (,,.),, -.,, : ( L): Li (23 %), Be (10 %), (63 %), (0,03 %); (): C (44 %), (21 %), (21 %), F (4 %); (): Ne (21,4 %), Na (13,4 %), Mg (23,2 %), Al (4,5 %), Si (8 %), Cl (0,7 %), P (0,9 %), Ar (12,4 %); (VH): Ca (4,7 %), Sc (0,8 %), Ti (3 %), V (0,8 %), Cr (5 %), Fe (9,9 %), Ni (1,3 %).. (91,3 %) (7 %). ( 1,7 %),,. - (),. 16., 50
51 ,,. 0,7, 1,7 /( 2 ). 104, () -,, - (<1 ),. -. (>10 17 ), -, ( ). () ,. -., -,..,, -,. -,.. 50 %., , ,., -, ( %) - (+, -, 0),,,,,,,., -,., - - (.. 3.1) , -. 51
52 ( ) (),, 0-,,, ( ). 0- -,. 70 %, 30 % , , -.,, -, , 14, 7, S 32, Na 22, Na 24. -,, ,3 ) 14 ( 5730 ). 1 3, -,, 7 N n 1 6 C H 3,. 52
53 14 - : N 14 (n; p) C 14 ( 14 (78 %) ; 17 (n; ) C 14 ; 14 (n; ) C 14.., -., ,,, -. 0,018, , ).,,,. C 14,,, -,, ,,, 14 N 14,, - :, 14 N 14, -,. (- ), 10 %. 3.3., : U-238 1/2 = 4,5 ; Th-232 1/2 = 10 ; U-235 1/2 = 700. Pb.. 53
54 , Th, - Ac..,,,,. Rn -. Rn. -,, (.. 3.2) , Rn : 70 %, 13 %, 7 %, 5 10 %, 4 %, 2 %.,, 7,5., Rn, (.. 3.3)
55 -,, 400 3, -, 2 -, «-»., Rn ,. 2-., Rn -. - ( Rn ),, -., %, , %,, ,
56 .., Rn. Rn. - Rn. -, Rn -. Rn 40,. Rn, -., : - ; (,..);., -, -, 0,35., - : 55 %, %, %, 15 %. : - ; - (), - ; -, ; -, ; - ; - ; - ; -, ; - ; - ; - ; ; - ; - ; - ; - ; 56
57 - - ; ; -, ; - ; - -., -, -,., (),, -40, -238, -232, 7 52., %4% 4%, 51% 40%. 3.5.,,. : (0,03 3), - 0,25, (0,1 0,5), - (0,1 1).,. -, -,. 57
58 3.4., -,. () -,.. - /( 2. )., -, -.. q,, dm : D = dq/dm. (3.1) (), (). 1 = , 1 3 0, 1013 (760..) ,. (P ): P = dd /dt. P /(. ). ; ; ; P/.,,., - -,..,, : D = de/dm. (3.2) (). 1, 1, =
59 -,,, -. n = dd n /dt ; ;, ; ;. 1 = 100 /c. 1 = 0,01. - D, -, -,. -. : 1 = 2, : = nst = ( 0,693 t/t). (D T ) : D T = E /m T, (3.3) E, ; m T., -., (-, ), - (, ). -, -,., -., - W R : D = D nt W R, (3.4) D nt R; W R - R (,,.),. - W R
60 3.1 W R, - 1 (, ) , D (, 5 ) ), D ().,, 1. ( ),. 1 = d D dt: = d D /dt. :,,,.. D, : k D W D, (3.5) ' i i i1 W i, D i - i, k. D, - -,,. W i -, W i
61 3.2, W i () 0,2, -,, 0,12,,, - 0,05, 0,01 0,025 0,05, 1,0 S, - : S D i N, D i i, N i. (.-). - ( 25 ).,,,.,, -,., ;. -, -., - 1 (20.) 0,5.-, 2 (100.) 1, ,025.-, 2 0,015.-,, - 1, 2. (CEDE committed effective dose equivalent), -. () - i 61
62 , ( )., -,.,, () -.,. -,, -. - (, ). *(d), (- ) d (), -,, -,,, *(d),,,. - (). 1.,,.,, ],, -. - de - : K=dE / dm., -, de -, -,.. de ~ dm/, = + + ; = (1 2mc 2 /E),., ~. - 62
63 .,, - -,. - ( ).,. 2 /(. ), : dk, dk =. dt l - : dk dt Adt A 2. l 40 = 5,07 (1 = ) , -, D, D n, D (, Ci) (, R) (, Bq) 1 = 3, = 1 1 = 2, , C/kg) 1 = 2, = 3, (, rad) (, Gy) 1 = = 1 (, rem) (, Sv) 1 = = 100 (, rad g) (, Gy kg) 1 = = 105, D n,, D - : 63
64 D n = D. (3.6) D - : n D W, (3.7) D i1 D ni R i ; W Ri ,,, , 1,0 1,5 0,5 1,1 7, , ,0 1,0 1,5 3.5, /(. ) 0,32 0,35 0,35 0,48 0,28 0,37 1,20 1,85 2,15 3,05 1,01 1,69 0,03 0,08 0,03 0,05 0,003 0,006 0,002 0,09 0,002 0,05 1,077 1,966 3,227 5, , - 54? : W R = 1 ), (3.6) : D = 500 = 500 = 0,5. ni Ri 64
65 t : D n = t. 0,5. (3.5),,,.. W i = W = 1 (.. 3.2): D = W. W R. t. D = 0,54. t = 0,54/0,5 = ,6.. -,? : (3.5) (3.4). 3.1 W R = 1 ). 3.2 (W i = 0,12) D = W i. W R. D = 0, ,6 = 0, D = 1,077 1,966 /(. ),, D D / D 2,5 4, ,, 200? : (3.6) 200 = 200 = 2. 1 D n = D = = = 17, ( W R = 1 ). 3.2 (W i = = 0,12) (3.5) D = W i. W R. D = 0, ,52 = 2, D = = 0,5. 2,102 : 0, ,2. 10? :,, , W R = W i = 0,12. 10, : D = 0, , = , ( 1 1 ),, 100? , ,? 65
66 ,8. - 8? , 0,54? D = D = ,? ,88. -, , + 3, 3?? ,3 Sr 90 2., -.,? ) D = 300 ; ) D = 1,8 1,8 0,05? , -, 12? , 40,,? ,4 65? ,..,,
67 ( ). -, -,, ,, () () () () () -. : - - ( ).,. - ; -. :,, - (; ) -. ; - -, +. - ; - () -.. -, -, - -,. : (ZnS, Ag Tl),, (- ). ; - (; :, ). -,, 67
68 . ; -, - - ; - ; - ) -, -. -, -, , -., -,,, -. : 1) ( ) ; 2),,,,, -,,,, ; 3) ( - ); 4) -,. (.. 3.6): 1., (,, ), -1, -22, -24, -11, -700, -02, (-5, -11, , ,,,» ), -. (-,..) (-..). 2. (,.. ) -,,,, 68
69 , -1402, , -05, -02, -100, -12, -02: , ),.. 3., -,. 4., () (- -..), (..). -,, -., - Tl 208 2,62, ,46, ,
70 5.., , -05, (-03, -07, -05, -02..). () - -. :, (-,,..) -., -, (,, ).,. :,, -,. (),., -. -., - -,,,, - (,.)
71 ( ), -5 (-5, -5), - ( ) ,, -. -,.,, , -63, -64 (), -2 (), -12 (),,, - CPI , 4-1, -,. -.., - : () -. -,,.,.. -,., -. :.,, 1, 2, 3 -, 4 5 (. 3.7). 71
72 (), ,,, -.. 3, -., -. 4-, -. 5,,. -5 (. 3.8) ; ;. :. - 0,05 200, , - 30 %., -,, 40, 2,5. 7,6. 72
73 ,.. (). () :, ( 0 5 ), ( ) , 1, 0,1 60., -, (). - (),. () -,, -,.,, -,
74 15 20 (- 1 )., 200.»,, ,,.. - ( ),,, -. -,,,,,.. -,, 0,5,. -,, (.. 3.9) 50-50,, ,6--8, , -,,,. - 74
75 .: º, ,, (. 3.10).,, -, % (3 ) ± 10 %. 75
76 (12 ). 3,6, 9,5. (4-01), (4-01),,, (),,, -., ,,, /(. ) 0,5 /(. ) ) : ; ; -5 () -5; - ;. :, , - 20 %, %, 1,
77 ,. (- ),., ( ) 0, , -.,, -,,, : -,,, -,, ,4 0,8, : (- ), ( ), 77
78 ( ), (, ), -.,,,,, ()., -,, -. -,.,,... - (.. 3.7) , ,, -,,,, (,, ). (,, ).., -...,...,. - :,,,. 78
79 -. -, -,,,, ( , 3.14) , -.,, -,
80 3.8, 0 0,25 0,2 0,5 0,5 1,, 1 2,,. 2 4 (, ) 4 50 %, 6, 100 % >8.,, (90 %), (5 8 %), (2 5 %)., -., - :,, ; :,,,, ; -,., -, -., ,, -,,,. () , - -. : ( 1 10 ); 80
81 ( ); ( ); ( 80 ). - : 1 () ,, -,,,.., ; 2 () ,, %. 1,5 2 ; 3 () ,,, % ; 4 () %. -,. : ) ; ) ; ). 4 : 1 ; 2 (); 3 ; :,,,,,,, -. (3, 4) -, -,, (). -,, -,, 81
82 (1 2 ) 2 (2 4 ) 3 (4 6 ) 4 (6 10 ) 1 2 0,5 1, -, , 2, - -, - - -, ,,,,,,. - (, -, ). - 2 : (,,,,, ) (, ).,.., -,,, ,5. (),,, -,
83 (). - () ). ), - - ;, -., 0,1 1 ( ) : 200 ; 18 ; - ( 30 ) 60. -,,., (, ),, - (). (), -,., - () -, -.. -, -,,, -,. -.,.,, -. -, 83
84 . -,, 2 %. - :. :» (-99/2009) /2009); «- ( 99/2010)».. D (,, 1 = 0,01 ),..,. -99/ : 5 20 (0,05 0,2 ); ~ (0,2 0,6 ); ~ (0,6 1,2 )., -99/2009: - ; - ; - ;. - - : ();,, - (); - (). -99/2009 : 84
85 ();,,. : (),. 3.10; ( -, - ), : - (), - () ) ; (,,,.). -, -.,. - (, ). (, ). : = 5 (0,05 ), 15, 30. : = 0,5, 1, ( 5 ),, : ) ) ,,
86 1, 0,05. () -. 1,0 5,0. :, (), (,, ).., 3,,, /V (V, ). 100,. 3.10, -, :, 200,,. 3.10;,.,, 100, , -, ,, -,. (. 3.10)., 86
87 (),,, , () -,,. - (1,0 5,0 ) -, -.,,,, -. -,,, (). -, -,.., -, -, -. ( ) - ( ) :, -,,,..,, - ();, -,,.. 87
88 ,, ( - ) ( 10 ),,,. :. *. ). ).. ).. ) * 50* * 500* 250* *,, 3» ( ): 0,001, 70 0,07 ; 0,02, ( ) (/()). Q M, /(. 2 ),, : Q M = P. Q M = /(. 2 ) -, = , 20 10,, 30, 50 50, 200 () - () 88
89 ,, -. (.. ), (50 ), ( 100, 200, 300 )., ? ? 7. -? ? 10. -? ? 89
90 , : ; - ; ; - ;,, ; -, - ; - - ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; - ; (,, - );, - ;. () 30-,., , , ,1 2 ; 5., ,
91 2, ,05 0,1 2 ; 5., , -90 0,5 2 2, ,02 0,05 2 ; , , -90 0,15 0,5 2, ,01 0,02 2 ; 1. 7 : 1, - ; 2, ; 3, - ; 4,, 1 3 ; 5,,, 1 ; 6,, ; 7 -,, -,, , -. -, -,. 4.2.,. : -, - 91
92 ,,,,,,.,, -,. :, -,. : -,,. -, -, ; ,, -,,, (, ) (.. ). -, -, -, ( - ),, ()., -.,,,, ,, %, ,7 64,8 36, ,1 63,4 32, ,8 68,0 30,2 92
93 , 35, )., - -,, -.,..,, -., - 1,02, (,.),,,,,. -,. -,.,, -., - v / n, -,, -.,,,,, -,.,,,,,, -,
94 -,, -,, 10. ( ): = h, (4.1) h ; ; ( ) (. 4.1) , ( ), - -, (,.. 4.2) ,
95 (- - ),. -,. - = h = hc (,, ) = /., ' = h' ), ( ) -. '., - h ' (1 cos ), mc e, m e, h/(m e c) = 0,024 Å.. E Ee. 2 mc e 1 2 2Esin 2. -,, ) Z. : k ~ 1/E.. - ',.,.,, - E e >> E,,..,. - 95
96 Laser- Electron-Gamma-Source (LEGS). - LEGS 351,1 (~0,6 ) -, 3, E v, E 0, v 1 cos E c E0. v 1 cos( ) c 2 E0 4E0 2 E mc, E 0, mc 2., E E = (4E /3) [E e /(mc 2 )]. - - E = ,.. 1,02,,. -,., 1,022.,.. 2 0,511.,,,,. 96
97 -. -,,,.. (, ).,,. (-,,.),. -,, v <<, -, = 2m e v 2., -,. - de/dx. de/dx,,. de/dx (. 4.3) - ()
98 ,, -. de/d,. de/d m- ( m >> m e ), -.,,,, -. /dx - E << (M/m e )M 2 (E M - ), : 2 2 de 5 Z z p 2 B 3, ,2 ln 2 2, (4.2) dx A Z(1 ) c = v/c; v ; Z, - ; z ; 3. mc 2, (4.3) Z de/dx: de/dx = (E). -,, R, : E max R de / E. 0, -, R.,. R - : R ~ 1/(NZ), (4.4) N = N a /A ; Z - ; N a ;. (4.4) : R m = R ~= 1/N a 1/(Z/A), (4.5) R m, 98
99 2 2. R m,, Z/A. -. ( ) Z/A 0,5; Z/A 0,4 0,35.,, , - (, 1, = 4, , = 6, = m ) , ,,.,,,.. -. ), ,5 8,53 ( = 9,7 10 ). w i , -, ,,,.. -.,, -.. : N. (4.6) E / w i -. 99
100 .,, = 4 9 ( (0,1 )) : = ,5 0,318E R. (4.7) 1,8 0,148E R. (4.8) dn /dr,, v = 1 (V = ) 1/v. - 3 V = 4, = (,.. 4.4). ( ) -.. ( S) - -., S S const; const, A 2 3 Z, Z. R - : 100
101 4 R 3,2 10 R, (4.9) /,, 3. 8 % : R / 3,. 3, : R A E /, (4.10) A A E R. (4.11) 2/3 Z,. 0,5 1 N x N0 exp x). 4.5). -. (,, ), ( 2 ) , 4, / () ( ),, µ, R(cp) 101
102 R a, - (.. 4.6). R e (.. 4.6)., ,.. (.. 4.2, 4.3). E a,, 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0, 2,5 3,5 4,6 5,9 7,4 8,9 10,6 Al, , = 2,7 3 ), = 1 3 ), R a = 0, ), = 8,9 3 ), = 11,3 3 ), = 2,25 3 ), 0,1 0,95 1 0,113 0,544 0,845 0,617 0,5 2,56 2,87 0,309 1,46 2,23 1,69 1 4,05 4,96 0,499 2,26 3,34 2,76 2,5 9,32 13,4 1,25 4,88 6,94 6, ,2 36,2 3,29 10,6 15,3 18,4 7,5 40,1 69 6,23 18,3 26,2 34, , ,2 28,3 42,7 56,1 102
103 ,. - ( 7,5 ) () - (70 ) ,23-7,5.. -,,. () -,. -,, Rn 222, 4.. : (4.7) E ( R / 0,318) 2 / 3 (4 / 0,318) 103 0,6667 5, , - P-239 = 5,15, -, = 1 3. : (4.7), - = 1, : R 0,318 5,15 1,5 3,7165. : R (4.12) : R. (4.12) 3 / 3,71651,29310 /1 0, R R 4.3. = 2,7 3, 6,87. :. Al = 27, (4.9) 4 3, ,87 27 / 2,7 0, R
104 , 35. : : Z = 7, A = 14, = 1, = Mc 2 = 10 / 3727 = 0,0027, - (4.3) : 2 = 7,210 6, (4.2) : 2 3 de , , 0053 dx 14 0, (1 0, 0053) 3, , 2 ln 0, 0053 = = 6,110 5 = 0,61., 1, (4.4): N = (de/dx) /35 = 1, , - U-235 = 8,5,, = ,, -,, , U-235, , , = 5, = 6,4 -, =15,7, Z = 7,5, = ):, ( - ) - n p ;, ( + ) p n.., - 104
105 B 36 Kr 37Rb 38 Sr 39Y 40Zr (). T1/2 1,6 c 32,2 c 154 c 30 64,5,, - U-235, - : p n : 2 de Z Ne, dx 2 v N e, Z, v. : R p R 4E 0,2, p, (4.13) R (4E p ) = 4. b R ae. b b, b ,0019 0,0019 7,4 1,52 > 10 0, ,5 z 1 e z 2 e, m 1 m 2, 1 2, : R R 1 2 E E 1 2 m m 2 1 z z , 1 = m 1 E 2 /m
106 R m, 2,,, - R, - = 1 2 :, 3. R m,.. A/Z..., ( - ) ( + ) - : ;, - ; ;. - L r L 0. L r Z 715,4 A 5,2 0,333ln Z R m R, 3 0 r ; L L L r,. - Z: = ( /d) /(de /dx) = ZE /600,, Z., -, : ( /d) = E/L r., 106
107 4.5, L r, , ,9 Fe 24 1,77 u 21,5 1,4 b 6,9 0,5 E e > E. : E exp x / L, e e0 r 0,. 2 de Z Ne dx 2, (4.14) V N e, Z, V -. (4.9), V -.,,, max. 0,3 max. -., R (4.10)
108 0,15 e 0,6 0,8 e e 0,8 3,0 R 0,562 R 0,407 R 0,542 0,094 0,0028 0, e 23 R 0,246e 0, () R 1/2 : e e 1,38 e 2 ; 2. 2 ; (4.15) R 12,3R 0,63),. (4.16) max ( 1/ 2 1 /, 2 R / 2 R max. (4.17) : (): R 450 max,. (4.18) R 0,2E E 0,5, R 0,1E E 0,5. (4.19) (-, ). R max max -. -,, -,,,, N x N 0 exp x (4.20),, -1, N 0, N,. - ln N(x) : ln N1 ln N 2. (4.21) x x 2 Z- : R(A,Z) = R1) (Z/A) Al / (Z/A).,,
109 -. -,.. : = , 4.6,,, 0,05 0, , , , , ,19 2, ,056 0,95 4,3 8, ,02 0,30 1,25 2,5 ( > 100 ) - (- ).. 4.9)
110 .,,., -, d 1/2, ln N 0, : d 1/2,, : 2 d 1/ 2 ln 2 /. (4.22) d 95Z E /, (4.23) 1/ 2 A Z,. (4.23) 5 % : E d1/2 A, 95Z. (4.24) 4.5., ( Al = 2,7 /c 3 ) -, 90 ( T 1/230 ) 90 ( T1/264,5 ) 90 38S 39Y 40 Zr () max 2, 26. : (4.18) 2 R max 4502, ,2. (4.19) 2 R max 0,22,2610 0,452. (4.15) Al 2 R 0,5422,26 0,133 1,127. Al (4.12): 2 R1/2 1,127 / 2,7 0,453,. 4.6., 1,1 ( 8,93 3 ). 110
111 : 1,1 Rmax ( Cu) 8,93 0,11 0, (4.15) Rmax 0,133 0,98 0,133 Emax 2,06. 0,542 0, , 36--? : (36 ) 36/5=7,2, = 20 /( 2. )., 0,5, : 200,5/ 7,2 288/( 2. ) s 56 Ba 56 Ba (.) 0, , - 2,1 ( Al 2,7 3 ) Cs-137, 10-0,1 54, , 1, , -, 1, (), - -, - 111
112 .,, :, -, ;,,, -., - - : E 2m c > : E = + E i, E, E i,. -. -, -, (- ).,, -. - n e ~ Z. C. E > 2 3 M. E. E > 10, -. - : E = 2m e c 2 + E e - + E e+, - E e+. - 2m e c 2. E >10 -.,, ( ). e
113 : x xexp, (4.25) 0 x 0 (), /( 2. ), -, -1 2,,, = 1/d, d, 2,72. d ½, 0 () 2. =0,693/ d ½ -.,. : x xexp x BE, Z, x, (4.26) B, -. (4.27). -, - D D : (, ) = D / D. (4.27) 113
114 4.8., 10? : 0 / = 10. (4.25) - : = 0xp( µx 1/2 ). (4.28) 1/2 (4.22) : 1/2 = 1n 2/µ = 0,693/µ. (4.29) k = / 1/2. (4.25) = ln( / 0 )/( µ). (4.30) k = / 1/2 = ln 10/0,693=2,303/0,693=3, Ra ? : (4.25): = 0 -µ. : = ( 0 ) µ ; 1=( 0 ) µ ; 0 =1/ -µ =. : ln ( 0 ) = µ. = ln ( 0 ) /µ. 0, ). 0 = 10, : = ln 10/ 0,31. 0, ). : =, = ln ( 0 ) /0,5. ln ( 0 )= ln 10. 0,5/0,31 = 3, = 3,7138 = 40,
115 4.7-1/2 µ, () 5 () Rb , Rb ,12 0,31 Cs ,13 0,32 Cs ,14 0,33 Cs ,15 0,34 Mn ,16 0,35 Fr ,17 0,36 Cu ,18 0, ,19 0,38 Co ,21 0,40 Ag ,20 0,39 Au ,22 0,4 Au ,23 0,42 Ag ,24 0,43 Mg ,25 0, ,26 0,45 Sr ,27 0,46 Sr ,28 0, ,29 0, ,30 0,49 Ra ,31 0,50 Ra ,32 0,51 Zn ,33 0,52 Zn ,34 0,53 Cd ,35 0,54 Cd ,36 0,55 Hg ,37 0,56 Hg ,38 0, ,39 0, ( = 1,25 ) 77,2. Pb, - t = 6. : () = 10-3 (0,1 ) t = (0, )/(6. t. 3600) = (4, )/t = 4,63/t., 1 = 2, , - 115
116 = 77, , = /(. ). = 4, , /6 = /(. ). : = / = 100, = 1,25 Pb = 8, (. ) , = = 50. Ra ( = 1,25 ). r = , - (n = 2). : 8,4 /,. = 8,4. P 2 / (. ), P ;, (. )/8,4. Ra. : = (M. 8,4)/r 2 =. )/r 2. - r = 2 : = (8, )/(r ) = (8, )/( ) = t = 6 : : = 4,63/t= 4,63/6 = 0,772. ( = 2) - = (. )/ = ( )/0,772 = 7, = 7, = 1,25 (97,2 90, 2) ( ) 90, 2 93, Cs-137 ( = 0,662 ) ( 116
117 5 ) : : / / r 5 / r1 2 = = = 50 = 0, (4,6 2,6) (0,662 0,5) 2,6 3,68. 0,80, , -,, 6 0,5, (8 ). :, - : D1 Pt 0, ,8. : D / 60 6,7. D = D 1 + D 2 = 10,8 + 6,7 = 17,5. 8,.. 2, ,,, -, : V = 62 ; 2,7 ; : 1- N 1 = 650 ; 2- N 2 = 35 =7,5 %. : Q, - : Q V t 622,7 / : N 1 + N 2 = = 685. : 117
118 A ( N N ) , , ( ) 7,5 3,7 10 0, : A Q 6 A 0, Q , : ,109% Ra ? , 5 -? , -, ,5., 2,5, s = 7 % 4. = 0, V 1 = 0,5 3 1 = 10 4 ) - (V 2 = 50 3 A 2 = 10 9 ).? ,, 5.,, 6- ( 100 )? ,5 Cs , 10? , 2,5.. 5, = 1,5., 118
119 0, , ,. 37, 10,5., 880, % : ; ; - (n,), (n,), (n,p), (n,2n);. - 0,. - ( = = = ),. : 1) ( < 0,0025 ); 2) (0,025 0,05 ); 3) = 0,05 1 (); 4) ( ); 5) > 100 (, ) (n, ): Z A X n X, n Cd Cd 0,04. 1 A Z ,.,, -,, % -, -.,,, - (, ),., -., - 119
120 , -,,.,. -., -.. (),, , ( - 1,33 ). -,. :,,,,. : - (,, ) ; ;,, ; ( = 0,025 ) (, ), ; -,., : (,,,,,. ) ; (, ) - ; 120
121 (Cd, B,, Cd Pb). -,,... () ( ), /( 2. ): exp x /, (4.31) 0,,. : x exp, 0 (4.32), -1, t x t t N ; (4.33) t ; N (N A ) / 1 3 ( - )., l / 1. (4.34) - t ti k i1 t N, (4.35) k. : i d 1 / 2 0,693 / ; d1/ 10 2,303/. (4.36) t N(R), /( 2. ), R,,, N 0, : N 0 N R expr /. 2 (4.37) 4R t 121
122 ,,, ,9 H )n 2 0,92 5,5 13,9 C 5 H 8 O 5 1,18 6,3 15,2 B C 4 1,67 12,0 17,2 C 1,61 11,4 24,0 Al 2,7 14,1 15,9 Fe 7,89 7,6 15,9 Pb 11,34 15,0 15,5 - = 4,5 F( ) exp, 2 (4.38) 4 R, 20 /( 2, ) (. -99);, 5, > 20 ; F), 1 ; -, 0,139-1, 0, R -, d, I f 0 exp d /, (4.39) 4 R 2 I 0, ; f - ( ), - (2 3)
123 4.9, 2,, ,33 4, ,1 14, , , , , , , , , , ,2 14,5 4, ,0 14, ,0 14, ,9 4, ,5 51,0 14, ,2 62,7 4,0 70 7,32 14, ,7 4,0 60 5,05 14, ,8 4, , : -. : - ;. 123
124 4.10 L,, ( -1 ) 0,7 1,5, 1,5 2,5 2, , 2 6,7 6,8 7,3 8,9 7,6 8,1 9,6 10, ,1 8,5 8,5 10,0 9,1 9,3 10,4 11, ,6 9,7 9,8 11,1 10,6 10,6 11,3 12, ,1 8,3 8,5 10,0 9,0 9,3 10,4 11, ,0 17,5 16,1 23,0 18,9 20,9 23,0 20, ,4 19,7 18,7 23,4 20,0 21,7 24,0 21, ,2 21,7 21,7 24,0 23,0 22,4 25,4 23, ,6 26,0 25,4 26,4 26,4 26,4 27,8 25, ,4 21,2 20,5 24,2 22,0 22,9 25,0 22, ,6 65,5 53,9 50,0 55,4 50,7 49,2 49,2 0, f n > 1,5, ,9 3,5 2,5 5,4 4,6 4,2 3,3 2,9 3,0 3,5 3,5 3,5 2,8 2,8 2,8 1,4 1,3 4,9 2,7-5,0 1,8 2,1 2,1 2,4 2,5 4,0 2, n = 14, F =10 8., 1,5 (f = 3), d = 45. : n > 0,33 45 (4.37). 124
125 0 F ( E 4 R n 2 ), (4.40) 4.12,, / 2,, /( 2. ) 3,30 7,60 9, , , ,13 9,95 7, , , ,63 13,8 5, , , ,44 15,1 5, , , ,45 14,6 5, , , ,04 14,2 5, , , ,70 18,3 4, , , ,2 23,8 3, , , ,3 38,5 1, ,9 1, ,2 59,8 1, ,6 2, ,4 99,0 77,1 33,0 5, ,0 1, ,6 17,4 1,0 1, , ,2 11,6 1,2 1, , ,1 10,5 2,0 1, , ,4 8,53 3,0 2, , , ,56 4,0 2, , , ,13 5,0 2, , ,0 6,89 6,0 2, , ,6 6,76 7,0 2, , ,3 6,67 8,0 2, , ,0 6, , , ,6 6, , , ,81 6, , , ,52 6,81 (E n ), 39 1 /( 2. ) ,0067 1, , = 14,2 2 / 1 3 = 14,2-1. ( R d) P exp( d f / ) 1,5301exp( 453 /14, 2) 11,
126 4.16. (- ) = /( 2. ). -, = 2500 (1 = = ); = 8,64 3 ; = 112. : - t = 6 : : t , (4.33) t 23 Cd N A 24 8,646, ,1. M 112 Cd 9 exp( ) ln / ln 2 10 /116,1 0,1845 c. t t x x K , = 10. : (4.31), 2 : 0 ( t / ) exp(200 /10) 4, Be F= , 6. : -,.. F 4R 2 120,. t 2, Ft R 281,86 c ,
127 , ( n = 14 ) = 5./( 2. c)?. : t = 6 = 2, F = P. t. F = 5. 2, = 1, / , - D D F ,33 10., - D = 3, , = 3, , () - = /( 2. ) -, = 3000, = 2,34 3, = 10, Pu-Be, ? , ( H20 = 10 ) Be = = 12, ) , , - 1, /( 2. ) - ( ). : - = 2550 ; = 8, ( n = 14 ) /( 2. ).,? 127
128 4.2.5.,. - 1,0 1,0. -, - (, -,,,, ) , -..,, ,, = 2, , -. -,. : 0,27. : = /,, - : = 2, / 0,27 = 9, , = 9, U = 100 2,7. 128
129 4.13,,, ,2 0,2 20-0,1 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,6 0, ,2 0,2 0,4 0,5 1 1, ,1 0,3 0,4 0,7 1,0 1,6 1, ,2 0,4 0,6 1,1 1,5 2,1 2, ,2 0,4 0,7 1,2 1,6 2,3 2, ,2 0,4 0,7 1,3 1,8 2,5 3,2. - U U, , ,5 2,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 3,5 3,0 4, : ; - ; ; ;,, - ;, ;, ; - ; ; ;, - ; 129
130 ,, - ; ; ; ;,, - ;,, ; ;, ; -, - ;, ; 5 ; - ; ,,, -,,.., -,. -, -,,., ,. -,,...,,
131 ,. :,,,,,,,,,,,, -., ) (). ),. -,.,,. -,. 131
132 ..,,.,., ( + ) -.,., -.,. : (8 ), =1,8 10;, =4;, =2,5;, =3;, =20;, =3,3 10.,,. 15,. (), -., -,. 1 -, , -,, ,
133 , -. 5 (-,..). 6. -,. -,. -,. -,,,, -.,. 2%-- 10., -.,..,.,,,. ( - ). -., -,, - (). - 12,5., -., ,. 133
134 ,,, ,..,,., -. : -,,,. :, -,,., % ( 30 ) ( 70 )., %. -., -,,..., ,,., -, : ;. 134
135 ,,., (96 %) -. -,. -, (,,,.), , , ? 4.? 5. -? 6. -? 7.? 8.? 9. -?
136 5. (), -, - (), - -, -,. - (,, ) -..,, -, ) : :,,, ; :, (),,, (CBY),. -., (). () -,, ), (- ),. 136
137 : (. ) ( -,,, ); (,, ). :,. (), -, ,,,, , , 1 5 0, , , , ,0 800, -, :. 137
138 , % -, ,..,,, : ; ; () ; -, ;, -..; ,, - (),. 10 0,5 = 3,16, 3 0,5 =1,73., m 0 = V 0 = m 0 = 50 % - V 0 =
139 5.3 L 0, B 0, ,2 5.4 L 0, ,1 23,7 9,41 B 0, 42,8 11,7 2,4 1,1 0,27,,, -,,, -, ,8 3 %.., ). L, B : m0v 0 m ; 0V L L 0 0 B B 0. (5.1) mv mv :,,,,. - : = 0 t -1,2 ; (5.2) = 0 t 0,5. (5.3) -, -. -, () (), -., 5 (0,1 ).,, -., (). 139
140 , - ( 3 )., -, -. -,. - 0,01. : t C X / V,,, 0,13, 0,23, 0,24, V 10,,, () ) ()., () ), ,. t ,94 14, , ,9 1,08 4, ,1 1,29 1,39 (, ) ( ).,, (). 1 - t = t 1,2, K t = t 0,5. - K t
141 5.6 1 t,, 0,5 1 1, t 0,43 1,00 1,63 2,30 6,90 10,00 15,85 5.7,, ,00 0,83 0,61 0,42 0,37 0,28 2 1,19 1,00 0,72 0,50 0,45 0,34 6 1,63 1,37 1,00 0,68 0,61 0, ,37 1,99 1,45 1,00 0,89 0, ) -,,. :, - ; () ; ; (),. : (); (); ; (). :, ) () - () ; ; - ; - ; 141
142 ; ; -.,, - ( ).. (D) ( P P ) t K D t, (5.4) 2, ; t, ; K t -, , : 1-, 2 7 : 1-, : 1-, 2-, 15 : 1 4-, = 5,3. 1, : : K t (6,9 2,3) (3 2) 2,3 3,83. (5 2) 142
143 1 : 1 = K t. = 3,83. 5,3 = 20,299. P L D, (5.5) K K V n i1 t i, ; (5.6) n L,, ; V -, ; t. = , 6, 150, 145, , 60.. : (5.6) = ( )/3=144, = 2, K t = 1,63. (5.5) : 144,3 6 D 4, ,63 60,. : - D, L,,, V,, -, 1, K t = 1 (.. 5.7). (5.5), -, : D 1 P K t = D 1 /D., - L. V 143
144 D 1 -,, t. t : t = K t 0,83 (); (5.7) t = K t 2 ( POO). (5.8) 5.3., 2, 1,5, 1,35, 1,24. 10, t, - 0,1. : (5.6) = (1,5+1,35+1,24)/3=1,36. D 1 (5.5) 1,3610 D1 0, t = D 1 /D = 0,17/0,1 = 1,7. (5.7) t = 1,7 0,83 = 1,55. ( ) ( ) - : = 0,1, (5.9) = 0,05, (5.10), ,5.. : (5.9) - = 0,1. 8,5 = 0,85. (5.10): = 0,05. 8,5 = 0, k (. 5.10). : 144
145 D k, (5.11) D (%) D,, * 100* 100* * 100* * *. * ;, 1, k, , k 0,90 0,75 0,60 0,50 0,35 0,25 0,17 0,13, ),. -,, - ( ), -, 2, 2, ( ), 2,,%, 0,3 0,5 1 1, ,5 0,8 1,5 2, ,8 2, , 175. : k = 0,6. (5.11): 145
146 D 0, , 15 % 21., : 1. -,. 2.., -, -. -,,.,,. 3., ()., -,, - ( ). 5.12, = 20 = , - -, -, - - (), -, >= , , , , , , ,5 13,
147 ,5 0, ,5 0,5 5.13, = 10 > , , -, -, 1, 2 / ,5 2 0, , , , , , , , ,5 31, ,5 3 40, , -, ,5. 1, n = 0, , 5, 350, 345, , , 2 -, 240, 250, 275, 245, 147
148 , ,5. 2 -, ,5. 2-, , , - 2, , -,. - 1.,, -., -, P t = P 0 (t 0 /t) -n, (5.12) P t t; 0 t 0 ; n,. n = 1,2. -., -. () -,,. (.. ) -,, ( ), -,, -,.. 148
149 , () () 5.14, ) 1, ,99 0,001-6, ,99 0,003-4, ,39 0,53 0,08 4, ,73 0,12 0,16 n n - (5.12): lg( PI / P ) n II, (5.13) lg( t / t ) I II I / II,, t II /t I,. n, (-, ), ( )., -, (5.13). (5.12) : P I t I n = P II t II n = P III t III n = const= 1, (5.14) I, II, III, -. : ln P I + n ln t I = ln P II + n ln t II = ln const. - : ;. 149
150 t, n, : ; ; ;., n:. (5.15) : n -. n -,. - - :, (5.16) t. -,,, 1, (5.12): 1 = P I t I n. (5.17) :,, -.,,. - : 1, 2, 3... (5.18), (5.12): 150
151 n P1 P t. (5.18) n n t t 5.6., 11-00, , - 1,5, 1,35, 1, : t 30,, n (5.15): (1,5 1,35)(1, ) n 0, ,5 1, 24 1,35 - (5.16): 0,5 t1 1, ,44 1,5/1,351, = = 9 00., , (5.17) : 1 = 1,5 2 0,44 = 2, , - n = 0,6,, 35, 0,03. : (5.17) P 1 = 0,03. (35/1) 0,6 = 0, , 10 0,40, n = 0,7. (5.18) : P 100 = P 10 (10/100) 0,7 = 0,08.,,, - : t 1 P1 n P1 ( t t ) t D Pdt t t dt, K K (5.19) (1 ) (1 n) n t n.. t Pt 1 ; P1 Pt Pt. = t t. (5.19), - : 151
152 D K (1 n) 1 1. (5.20) n t t t = 0,0645. : n = 0,6, = 1, 10, 0,10. : n = 0,6 10,.., (5.18): (5.20) : 10 = 0,0645 (1/10) 0,6 0,162. t 10, 4 0,1 1(1 0,6) 0, ,62. : T = t t = 11,62 10 = 1,62 = , (, ),,, D. -. : - T, 1 1, n, -, -, t. -, (5.20): : t T 1n 1n D 1 1 K n t. 1n (5.21) P T T t y, b T D 1 P1 T K 1n 1 n. (5.22) 152
153 (5.21) : 1n 1n y 1 y 1/ b 0. (5.23) (5.23), -. - () , - (5.23) n b, , - n b, - : n 1 n n2 1 b ; b b 2., y : b b1 y2 y1. y y1 (5.24) b b y, t : t 2 1 y. (5.25) , -, 1, 1 = 0,12, - T = 8, = 1 (), n = 0,6, D = 0,10. : b (5.22): 10, 6 012, 8 b 01, 1 1 0, 6 6, 89. ( ), n 1 = n 2 = n = 0,6 b 1 = 6,5, b 2 = 7,0, y 1 = 4,43, y 2 = 5,07. (5.24) 6, 89 6, 5 5, 07 4, 43 y 4, 43 4, 93. 7, 0 6, 5 153
154 (5.25) - : t = 4,93. 8 = 39,44. -, - (t = 37,6 ),. - (., 1993)., - n b y = 121 = const (.. 5.2). -, (5.23),. y y n b , 12, 13 14, 1,75, 1,45, 1, , 11, 13 15, 1,5, 1,35, 1, b 154
155 5.15 y n b n b y n b y n b y n b y 0,30 2,0 2,59 0,40 2,0 1,11 0,50 2,0 0,56 0,60 2,0 0,29 0,30 2,5 5,97 0,40 2,5 2,28 0,50 2,5 1,10 0,60 2,5 0,57 0,30 3,0 11,36 0,40 3,0 3,86 0,50 3,0 1,78 0,60 3,0 0,90 0,30 3,5 19,33 0,40 3,5 5,90 0,50 3,5 2,58 0,60 3,5 1,29 0,30 4,0 30,44 0,40 4,0 8,43 0,50 4,0 3,52 0,60 4,0 1,72 0,30 5,0 64,60 0,40 5,0 15,09 0,50 5,0 5,76 0,60 5,0 2,70 0,30 5,5 88,94 0,40 5,5 19,29 0,50 5,5 7,07 0,60 5,5 3,24 0,30 6,0 119,04 0,40 6,0 24,09 0,50 6,0 8,51 0,60 6,0 3,82 0,30 6,5 121,00 0,40 6,5 29,54 0,50 6,5 10,07 0,60 6,5 4,43 0,30 7,0 121,00 0,40 7,0 35,65 0,50 7,0 11,76 0,60 7,0 5,07 0,30 8,0 121,00 0,40 8,0 49,98 0,50 8,0 15,50 0,60 8,0 6,46 0,30 8,5 121,00 0,40 8,5 58,24 0,50 8,5 17,57 0,60 8,5 7,20 0,30 9,0 121,00 0,40 9,0 67,26 0,50 9,0 19,75 0,60 9,0 7,96 0,30 9,5 121,00 0,40 9,5 77,07 0,50 9,5 22,07 0,60 9,5 8,76 0,30 10,0 121,00 0,40 10,0 87,68 0,50 10,0 24,50 0,60 10,0 9,59 0,30 10,5 121,00 0,40 10,5 99,12 0,50 10,5 27,06 0,60 10,5 10,44 0,30 11,0 121,00 0,40 11,0 111,41 0,50 11,0 29,75 0,60 11,0 11,32 0,30 99,5 121,00 0,40 11,5 121,00 0,50 11,5 32,56 0,60 11,5 12,23 0,30 100,0 121,00 0,40 12,0 121,00 0,50 12,0 35,50 0,60 12,0 13,16 0,50 13,0 41,75 0,60 13,0 15,11 0,50 14,0 48,50 0,60 14,0 17,16 0,50 15,0 55,75 0,60 15,0 19,31 0,50 16,0 63,50 0,60 16,0 21,56 0,50 17,0 71,75 0,60 17,0 23,91 0,50 18,0 80,50 0,60 18,0 26,35 0,50 19,0 89,75 0,60 19,0 28,88 0,50 20,0 99,50 0,60 20,0 31,50 0,50 21,0 109,75 0,60 21,0 34,21 0,50 22,0 120,50 0,60 22,0 37,01 0,50 23,0 121,00 0,60 23,0 39,90 0,50 100,0 121,00 0,60 23,5 41,37 0,50 100,0 121,00 0,60 24,0 42,86 0,60 26,0 49,05 0,60 30,0 62,40 0,60 33,0 73,23 0,60 36,0 84,73 0,60 38,0 92,77 0,60 41,0 105,36 0,60 43,0 114,11 0,60 45,0 121,00 0,60 45,5 121,00 155
156 n I =2,34, II = 2,14, III =2,04, n I =1,84, II = 1,74, III =1,65, 1, , n = 0,55,, 10, 1, , 3 2,40, n = 0, = 0,45. : n = 0,7, = 1, 20, - 0, , -, 2. 1 P 1 = 200.,, P I = 50, II = :, -, ,. 5.,. 6. -? n
157 10. n , ,
158 1.,. /.,.,. [.]. :, :. 2.,. : /.,.. :, : /.,.,.,... :, : 2 :... :, ,. : /.. : S, /. // (9) ,. : /.. :, ,.: : - /... :, ,. :. 1 /. -,.. :, ,.- /.,. // - -. :,,.., ,. : /.... :, ,. «-» /.,.,.. :, ,. : /.,... :.., QFjAB&url= http %3A%2F%2Fi.bezrisko Allegre, C.J. Isotope Geology. / C.J. Allegre. New York : Cambridge University Press, p. 18. Attix, F.H. Introduction to radiological physics and radiation dosimetry. / F.H. Attix. Weinheim : WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, p. 19. Bohren, C.F. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation. An Introduction with 400 Problems. / C.F. Bohren,. Clothiaux. Berlin : Wiley-VCH, p. 20. Dickin, A.P. Radiogenic Isotope Geology. Second edition. / A.P. Dickin. New York : Cambridge University Press, p (-99/2009)
159 99/2010) (- 2002) : 7- : : , , ,,,,,, , ,
160 1 4 ( - ). 1, ( = 11,34 3 ), 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,8 1,0 1,25 1,5 2,0 3,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 1,5 0,05 0,15 0,20 0,60 0,8 0,95 1,10 1,20 1,30 1,20 1,00 0,90 0,90 2 0,10 0,30 0,50 1,00 1,30 1,50 1,70 2,00 2,10 2,00 1,60 1,50 1,35 5 0,20 0,60 1,10 2,20 2,80 3,40 3,80 4,30 4,60 4,50 3,80 3,30 3,00 8 0,20 0,80 1,50 2,80 3,50 4,20 4,80 5,50 5,90 5,80 5,00 4,30 3, ,30 0,90 1,60 3,05 3,80 4,50 5,10 5,90 6,50 6,40 5,50 4,90 4, ,30 1,10 2,00 3,85 4,90 5,80 6,60 7,60 8,30 8,20 7,10 6,30 5, ,35 1,15 2,30 4,30 5,50 6,50 7,30 8,50 9,30 9,20 8,00 7,20 6, ,40 1,30 2,40 4,50 5,80 6,85 7,80 9,10 10,00 9,90 8,70 7,80 6, ,40 1,40 1,60 4,60 6,00 7,20 8,20 9,60 10,60 10,50 9,20 8,30 7, ,45 1,45 2,70 4,95 6,30 7,50 8,60 10,10 11,00 10,90 9,70 8,70 7, ,45 1,55 2,80 5,30 6,70 8,00 9,20 10,70 11,70 11,60 10,40 9,40 8, ,50 1,60 3,00 5,50 7,00 8,45 9,65 11,30 12,20 12,10 10,90 9,90 8, ,60 1,90 3,40 6,30 8,00 9,65 11,10 12,90 14,00 13,80 12,60 11,40 10, ,65 2,20 4,00 7,20 9,20 11,30 12,90 15,00 16,30 16,10 14,90 13,30 11, ,70 2,40 4,40 8,10 10,2 12,3 14,1 16,5 18,0 17,8 16,5 15,1 13, ,85 2,70 5,00 8,80 11,1 13,5 15,4 17,9 19,7 19,5 18,1 16,6 14, ,90 3,00 5,50 9,90 12,4 14,9 17,0 19,8 21,9 21,7 20,3 18,5 16, ,05 3,30 5,90 10,6 13,3 16,1 18,3 21,3 23,5 23,4 22,0 20,1 18, ,10 3,50 6,30 11,3 14,2 17,2 19,5 22,7 25,1 25,0 23,6 21,7 19, ,15 3,70 6,90 12,3 15,6 18,8 21,4 24,7 27,3 27,2 25,8 23,7 21, ,15 3,80 7,20 13,0 16,5 20,1 22,7 26,2 28,9 28,9 27,5 25,3 22, ,30 4,10 7,60 13,6 17,4 21,3 24,1 27,6 30,5 30,5 29,2 26,9 24, ,40 4,40 8,20 14,4 18,5 22,3 25,4 29,5 32,7 32,7 31,4 28,9 26, ,45 2,10 4,70 8,70 15,3 19,5 23,5 26,8 31,0 34,3 33,0 30,4 27, ,55 5,00 9,10 16,3 20,4 24,4 27,8 32,4 36,0 36,1 34,6 32,0 29, ,65 5,30 9,60 17,2 21,6 26,2 29,7 34,3 38,1 38,3 36,8 34,0 31, ,70 5,40 10,1 17,8 22,5 27,5 31,2 35,8 39,7 39,9 38,4 35,5 32,5 160
161 , ( = 7,89 3 ) 2, 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,8 1,0 1,25 1,5 2,0 3,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 1,5 0,5 1,3 1,8 2,2 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,5 2,9 2,5 2,4 2,4 2,2 2 0,8 1,8 2,6 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4,0 4,4 4,2 4,1 4,0 3,8 5 1,5 3,4 4,8 6,0 6,5 6,9 7,3 8,1 9,0 9,1 9,1 8,9 8,5 8 1,9 4,2 5,8 7,4 8,0 8,7 9,2 10,1 11,2 11,4 11,6 11,4 11,0 10 2,1 4,5 6,2 7,8 8,5 9,3 10,0 11,0 12,2 12,5 12,7 12,6 12,0 20 2,6 5,5 7,5 9,5 10,5 11,5 12,2 13,7 15,3 16,0 16,4 16,1 15,6 30 2,8 6,0 8,2 10,5 11,6 12,7 13,7 15,1 17,0 17,8 18,6 18,2 17,5 40 3,0 6,4 8,7 11,1 12,4 13,6 14,7 16,3 18,3 19,1 20,1 19,7 19,0 50 3,1 6,6 9,0 11,6 13,0 14,4 15,5 17,1 19,3 20,2 21,2 20,8 20,0 60 3,3 6,9 9,3 12,0 13,4 14,8 16,0 17,7 20,0 21,0 22,0 21,7 21,0 80 3,6 7,2 9,8 12,6 14,1 15,5 16,8 18,8 21,3 22,3 23,4 23,2 22, ,8 7,5 10,2 13,1 14,7 16,3 17,6 19,7 22,3 23,4 24,6 24,4 23, ,1 8,4 11,6 14,7 16,4 18,2 19,7 21,0 22,2 25,2 26,6 27,8 27, ,6 9,6 13,4 16,9 18,6 20,5 22,4 25,5 29,1 30,7 32,3 32,3 31, ,0 10,5 14,7 18,6 20,4 22,5 24,6 28,0 31,9 33,7 35,6 35,6 35, ,3 11,4 16,0 20,2 22,1 24,4 26,5 30,3 34,7 36,7 39,0 39,0 38, ,7 13,0 17,6 22,1 24,4 27,5 29,4 31,5 38,2 40,3 43,2 43,2 42, ,4 14,0 18,8 23,6 26,2 28,9 31,4 35,8 41,0 43,2 46,5 46,6 46, ,8 15,0 20,0 25,2 27,8 30,9 33,6 38,1 43,8 46,0 49,6 50,0 49, ,3 16,0 21,6 27,1 30,0 33,3 36,3 41,2 47,2 49,9 53,9 54,3 54, ,5 16,9 22,7 28,6 31,8 35,1 38,2 43,2 50,0 53,0 57,2 57,8 57, ,9 17,5 23,9 30,1 33,3 36,8 40,0 45,6 52,7 56,0 60,2 61,0 61, ,3 18,5 25,5 32,0 35,5 39,2 42,6 48,8 56,1 60,0 64,4 65,3 65, ,9 19,9 26,7 33,5 37,1 41,0 44,6 51,0 58,8 63,0 67,5 68,5 68, ,1 20,5 27,8 35,0 38,7 42,8 46,5 53,3 61,5 66,0 70,6 71,7 71, ,9 21,8 29,4 37,0 40,8 45,1 49,1 56,3 65,1 70,0 75,0 76,2 76, ,6 22,8 30,5 38,4 42,4 46,9 51,5 58,6 67,8 72,8 78,0 79,4 79,3 161
162 , ( = 2,3 3 ) 3, 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,8 1,0 1,25 1,5 2,0 3,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 1,5 2,6 6,3 8,2 8,3 8,5 8,6 8,7 8,8 9,4 10,0 11,7 11,7 11,7 2 4,7 9,9 12,3 12,6 12,9 13,3 13,6 14,1 15,3 16,4 18,8 18,8 18,8 5 5,6 15,5 21,1 22,6 23,5 24,6 25,8 28,2 32,9 35,2 38,7 39,3 39,9 8 7,0 17,8 24,6 27,2 28,8 30,5 32,2 35,2 39,9 43,4 48,1 48,7 49,3 10 8,2 19,7 25,8 28,4 29,9 31,9 34,0 37,6 43,4 47,5 51,6 52,8 54,0 20 8,2 21,4 29,9 35,0 37,0 39,9 42,5 47,0 54,0 58,7 64,6 65,7 69,3 30 8,5 22,8 32,9 37,8 40,5 43,7 46,5 51,6 59,9 65,7 71,6 72,8 78,1 40 8,5 24,2 34,0 39,6 42,8 45,3 49,8 52,2 64,0 69,8 77,5 79,2 84,5 50 9,9 25,1 35,0 41,2 44,6 48,5 52,1 58,1 66,9 72,8 81,6 83,9 89, ,0 26,1 36,4 42,5 45,8 50,1 54,0 60,5 69,8 74,0 58,1 88,0 93, ,5 27,7 38,7 44,8 48,1 52,4 56,4 63,4 74,0 81,0 90,4 93,9 100, ,5 28,9 39,9 47,2 50,5 54,5 58,3 65,7 77,5 84,5 95,1 98,0 105, ,7 32,4 44,6 52,6 56,4 60,8 65,3 74,0 88,6 95,7 108,0 112,1 120, ,8 35,2 50,5 58,8 64,6 69,8 74,8 84,5 101,0 110,4 124,4 129,7 139, ,5 39,2 55,2 65,3 70,4 76,1 81,7 92,7 110,9 120,9 137,9 143,2 155, ,6 42,3 59,9 70,4 75,7 82,2 88,5 100,4 120,9 132,1 150,3 156,1 168, ,8 45,6 65,7 77,0 82,8 90,2 97,4 110,9 132,7 146,8 166,7 173,8 186, ,8 48,5 69,3 82,9 89,2 97,2 104,5 118,6 143,2 156,7 179,0 187,8 201, ,2 51,9 72,8 87,3 94,5 102,7 110,8 126,2 152,6 167,3 190,8 201,9 216, ,3 56,4 78,1 93,4 102,1 111,5 120,4 136,2 164,9 181,4 206,6 218,4 233, ,5 64,6 82,8 98,1 106,8 116,9 126,6 144,4 173,8 191,4 218,4 231,3 248, ,3 69,8 86,9 102,8 112,7 125,7 135,6 153,8 177,3 201,9 231,3 245,4 263, ,8 73,7 91,7 109,5 119,7 133,8 142,5 162,0 196,0 214,8 247,1 261,8 281, ,3 79,8 97,4 114,1 124,4 140,2 149,8 171,4 205,4 225,4 260,6 274,7 295, ,6 84,5 101,0 119,7 131,5 148,4 157,8 179,6 213,7 237,1 272,4 287,6 308, ,4 91,6 108,0 126,0 133,8 154,7 165,8 189,0 277,8 250,1 287,6 302,9 327, ,0 95,7 110,3 130,0 142,0 160,0 170,8 194,9 236,0 259,4 299,4 314,6 340,5 162
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