Physics 201. Professor P. Q. Hung. 311B, Physics Building. Physics 201 p. 1/3
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1 Physics 201 p. 1/3 Physics 201 Professor P. Q. Hung 311B, Physics Building
2 Physics 201 p. 2/3 : Study of physical systems involving the transfer of something called Heat.
3 Physics 201 p. 2/3 : Study of physical systems involving the transfer of something called Heat. Heat: Energy transferred between objects because of temperature difference.
4 Physics 201 p. 2/3 : Study of physical systems involving the transfer of something called Heat. Heat: Energy transferred between objects because of temperature difference. Temperature: Property of a body to be made more precise below.
5 Physics 201 p. 2/3 : Study of physical systems involving the transfer of something called Heat. Heat: Energy transferred between objects because of temperature difference. Temperature: Property of a body to be made more precise below. Thermal contact: Objects are in thermal contact when heat flows between them.
6 Physics 201 p. 2/3 : Study of physical systems involving the transfer of something called Heat. Heat: Energy transferred between objects because of temperature difference. Temperature: Property of a body to be made more precise below. Thermal contact: Objects are in thermal contact when heat flows between them. Thermal equilibrium: Objects are in thermal equilibrium with each other when they reach
7 If bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third body C, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Physics 201 p. 3/3 Zeroth Law of
8 The measurement of temperature and Temperature scales Kelvin scale: International agreement for standard fixed point: point where liquid water, solid ice and water vapor can coexist. This point is defined as having a temperature T 3 = K Triple fixed point. 1 The size of the Kelvin is of the difference between absolute zero and the triple-point temperature of water. Physics 201 p. 4/3
9 Physics 201 p. 5/3 The measurement of temperature and Temperature scales Thermometer: Standard Thermometer: Constant Volume Gas Thermometer. Measure the pressure of the gas at the triple point. Call it P 3. The pressure changes as the gas is heated up. Call that P. The temperature at that point will be proportional to the ratio P/P 3.
10 Physics 201 p. 6/3 The measurement of temperature and Temperature scales Different gases give slightly different results at the boiling point unless we put smaller and smaller amount of gas until they converge to a single temperature. This gives T = ( K)(lim gas 0 P P 3 )
11 Physics 201 p. 6/3 The measurement of temperature and Temperature scales Different gases give slightly different results at the boiling point unless we put smaller and smaller amount of gas until they converge to a single temperature. This gives T = ( K)(lim gas 0 P P 3 ) Using this thermometer, the boiling point is measured to be at T = K.
12 Physics 201 p. 7/3 The measurement of temperature and Temperature scales Constant Volume Gas Thermometer
13 Physics 201 p. 8/3 The measurement of temperature and Temperature scales Celsius scale: Defined to be 0 0 C at the freezing point and C at the boiling point. It is related to the scientific Kelvin scale by T C = T K So the triple point in the Celsius scale is T C = C.
14 Physics 201 p. 9/3 The measurement of temperature and Temperature scales Fahrenheit scale: The Fahrenheit scale is related to the Celsius scale by T F = 9 5 T C At the freezing point, T C = 0 0 C giving T F = 32 0 F. At the boiling point, T C = C giving T F = F
15 Physics 201 p. 10/3 The measurement of temperature and Temperature scales
16 Physics 201 p. 11/3 Thermal expansion Linear expansion: L = L α T α is the linear coefficient of expansion given in Table 16-1 for various material. It has the unit of K 1.
17 Physics 201 p. 12/3 Thermal expansion
18 Physics 201 p. 13/3 Thermal expansion Peculiar property of water (unlike other fluids): Above 4 0 C, water expands as the temperature rises so the density decreases. Between 0 0 C and 4 0 C, water shrinks as the temperature rises so the density increases. This fact explains the behavior of a frozen lake for example. See the explanation on p. 550.
19 Physics 201 p. 14/3 Thermal expansion
20 Physics 201 p. 15/3 Thermal expansion On a hot day in Las Vegas, an oil trucker loaded 9785 gal of diesel fuel. He encountered cold weather on the way to Payso, Utah, where the temperature was 41 0 F lower than in Las Vegas, and where he delivered his load. How many gallons did he delivered? The coefficient of volume expansion for diesel fuel is / 0 C and the coefficient of linear expansion for his steel truck tank is / 0 C.
21 Physics 201 p. 16/3 Thermal expansion V = βv T = (9785gal)( / 0 C)( 41 0 F )( 5 9 ) = 212gal.
22 Physics 201 p. 16/3 Thermal expansion V = βv T = (9785gal)( / 0 C)( 41 0 F )( 5 9 ) = 212gal. Amount delivered: V del = V + V = 9600 gal. The steel tank is irrelevant for this problem.
23 Physics 201 p. 17/3 Heat and mechanical work: One kilocalorie (kcal) is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of water from C to C.
24 Physics 201 p. 17/3 Heat and mechanical work: One kilocalorie (kcal) is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of water from C to C. Joule s experiment showed that 1 cal = J
25 Physics 201 p. 17/3 Heat and mechanical work: One kilocalorie (kcal) is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of water from C to C. Joule s experiment showed that 1 cal = J Heat is denoted by Q = energy transferred due to temperature differences. Unit:J
26 Physics 201 p. 18/3 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat The amount of heat energy Q needed to raise the temperature of a substance is proportional to the temperature change and to the mass of the substance Q = C T = c m T C: Heat capacity. Unit: J/K.
27 Physics 201 p. 18/3 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat The amount of heat energy Q needed to raise the temperature of a substance is proportional to the temperature change and to the mass of the substance Q = C T = c m T C: Heat capacity. Unit: J/K. c: Specific Heat. It depends only on the substance. Unit: J/kg.K.
28 Physics 201 p. 19/3 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Q > 0 T > 0: Heat added.
29 Physics 201 p. 19/3 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Q > 0 T > 0: Heat added. Q < 0 T < 0: Heat removed. c W = 4186 J/kg.K for water and c L = 128 J/kg.K for lead. More examples are given in Table 16-2.
30 Physics 201 p. 20/3 Specific Heat
31 Physics 201 p. 21/3 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat A 2 kg Aluminum block is originally at 10 0 C. If 36 kj of heat energy are added to the block, what is its final temperature? For aluminum, c = 900 J/kg.K.
32 Physics 201 p. 21/3 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat A 2 kg Aluminum block is originally at 10 0 C. If 36 kj of heat energy are added to the block, what is its final temperature? For aluminum, c = 900 J/kg.K. Q = c m T = c m (T f T i )
33 Physics 201 p. 21/3 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat A 2 kg Aluminum block is originally at 10 0 C. If 36 kj of heat energy are added to the block, what is its final temperature? For aluminum, c = 900 J/kg.K. Q = c m T = c m (T f T i ) T f = T i + Q mc = 10 0 C + 36kJ 2kg 0.9kJ/kg. 0 C = 30 0 C.
34 Physics 201 p. 22/3 Calorimetry Lead shot of mass 600g is heated to C and placed in an aluminum can of mass 200 g which contains 500 g of water initially at C. The specific heat of aluminum is 0.9kJ/kg. 0 C. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is C. What is the specific heat of lead?
35 Physics 201 p. 23/3 Calorimetry We have assumed above that the aluminum can containing water is insulated, in the sense that heat transfer only occurs between the container and objects which are in thermal contact with it. The procedure is called calorimetry and the container is called calorimeter. Since there is no heat transfer to the surroundings, the sum of heat transfer between indidual components should sum up to zero. Qi = 0
36 Physics 201 p. 24/3 Calorimetry From the above, one concludes: Q lead + Q aluminum + Q water = 0.
37 Physics 201 p. 24/3 Calorimetry From the above, one concludes: Q lead + Q aluminum + Q water = 0. Q lead = (0.6 kg)c lead ( C C) = (0.6 kg)c lead C.
38 Physics 201 p. 24/3 Calorimetry From the above, one concludes: Q lead + Q aluminum + Q water = 0. Q lead = (0.6 kg)c lead ( C C) = (0.6 kg)c lead C. Q aluminum = (0.2 kg)(0.900 kj/kg. 0 C)( C C) = (0.2 kg)(0.900 kj/kg. 0 C)(2.7 0 C) = kj.
39 Physics 201 p. 25/3 Calorimetry Q water = (0.5 kg)(4.18 kj/kg. 0 C)( C C) = (0.5 kg)(4.18 kj/kg. 0 C)(2.7 0 C) = 5.64 kj.
40 Physics 201 p. 25/3 Calorimetry Q water = (0.5 kg)(4.18 kj/kg. 0 C)( C C) = (0.5 kg)(4.18 kj/kg. 0 C)(2.7 0 C) = 5.64 kj. Using the equation in (1), one obtains c lead = = kj/kg.k kj 48.0kg.K
41 Physics 201 p. 26/3 Conduction, Convection, Radiation Conduction: Heat energy can be transferred from one point to another point in a given material. This is called thermal conduction. Experimentally, the rate of conduction is found to be P cond = Q t = k A T L
42 Physics 201 p. 26/3 Conduction, Convection, Radiation Conduction: Heat energy can be transferred from one point to another point in a given material. This is called thermal conduction. Experimentally, the rate of conduction is found to be P cond = Q t = k A T L A= area; L = length.
43 Physics 201 p. 27/3 Conduction, Convection, Radiation k = thermal conductivity. A constant which depends on the material. A good thermal conductor has high k, such as silver for example. Air is a poor thermal conductor. Also woods, etc..
44 Conduction, Convection, Radiation k = thermal conductivity. A constant which depends on the material. A good thermal conductor has high k, such as silver for example. Air is a poor thermal conductor. Also woods, etc.. In building construction, one needs a poor thermal conductor i.e. a good thermal insulator. Define a heat resistance R = L k. This is also called the R-value. Low k High R. For buildings in cold climates, usually an R-value of around 30 is desirable. Physics 201 p. 27/3
45 Physics 201 p. 28/3 Conduction
46 Physics 201 p. 29/3 Conduction
47 Physics 201 p. 30/3 Conduction, Convection, Radiation Convection: Take a heat source such as a candle. As air around it heats up, it expands and its density decreases. Buoyant force makes it rise. Cooler air flows down to take its place. All of this creates a phenomenon called convection current.
48 Physics 201 p. 31/3 Conduction
49 Physics 201 p. 32/3 Conduction, Convection, Radiation Radiation: Another form of heat transfer is by radiating electromagnetic waves. This form of energy transfer is called thermal radiation. No medium is required for heat transfer by thermal radiation because electromagnetic waves can propagate even in vacuum.
50 Physics 201 p. 33/3 Conduction, Convection, Radiation You feel hot standing in front of a fire is because you absorb thermal radiation coming from the fire. The rate at which an object emits energy via electromagnetic radiation is given by the Stefan-Boltzman law P rad = eσ A T 4
51 Physics 201 p. 33/3 Conduction, Convection, Radiation You feel hot standing in front of a fire is because you absorb thermal radiation coming from the fire. The rate at which an object emits energy via electromagnetic radiation is given by the Stefan-Boltzman law P rad = eσ A T 4 e: emissivity
52 Physics 201 p. 33/3 Conduction, Convection, Radiation You feel hot standing in front of a fire is because you absorb thermal radiation coming from the fire. The rate at which an object emits energy via electromagnetic radiation is given by the Stefan-Boltzman law P rad = eσ A T 4 e: emissivity σ = W/m 2.K 4 : Stefan-Boltzman constant
53 Physics 201 p. 34/3 Ideal Reflector Conduction
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