Maize in India and in Rajasthan

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1 Annls f Arid Zne-17 (1),52-58, 1978 Mize in Indi nd in Rjsthn H. S. MA AD PA]AB SIGH Centrl Arid Zne Reserch Institute, JdhpuT ABSTRACT The psitin f mize prductin hs been highlighted with retrspective effect. The impct f technlgicl dvnces including intrductin f new hybrids n ttl mize prductin hs ls been ssessed. Averge prductin per unit re per Be, pr cverge under hybrid vrieties d the dminnce f ld nd cventinl methds f cultivtin prctices pper t limit the ttl prductin f m ize in the cuntry. Fr n erly rise in the ttl mize prductin, lltment f pririties t the extensin f vilble vrieties nd technlgies ver further intensifictin f reserch hs been suggested. Mize (Ze mys L.), grwn minly in Sttes f Uttr Prdesh, Bihr, Rjsthn, Mdhy Prdesh, Punjb, Andhr Prdesh, Jmmu nd Kshmir, Himchl Prdesh nd Gujrt, cnstitute 5-6 per cent f the ttl re nd 6-7 per cent f the ttl prductin f fd grins in the cuntry. Uttr Prdesh nd Bihr jintly cntribute t nerly per cent f the ttl re nd per cent f the ttl prductin f mize in the cuntry while Rjsthn respectively t nd per cent. The crp is cnsidered t hve significnt vlue bth fr grin s well s fr fdder. Present sttus: The dt n the ttl re nd prductin f mize in the cuntry nd in the mjr mize grwing sttes f the cuntry during the lst tw decdes re given in tble 1 while the verge re nd prductin during pre ( t ) nd pst-hybrid relese ( t ) perids in tble 2. It is nted tht the re in the cuntry n the whle incresed frm 4 mijiin h in the fifties t 5 millin h in the sixties nd further t nerly 6 millin h in the seventies. The highest hectrege f 5.9 millin h ws chieved in nd therefter decresed. Prductin shwed pr06ressive increse frm 3.1 millin tns in t 6.3 millin tns in , t 5.7 millin tns in , remined cnstnt till nd then further reched t the highest level f 7.5 millin tns in The prduc-

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6 MAIZE I IDIA AD I RAJASTHA 53 tin therefter decresed. If we cmpre the hectrege nd prductin differences during pre-nd pst-hybrid relese perids (Tble 2) it is nted tht, n n verge during the eight yers f hybrid perid s fr, the prductin incresed by 1.2 millin tns frm crrespnding increse f 1.71 millin h in the re. In the cnntry n the whle there hd been mqre thn 40 per cent increse in prductin fr less thn 30 per cent increse in re. The dditinl verll 15 per cent increse in the prductin my be ssigned t the technlgicl dvnces including relese f few gd hybrid tht hs gne in during this perid. Higher increse in prductin in certin exceptinl yers like , nd is ttributed t the fvurble mnsn besides technlgicl dvnces. While nlysing the positin f the crp in mjr mize grwing sttes f the cuntry (Tble 1 nd 2) it is seen tht the cverge in U. P. hd been nerly ne millin h, highest cmpred t ther sttes, during the fifties nd mid-sixties, incresed grdully fter the relese f the hybrids nd reched t 1.5 millin h in Als the cverge during the lte-sixties ws higher th1n thse in the erly seventies. The prductin t level f 0.97 millin tns during the mid-fifties decresed cnsiderbly reching t.0.62 millin tns in This further incresed t 1.02 millin tns in which ws highest till the relese f hybrid vrieties. After the relese f hybritis, prductin rse cnsiderbly t 1.80 millin tns but then drpped miser""bly...t 0.85 millin tns in the fllwing yer. Over ll increse in pr~uctjn 9uring hybrid. perid 'er pre-hybrid perid ws nerly 50 per cent. while thse in crege but 32 per cent. In Bihr, the next lrger mize grwing stte, the cverge, under th~ crp incresed frm 0.6 millin h in t nerly 1 millin h in 67-68, decresed grdully bck t 1 millin tns in The prductin incresed frm less thn hlf millin tns in the fifties t 0.7 t 0.80 millin tns in the erly nd mid-sixties reching t level f 1.32 millin t0ns in which decresed therefter. F,r nerly 22 per cent increse in ttl cverge under mize during the hybrid perid the prductin incresed by 32 per cent. In Rjsthn, the third mjr mize' grwing stte, there hs been (l grdul increse in the cverge under this crp. The hectrege, thugh nly hlf millin h in , incresed t the highest f 0.84 millin h in bu't the prductin level f 0.32 millin tns in incresed t 0.75 millin tns in , which decresed further in the fllwing yers nd then rse t the mximum level f 1.03 millin tns in It decresed drsticlly during the tw fllwing yers nd ls in yer The level f prductin in ws cmprble t thse in This des

54 : H.S. MA AD PUJAB SIGH indicte tht the impct f the technlgy ws much less nd the increse r decrese in prductin hs been minly gverned by the rinfli nd its distributin during the sesn.

7 54 : H.S. MA AD PUJAB SIGH indicte tht the impct f the technlgy ws much less nd the increse r decrese in prductin hs been minly gverned by the rinfli nd its distributin during the sesn. The crp in the stte is minly grwn in districts f Udipur, Chittre, Bhilwr, Ajmer, Tnk nd Swi Mdhpur where sils re yeliwish brwn in clur, medium in texture nd shliw t mderte in depth with scttered ptches f slinity. The nnul rinfli is nerly 6 mm. While cmpring the rise in prductin during hybrid perid ver pre-hybrid perid in the stte it is dishertening t mentin tht fr 25 per cent increse in the re there ws nly 13 per cent increse in tne prductin. The impct f the mngement technlgies r sy these f hybrids in the stte hs been nil. The per cent cverge in Rjsthn t thse f ttl in the cuntry rnged between per cent during these tw decdes. The highest cverge f 15.5 per cent ws chieved in nd decresed grduliy therefter t less thn 13 per cent in nd incresed further t nerly 15 per cent in The highest crege f 8.84 millin tns chieved in ws nly 13.7 per cent f the ttl crege in the cuntry. Similrly the ttl prductin which cntributed t nerly per cent f the ttl mize prductin in the cuntry in erly sixties drpped dwn t level f per cent in the seventies. In Mdhy Prdesh the re which rnged between 0.4 nd 0.5 millin ~h during pre-hybrid perid rse t 0.6 millin during psthybrid perid. Highest prductin level f 0.67 millin tns ws btined frm 0.60 millin h re in The increse in the prductin during the hybiid perid ver thse f the pre-hybrid perid hs been nly 30 per cent fr 27.5 per cent increse in re shwing thereby prcticlly n impct r nly little, if ny, f imprved technlgies r new hybrid in bsting mize prductin in the stte. Cntrry, in Punjb there ws n increse in the crege during hybrid perid but the prductin incresed by 25 per cent. This pssibly ws fr incresed verge yield f the crp fr use f new hybrids nd imprved m:mgement technlgies. Similrly in Jmmu nd Kshmir n increse f 25 per cent in the re during the hybrid perid resulted in 50 per cent increse in the prductin. In H. P., hwever, the impct ws remrkble nd it ws nted tht the ttl crege in the stte incresed by 1 per cent nd the crrespnding prductin by 267 per cent being highest cmpred t ll ther sttes in the cuntry. All these shw the high impct f the mngement technlgies nd imprved hybrids n bsting ttl prjuctin. In A. P. the re t level less thn 0.2 millin h in the fifties nd mid-sixties rse t 0.25 millin h by nd t 0.27 millin h by The prductin frm level f 0 10 miliin tns in incresed t 0.15 millin in but then decresed t 0.10 miliin tns

MAIZE I IDIA AD I RAJASTHA 55 in the tw fllwing yers. The prductin therefter grdully incresed reching t the mximum f 0.57 millin tns in 1973-74 fter the rele~e f hybrid vrieties.

8 MAIZE I IDIA AD I RAJASTHA 55 in the tw fllwing yers. The prductin therefter grdully incresed reching t the mximum f 0.57 millin tns in fter the rele~e f hybrid vrieties. In therwrds, ver yers there hd been nerly 2-3 fld incre~e in the the mize prductin in the stte ver the prductin level f ginst less thn 50 per cent increse in the re during the sme perid. The re nd prductin trend ver the yers in Gujrt hd been mre r less like tht jn Andhr Prdesh but the increse In prductin nd crege hs been grdul nd ls less in this stte. It is nted tht the prductin exceeded 0 2 millin tns s erly s nd reched t 0.3 millin tns in therefter decresed drsticlly -t hlf by The prductin frm nwrds incresed nd reched t the level f 0.44 millin tns in nd remined sttic in fllwing yer but decresed therefter t less thn 0.2 millin by The prductin trend ver yers hd been highly fluctuting. Yerly fluctutins in the mize utput cmpred t the mjr khrlf crps like bjr nd jwr nd l, t ttl fd grins in the cuntry fr t rericd is given in tble 3 (R, 1974). It is nted tht the prefrmnce f mize during. these yers hs been by fr the -best. Out f 23 yers, 16 yers hve been f incresed prductin ver preceding yers nd 3 yers with nly mrginl decre~e. In remining 4 yers there hd been significnt decre~e in 1he prductin cmpred t the preceding yers. The imprtnt rescn fr ttl lw utput hs been lw prductin per unit re per se. Averge yields f mize ver yers in the cuntry nd in Rjsthn re given in fig. 1. If we nlyse the verge yields.chieved fr five yees f green revlutin ( t ) nd cmpre -with thse chieved fr five yers preceding green revlutin ( t ) it is bserved tht there hd been nly 5.3 per cent increse during green revlutin perid with respective men yields f 1049 Kg nd 966 Kgjh. Highest verge yield f 1279 Kgjh ws chieved in which decresed t 9 Kgjh in the fllwing yer. In Rjsthn. n the cntrry, the yields in five yers f green revclutin decresed by 12 per.cent cmpred t five :yers preceding green revlutin. The~e yields respectively \\ere 848 nd 961 Kgjh. The decrese in the verge yield in nd ws minly fr extreme drughts set in the sesn. If these tw yers f pr verge yields re nt ccunted the increse during five yers f green revluticn ver five yers preceding green revlutin in the stte wuld be equl t, thse chieved in the cuntry. Higher ttl prductin in the the cuntry nd in Rjsthn in nd were minly fr higher verge yields per unit re brught but minly fr' well distributed rins ll ver. Similrly,

56 H.S. MA AD PUJAB SIGH Tble 3. Fluctutin in mlize utput 'cmpred t jwr, bjr nd ttl fd grins in the cuntry percent chnge ver previus yers Yer J wr Bjr Mize Ttl fd grin 1850-51 - 6.4-8.5-15.5 -- 7.

9 56 H.S. MA AD PUJAB SIGH Tble 3. Fluctutin in mlize utput 'cmpred t jwr, bjr nd ttl fd grins in the cuntry percent chnge ver previus yers Yer J wr Bjr Mize Ttl fd grin ll.o ,

MAIZE I IDIA AD I RAJASTHA 57 14 n 12 ----. I~OIA ----..- '1AJASTHAf"W IIOO'! ~ 10 z - Q..J w 7 >- leo 5 ~ 3 1956' 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 YEA R 5 72 1974 FIG,I. AVERAGE YIELDS OF MAIZE I IDIA RAJASTHA.

10 MAIZE I IDIA AD I RAJASTHA n I~OIA '1AJASTHAf"W IIOO'! ~ 10 z - Q..J w 7 >- leo 5 ~ ' YEA R FIG,I. AVERAGE YIELDS OF MAIZE I IDIA RAJASTHA. the lwer prductins in nd were primrily fr pr rinfll during the sesn. Cntrry t thes~ verge yields, the yields recrded under All Indi tinl Demnstrtins (Ann. 1973) shw huge gp in yields btinble (ptentil yield) nd yields btined. In the verge yield 'frm these demnstrtins tuched level f 3979 Kgjh nd then drpped t 3859 Kgjh in The highest individul crp yields in 'the cuntry were 9342 Kg nd 9037 Kg respectively during nd In Rjsthn ls the yields frm these demnstrtins verged rund 3693 kg. which is mre thn fur times higher thn the vrge yield ~ttined in the green revlutin perid. The mjr resns fr such wide gp hve been the dminnce f lcl vrieties ver hybrids nd the existence f cnventinl ld prctices f crp cultivtin On lrger prt f the re. The ther resn fr lw utput is the lwer cverge under hybrid vrieties. The perusl f the dt in tble 4, indicte tht ~he. ttl re under hybrid vrieties in the cuntry ws nly 5.2 per cent 'f the ttl mize re in the cuntry in , which rse t 7 per cent in nd then nly mrginlly t 7.8% dlring fllwing three yers reching mximum t 10.5% in In Rjsthn the re under hybrid vrieties ws nly

58 : H.S. MA AD PUJAB SIGH 0.67% in 1967-68 nd rse t mximum f 3.8% in 1969-70 nd therefter cnstntly decresed nd reched t 2.5% in 1972-73. Tble 4.

11 58 : H.S. MA AD PUJAB SIGH 0.67% in nd rse t mximum f 3.8% in nd therefter cnstntly decresed nd reched t 2.5% in Tble 4. Are nd percentge cverge under hybrid vrieties f mize in Indi nd in Rjsthn Yer Are Indi in (m h) ~~ f ttl re in Indi Are in % f ttl Rjsthn re III (m h) Rjsthn Future prspects: If the verge yields btined under tinl demnstrtins, thse in the cuntry nd the stte n the whle nd the ttl ver;lge under hybrid vrieties re visulised tgether ne my generlise tht the cultivtin f hybrids ver wider re with recmmended cultivtin prctices lne pper t be immedite 'slutin fr bsting mize prductin in the cuntry. dubt, the reserches fr imprving vrieties nd mngement prctices shuld cntinue but 'pririties shuld be llted t bves fr n erly impct. REFERECE Annymus Agriculturl Situtin in Indi VL Annymus Agriculturl sttistics nd Pln Prgress. Directrte f Agriculture, Rjsthn. Annymns Annul Reprt. tinl Demnstrtins I. C. A. R.,' ew Delhi. R, V. K. R. V ew chllnges befre Indin Agriculture. Dr. Pnse Memril lecture. First Ann. Cnf. Res. Sttistics nd 27 th Ann. Cnf. Ind. Sc; f Sttistics. April,

Solutions to Problems. Then, using the formula for the speed in a parabolic orbit (equation ), we have

Solutions to Problems. Then, using the formula for the speed in a parabolic orbit (equation ), we have Slutins t Prblems. Nttin: V speed f cmet immeditely befre cllisin. V speed f cmbined bject immeditely fter cllisin, mmentum is cnserved. V, becuse liner + k q perihelin distnce f riginl prblic rbit, s