Viscometry for Liquids

Transcription

1 S. V. Gupta Viscometry for Liquids Calibration of Viscometers ^ Springer

2 1 Flow Through Capillary Types of Flow Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow Motion in Laminar Flow Unit of Dynamic Viscosity Rate of Flow in a Capillary Kinetic Energy Correction End Correction Units of Kinematic Viscosity Corrections to C Due to Various Parameters Correction Due to Gravity Buoyancy Correction Correction Due to Thermal Expansion of Viscometer Bulb Correction to C Due to Different Temperatures of Loading and Use Correction to C Due to Change in Surface Tension Temperature Correction to Kinematic Viscosity 17 References 17 2 Kinematic Viscosity Scale and Uncertainty Primary Standard Establishing a Viscosity Scale Viscosity Measurement System At Level At Level II At Level III Equipment Required Master Viscometers Thermometers Bath Timer 26 ix

3 x Cleaning Agents Standard Liquids Detailed Procedure Calibration of Master Viscometers Calibration of Second Viscometer with Water Determination of Viscosity of Oil (Measurement at 40 C) Measurement with Second Viscometer Corrections and Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity at 40 C Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity Standards Maintained at NPLI Viscometers Standard Oils Propagation of Uncertainty in Establishing the Viscosity Scale Expression for Uncertainty in the nth Step Planning for Uncertainty Correction Due to Different Measuring and Stated Temperatures Uncertainty in the Value of Viscosity of Water 42 References 43 3 Capillary Viscometers Broad Classification Three Groups of Viscometers Modified Ostwald Viscometers Suspended Level Viscometers Reverse Flow Viscometers Modified Ostwald Viscometers Cannon Fenske Routine Viscometers Zeitfuchs Viscometers SEL Viscometers Cannon-Manning Viscometers BS/U-Tube Viscometer Miniature Viscometers BS/U-Tube or BS/U/M Pinkevitch Viscometers 57 Time Equilibrium Bringing the Sample up to the Timing Mark Suspended Level Viscometers Ubbelohde Viscometers Cannon Ubbelohde Viscometer Cannon-Ubbelohde Semi-Micro Viscometer BS/IP/SL (S) Viscometer BS/IP/MSL Viscometer 66

4 xl Fitz-Simons Viscometer Atlantic Viscometer Equilibrium Time Reverse Flow Viscometers Zeitfuchs Cross-Arm Viscometer Cannon-Fenske Viscometer Lantz-Zeitfuchs Viscometer BS/IP/RF U-Tube Reverse Flow Equilibrium Time Flow of Sample Through Capillary For All Samples Sample for Charging Viscometers 80 References 80 4 Rotational and Other Types of Viscometers Introduction Rotational Viscometers Coaxial Cylinders Viscometers Concentric Spheres Viscometer Rotating Disc Viscometer Cone and Plate Viscometer Coni-Cylindrical Viscometer Falling Ball/Piston Viscometers Falling Ball Viscometer Falling Piston Viscometer Rolling Ball Viscometer Measurement with Rolling Ball Viscometer Torsion Viscometer Oscillating Piston Viscometer Michell Cup and Ball Viscometer Construction Working VROC Physical Structure Results Analysis Advantage of Small Gap Viscometers for Specific Field Redwood Viscometer Redwood No 2 Viscometer Saybolt Universal Viscometer Saybolt Furol Viscometer Engler Viscometer Bubble Viscometer 105 References 105

5 xii 5 Oscillating Viscometers Oscillating Viscometers Damped Oscillations Measurement of 5 and T Logarithmic Decrement by Linear Measurement Logarithmic Decrement by Time Measurement Logarithmic Decrement by Time Measurement Between Two Fixed Points Viscosity Equations Right Circular Cylinder as Oscillating Body Sphere as an Oscillating Body Viscometer Used by Roscoe and Bainbridge Viscometer Viscometer Used by Torklep and Oye Support System Torsion Pendulum Torsion Wire Cross-Sectional View of the Viscometer Oscillation Initiator Measurement of 5 and T Calculation of Viscosity Viscometer Used by Kestin and Shankland Original Viscometer due to Kestin et al Viscometer Used by Berstad et al Sample Container and Temperature Control NBS Torsion Pendulum Torsion Pendulum Torsion Viscometer Theory for Calculations of Viscosity 131 References New Trends in Viscometers Tuning-Fork Viscometers Ultrasonic Viscometer Longitudinal Waves and Acoustic Impedance of Fluid Shear Waves and Shear Impedance of Fluid Ultrasonic Plate Waves Viscometer Device and Operation Basic Theory Results Viscosity by Love Waves Oudine of the Device Advantages of Micro-Acoustic Device Sensitivity of Love Wave Device 149

6 6.5 Piezoelectric Resonator Change in Frequency Versus Change in Mass Change in Frequency Versus Viscosity Impedance Versus Viscosity Piezoelectric Resonator in Biochemical Reactions Quartz Microbalance Piezoelectric Resonator as Density and Viscosity Sensor Micro-Cantilevers for Viscosity Measurement Introduction Theory Simultaneous Determination of Density and Viscosity Optical Fibre Viscometer Introduction Frequency Change of a Partially Immersed Fibre Experimental Arrangement Vibrating Wire Viscometer 164 References Commercial Viscometers Introduction Cambridge Viscometers Range of Products Viscolab 3000 and Viscopro Various Other Viscometers HAAKE Viscometer Range of Products Rotational Viscometers Haake Viscotesters 6 Plus and 7 Plus (Features) Falling Ball Viscometer Haake MicroVisco Version "L" or "R"? Anton Paar Viscometers Anton Paar Inline Viscometers Stabinger Viscometers Rolling Ball Viscometers Lovis 2000 M/ME A&D Viscometers Tuning Fork Vibration Viscometer A&D Viscometers Brookfield Viscometers Rotating Viscometers Falling Ball Viscometers Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometers High Shear CAP

7 xiv KU-2 Viscometer Process Viscometers Cannon Viscometers Master Capillary Viscometers Viscometers Used in Specific Field Cannon 2000 Series Viscometers Small Sample Viscometers Micro Sample Viscometer High Pressure Viscometer Process Viscometer Controller Digital Viscometer List Manufacturers/Dealers of Viscometers List of Indian Manufacturers and Dealers of Viscometer and Related Equipment Viscosity of Water Water as Primary Standard of Viscosity Viscosity of Water Viscosity Through Capillary Flow Capillary How Equations Work of Swindells et al Viscosity by Oscillating Viscometers Work of Roscoe and Bainbridge Work of Torklep and Oye Work of -ShanklandKestin and Shankland Work of Berstad et al Consolidation of Various Viscosity Values Temperature Dependence Pressure Dependence Mean Value at 20 C on ITS 90 Scale Dynamic, Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Various Temperatures 225 References 225 Appendix A: Standards Pertaining to Viscosity 227 Appendix B: Standard Oils (An Example) 231 Appendix C: Viscosity and Density of Standard Oils 233 Appendix D: Buoyancy Correction 237 Appendix E: Coefficients of Viscosity of Some Standard Oils 239

8 xv Appendix F: Equivalent Viscosities at 100 F 241 Appendix G: Moment of Inertia 243 Index 253