Introduction of Nano Science and Tech. Basics of Solid Mechanics in Nanostructures. Nick Fang
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1 Introduction of Nano Science and Tech Basics of Solid Mechanics in Nanostructures Nick Fang Course Website: nanohub.org Compass.illinois.edu ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 1
2 First Midterm Friday, Sept PM Coverage: Scaling Quantum Effects Molecular Dynamics of Transport Nanoscale Solid Mechanics A Review Lecture on Monday, Sept 21 ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 2
3 Mechanics at Nanoscale Why? Promising material behaviors (reduced defects and faster recovery) Coupling and quantum effect on mechanical response (this lecture) (E.G. mechanical thermometer) E.G. artists view of space elevators using CNTs Cleland and Roukes, Nature, 1998 ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 3
4 Theoretical Cohesive Strength Look back at the potential function for two atoms. Derivative is related to strength. Energy (r) r o o a Strength d ( r ) dr r Approximate strength curve with a sinusoid: sin r o a o = theoretical cohesive strength ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 4
5 Theory states: How Close is Theory? Way too high for common materials ( x too high) Look at whiskers o Small, defect-free fibers Agreement is a little better. E OR o E ~ 8 From: Hertzberg, p.76. ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 5
6 Defects in Solids To this point we have assumed perfect order in crystals Defects always exist in real materials Sometimes we add defects - alloying Classifications of defects Usually referring to geometry or dimension of defect Point : 1-2 atomic positions (10-10 m)- e.g. vacancies, interstitials Line: 1-Dimensional (10-9 to 10-5 m)- e.g. dislocations Interfacial: 2-Dimensional ( m) - e.g. grain boundaries Volume: 3-Dimensional ( m) - e.g. pores, cracks ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 6
7 Bulk Dislocation Movement Shear must act in direction of Burgers vector Edge Positive & negative Screw Right-hand & left-hand Analogies for motion Caterpillar crawling b From: Callister, p.156 ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 7
8 Stress Fields Adapted from Fig. 7.4, Callister 7e. Extra half plane of atoms cause lattice distortions Result in tensile, compressive, and shear strains in neighboring atoms Magnitude decreases with distance Pure compression and tension directly above and below slip line Over most of the effected region combination of stresses Screw dislocation Pure shear ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 8
9 Microscopic View of Strain-Stress (MPa) F F E E (%) ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 9
10 Flaws are Stress Concentrators! Results from crack propagation Griffith Crack a m 2 o t 1/ 2 K t o t where t = radius of curvature o = applied stress m = stress at crack tip For a crack, typically have a = 10-3 m a stress concentration factor = 10-9 m 2000* local applied ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 10
11 Griffith Approach V applied U a a U T U E a l a 2a 2a 2w thickness, t applied a crit Minimum criterion for stable crack growth: Strain energy goes into surface energy 2 2 a a 2 E ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved t 2 E s a a s 4 a t
12 So When Does Crack Propagate? Crack propagates rapidly if above critical stress i.e., m > c c EG a c 1/2 where E = modulus of elasticity Gc = specific energy release rate a = one half length of internal crack a EG = constant!! C c Measurable (fixed) materials properties Fracture Toughness, K c Brittle: G C 2 s Ductile: 2 G C s p ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 12
13 Quantum Fracture Mechanics V Applying Griffith s approach to atomic lattices, e.g. graphenes: U U a a a a U T a U E a crit From N. Pugno and R. S. Ruoff, Quantized fracture mechanics, Philosophical ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 13 Magazine 84 (2004),
14 Quantized Critical Strength! From N. Pugno and R. S. Ruoff, Quantized fracture mechanics, Philosophical Magazine 84 (2004), ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 14
15 Space Elevator: Out of Order? Nicola Pugno, Nano Today, 2007(2)44-47 ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 15
![Mechanical coupling at Nanoscale E.G. Piezoelectricity (i.e. electric potential in response to applied stress) S = strain (relative length change L/L, dimensionless) L0= ceramic length [m]](/docs-images/95/126112888/images/16-1.jpg "E = electric field strength [V/m] dij= piezoelectric coefficient of the material [m/v] See: www.physikinstrument.com ME 498 2006-09 Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved.")
16 Mechanical coupling at Nanoscale E.G. Piezoelectricity (i.e. electric potential in response to applied stress) S = strain (relative length change L/L, dimensionless) L0= ceramic length [m] E = electric field strength [V/m] dij= piezoelectric coefficient of the material [m/v] See: ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 16
17 Principle of Piezo-electric Effect Asymmetry in crystal leads to separation of charges under stress U+ U- Di ijej dji j Inversely, polarization in crystal induces stress Electric polarization Strain effect Ce de i ij j ij j Hooke s law piezo effect ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 17
18 Piezoelectric Sensing/Actuation Stack of piezo-tubes Quartz Tuning Forks, typically f=32khz ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 18
19 Magneto-restrictive Effect Magnetostriction is the strain of a material in response to change of magnetization. giant magnetorestriction found in nanostructured materials Application: Flat panel speakers (e.g. sound bugs) ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 19
20 Shape Memory Effect ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 20
21 Memory Alloys Example A nitinol wire reverts back to its original shape upon heating ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 21
22 Mechanical Nanoresonators Putting Mechanics into Quantum Mechanics, Keith C. Schwab and Michael L. Roukes, Physics Today, 2005, 36-42) ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 22
23 Thermal Noise in Resonators Cantilever total energy: Each are subject to thermal noise 1/2kT From We get ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 23
24 Additional Reading Callister, Chapter 7&8, in Materials Science and Engineering, 7th Edition, John Wiley, 2007 NanoHUB resource: Synthesis & Mechanics of Nanostructures & Nanocomposites by Rod Ruoff Cleland and Roukes, Noise processes in nanomechanical resonators, JAP, 92(2002)2758 ME Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All rights reserved. 24
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