Analysis of Pb, Cd and As in the Ambient Air of Residential Areas in the Vicinity of the Ulsan Industrial Complex

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1 w y wz 9«( 2y) 69~7, 2006 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis œ» Pb, Cd As»y Á *Áy *Á y** w w yw, * w y w y w, ** w w y lx Analysis of Pb, Cd and As in the Ambient Air of Residential Areas in the Vicinity of the Ulsan Industrial Complex Gi Ho Jeong, Jung-Mi Lee*, Sung-Ran Hong*, and Eun-Hwa Lee** Department of Chemistry, Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan , Korea *Department of Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Environment, Pusan National University, Busan , Korea **Interdisciplinary Program of Environmental System, Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan , Korea The three toxic heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, and As in the airborne particles collected from the heavily industrialized site in Ulsan Metropolitan City were determined. The average concentrations and range of concentrations were as follows: Pb 65±6 ( ) ng/m, As ±21 (2.8-77) ng/m, Cd 2.5±. (<DL-9.6) ng/m. The concentrations determined from two other cities were compared, and the levels from Ulsan were comparable with those from them. The concentrations between PM 10 and heavy metals did not show any significant correlation. Key words : Heavy metals, PM 10, Pb, Cd, As 1.» ƒ w, ƒ w, w w š q,»k» w w. sw ƒ. 1,2) PM µm w ss. ) ù l 10 µm w (PM 10 ) y» s³ 70 µg/m w, 24 s³e 150 µg/m w ³ wš. 4) wr w û w» e s³ 0.5 µg/m w ³ wš ³ œ l š œ yw œ, w œ w ƒ 1986 ù» p. û, e wì š, š Ÿ w s» y x j š. 5) œ 1 yw œ 2» û(pb), e (Cd), (As) w w. Ÿ l 0 km ewš Ÿ ü w w w Pb, Cd, As ƒ kw. û»y» w ³ To whom correspondence should be addressed. ghieonag@pusan.ac.kr

2 70»yÁ Áy Á y, š, x». ù û»y s³ 1.5 µg/m w, p» w x» ƒ w ppm wš, e»y» e š»y x» 1.0 mg/sm w w š. 6) 2.2. œ ( y ) yw œ ( ) û w. œ û œ ƒ ew,, LGyw, š, g yw ew. yw û yw ew š yw, û w y, ew š.» 2001 l 10 ¾ 8 1z w 10z w. 24 e w.» Table High Volume Air Sampler (Kimoto Electric Co.) w (borosilicate glass microfiber filter, Whaman EPM 2000, cm 2 ) s w, 1. m /min œ» w µm w w. 20Û2 o C, 50 Û10% f l(auto Desicator, SK- CO15A) w ¾ w ƒ (A200S, Sartorius) w 0.1 mg¾ e w z w. w f p g s wš z ¾ f l w. š, š w wƒ ƒ wš w j q(anton Paar) w w. f l w w j» w j q» š 65% HNO 4 ml 96% H 2 SO 4 1 ml ƒw 250 W 6, 450 W 6, 600 W 6 ƒ w. ƒ þ jš w 47 mm w k v j ¼ z 5% HNO š x w. w v»(icp/ms) w. ƒ w w,»» w, ü t Table 2, ICP-MS Table w. Table 2. Analytical mass, instrumental detection limit (IDL) and internal standards(is) for analysis of elements Elements Analytical Mass IDL* (ng/m ) Recommended Internal Standard Pb Th Cd In In As Ge Table 1. Meteorological data corresponding to the sampling sequence in Ulsan Sampling date Average temp. ( o C) Relative humidity (%) Precipitation (mm) Prevailing wind direction Wind speed (m/s) 1st. 27 Mar NE 2.8 2nd. 17 Apr NW 1.7 rd. 08 May NNE 1.7 4th. 28 May S 1.6 5th. 20 June E 1.7 6th. 10 July WSW 2.2 7th. 0 July WSW 2.4 8th. 20 Aug NNE 2. 9th. 26 Sep N th.16 Oct N 1.1

3 Table. Operational conditions of ICP-MS Description 2.4., w z w ƒ t w w. ƒ ù w ù w ü w. w t AccuTrace TM Reference Standard ICP-MS 5%-HNO 10 µg/ml. t w. w œvl w z 5 k w l w. ƒ w w d t r (stdv) w z w (IDL) t r w. z œvl ƒ 7) t ƒwš z d w w s³ w, Pb 91.5Û0.7%, Cd 105Û%, As 105Û2% ùkû. œ» Pb, Cd As 71 Conditions RF forward power 1000 W Argon gas flow rate Coolant 14.8 L/min Auxiliary 0.84 L/min Nebulizer 0.90 L/min Sample uptake flow 1.0 ml/min Nebulizer Concentration type Quadruple chamber torr Sample introduction. š.1. e w s s z œ» l w w š Table 4 ù kü. S.P W W f i = µg m V S.P : (µg/m ) W f : s z (g) W i : s (g) V : œ» s³ 5.8 µg/m, 47.7 µg/m, 56.2 µg/m ùkû, ü 12.6 µg/m ùk û œ s³ 1/4. ù 1977 y wš 1994» ƒw PM 10»y» e s³ 70 µg/m, 24 s³ 150 µg/m w. d» s³e 4) s³» e w, 4» w š, p 4 x ƒ, 24 s³» e w. w. 5 l 10 ¾ PM µg/m s³.6û7.6 µg/m ùkü. Table 4. PM 10 levels at the three sampling sites (µg/m ) Sites Sansung Sinchon Sunam Mean Reference site: 12.6 on 25th June and 0th July 1st. 27 Mar nd. 17 Apr rd. 08 May th. 28 May th. 20 June th. 10 July th. 0 July th. 20 Aug th. 26. Sept th. 16 Oct Mean 5.8Û Û Û Û.2

4 72»yÁ Áy Á y.2. s d» Table 5 w. d» s³ Pb 65Û6 ng/m, As Û21 ng/m, Cd 2.5Û. ng/m ùkû. d s» j s w. ( ) Pb 41 ( ) ng/m, Cd 1. (<DL-9.6) ng/m, As (2.8-77) ng/m ùkû. w 7 d ùkù w. 7 d»» p s³» 8 ƒ š, tw d» û (WSW). ù ³ œ d û e w š d œ ƒ¾ œ» tw j w e. d w Pb ƒ ƒ» ƒ ww As Cd w w w e.» (WHO) e 8) Pb 500 ng/m wš,» w. Pb As ƒ ng/m j y» ƒ w y w š. Cd û WHO e 8) 5 ng/m w. d w d s³ ƒ j š s ùkû. ³ œ ƒ ew y w». ü s³ Pb 2.2 ng/m, Cd <DL( w ), As 4.7 ng/m ùk û. œ d w w. Table 6 d w. PM 10 l w š, TSP 1 PM 10 2 s³w w š, TSP. w Table 5. Concentration of Pb, Cd and As at three sampling sites from Mar. to Oct (unit: ng/m ) Items Pb Cd Sites Mar. 27th Apr. 17th May 8, 28th June 20th July 10,0th Aug. 20th Sept. 26th Oct. 16th Mean Ûstdv Sansung Û54 Sinchon Û80 Sunam Û59 Sansung ND 2.9 ND.5Û.7 Sinchon ND ND ND 2.7Û.6 Sunam ND ND ND ND 1.4Û2. Sansung Û15 As Sinchon Û19 Sunam Û28 ND : none detected Table 6. Comparison of the airborne trace metal concentrations measured from other cities in Korea [averageûstdv, (median), range (unit: ng/m )] Metals Ulsan/PM 10 (This study) Daejon/TSP, PM 10 (Ref. No. 10) a Seoul(I)*/TSP (Ref. No. 1) Seoul(G)*/TSP (Ref. No. 1) Pb Cd As 65Û6 (41) Û. (1.) <DL-9.6 Û21 () Û15 (227) Û2.46 (2.4) Û4.58 (4.88) *I: Industrial site, Guro; G: Grassland site, Bangi; DL: Detection limit a: TSP data for 1 year and PM 10 data for 2 years 87.7Û65.1 (7.9) Û.17 (2.2) <DL-15.7 (No data) 74.1Û5.9 (64.0) <DL*-27.24Û2.55 (.20) <DL-11.1 (No data)

5 œ» Pb, Cd As 7 ƒ» PM 10 9) w w. Pb x ùkûš, w. Cd w ùkû. As { ùkû. w ³ œ ƒ ew ƒ w š As ùkùš Pb Cd... Table 7 ƒ d w. w. ùkü.» wš ³ ƒ x» ƒ w w» wù» w wš. Table 8 w. Cd Pb ƒ 0.76 d w š. Cd As w š. k» ƒ w ƒ. Table 7. Correlation coefficient between PM 10 levels and heavy metal concentrations. Sansung Sinchon Sunam Pb Cd As Table 8. Correlation coefficient between concentrations of heavy metals. Sansung Sinchon Sunam Pb:Cd Pb:As Cd:As œ PM 10 s w Pb, Cd, As» d w. d d» s³ Pb 65Û6 ng/m, As Û21 ng/m, Cd 2.5Û. ng/m ùkû, ü s³ Pb 2.2 ng/m, Cd ND, As 4.7 ng/m ùkû. 1/4 û. PM 10 d» s³ s³» y» e w, 4» w š, p 4 x ƒ. w ƒ. œ» d Pb, Cd, As d w As ùkû Pb Cd w ùkû. Pb WHO e w» e w Cd» w ƒ. š x 1. K. H. Kim, B. J. Choi, S. T. Yun and S. J. Hwang, Environmental Pollution, 2004, 127, E. Manoli, D. Voutsa and C. Samara, Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 6, B. Hileman, Environ. Sci. & Tech., 1981, 15, y» w ( m 19497y) 2 (y» ) t C. Baird, Environmental Chemistry, 1995, 47-49, Freeman and Company, New York. 6.»y w³e(w e 29y) 12 ( x» ) t R. M. Harrison and S. J. de Mora, Intro-ductory Chemistry of the Environmental Sciences 2nd ed. 1996, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 8. WHO, 2000, World Health Organization, Guide-lines for Air Quality 2nd ed., Chapter. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, p E. Beceiro-Gonzalez, J. M. Andrade-Garda, E. Serrano-Velasco and Lopez-Mahia, The Sci. of Total Environ., 1997, 196, K. H. Kim, J. H. Lee and M. S. Jang, Environ. Pollution, 2002, 118,

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