LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS OF GRADED BEEF CARCASSES
|
|
- Laurence Curtis
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 0. LABORATORY CHARACTERSTCS OF GRADED BEEF CARCASSES A M E R C A N MEAT N S T T U T E F O U N D A T O N *.**..**...*..*...*...*...*.*...* Mr. Chairman, Mr. Franklin, bkmbers of the Conference and Guests: t i s a r e a l pleasure t o t a l k before t h i s group about s o w of the studies that we have carried out a t the American *at n s t i t u t e Foundation on graded beef carcasses. As Mr. Pierce has already stated, t h i s work was carried out under contract with the Livestock Branch of the Agricultural Marketing Service, and the d e t a i l e d r e s u l t s w i l l be presented i n a U.S.D.A. technical bull e t i n t h a t is now being prepared. The report that w i l l give t h i s morning i s a s u m r y of t h e r e s u l t s obtained i n t h i s threeyear study which involved some 53 graded beef carcasses.. ntroduction k n y investigators have determined the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of beef and attempted t o r e l a t e these c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o carcass grade and t o organoleptic properties. No attempt w i l l be made here t o review the l i t e r a t u r e on t h i s subject. This report i s a summary of some of the r e s u l t s obtained from a three year study involving 53 graded beef carcasses. The research was supported by contract with the Livestocks Branch, Agricrzltural h r k e t i n g % m i c e, U.S.D.A., and r e s u l t s w i l l be published i n d e t a i l i n a U.S.D.A. Technical Bulletin. Materials and Methods The carcas8 groups selected f o r study are shown i n Table. Three carcasses from each group were selected each year f o r a three year period making a t o t a l of 27 l i g h t, 27 heavy, 36 l i g h t, 36 heavy, and 27 Commercial Cow carcasses. R i b cuts from a l l carcasses and rounds from /3 of the carcasses were removed approximately 48 hours a f t e r s l a u g h k r and transported t o the laboratory. The Longissimus dorsi of the r i b and Semitendinosus muscle of the round were sampled immediately and a f t e r 2 and 4 weeks aging of the cuts a t 3335OF. The d e t a i l s of sampling and procedures used f o r the various determinations are described i n d e t a i l i n a U.S.D.A. Technical Bulletin which i s i n preparation. Results and Discussion Carcass Composition. Based on the ammat of separable lean, f a t and bone i n t h e 90 r i b section, calculated carccss composition values (Table ) indicate that Grade carcasses contained more f a t and less lean and bone than grade carcasaes, with Commercial Cow carcasses i n t e r mediate between the two groups of younger animals. These findings a r e i n agreement with our expectations and coxxfirm results of other investigatore.
2 . Color of b a n. Lean color of r a w ribeye as determined by comparison with Mmseii Color Plates, was very significcznt.y related t o carcasa grade and extent of aging. The color of Prim grade ribeye uw3 l i g h t e r than t h a t from good o r Commercial grade and aged ribeye was l i g h t e r i n color than unaged ribeye. Marblm. Subjective marbling ratings on raw ribeye indicated t h a t Prim grade ribeye was s i g n i f i c a n t l y better marbled than grade ribeye with Comnercial Cow ribeye intermediate (Table SS). Beavy carcasses i n each grade exhibited aomwhat better ribeye marbling than l i g h t carcasses. Shear Strength. Although the average shear values (/2 inch cylinders) for r a w ribeye f o r the differttnt carca88 groups varied from 4.2 t o 9.4 there was no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p between shear value f o r the r a w ribaye and carcass grade o r weight o r extent of aging. Cooking (broiling) markedly increased t h e shear strength of nngissimus d o r s i but decreased that of Semi.tendinosu6. Aging the raw meat reduced the shear strength of the cooked mat and shear strength of the cooked ribeye was very s i g n f f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f o r the d i f f e r e n t carcass groups. (Table V). Press Fluid. The data (Table V) show that r a w ribeye from carcasses yielded more f l u l d than t h a t from carcasaes with Commercial carcas8e8 intermediate, Aging reduced the y i e l d of press f l u i d. Cooked ribeye yielded more press f l u i d than raw, b u t t h e r e were no consistent carcass grade o r aging e f f e c t s. Similar results were obtained with the Semitendinosus, Other Physical Tests. Specific conductance, pentetrometer readings, and objective firmness values f o r ribeye and Semitendinosus were not related s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o carcass grade o r weight. n t r a m s c u l a r Fat. ntramacular f a t i n the raw ribeye varied from.5 t o 2 6. m ' i n r a w Semitendinosus from 0.6 t o 9.4%. There were d i s t i n c t differences i n i n t r m s c u l a r f a t due t o carcass grade and weight (Table V). Nonprotein N i t r o e, Amino Nitrogen and Soluble Protein Nitrogen The amount of these nitrogenous components of ribeye and Semitendinosus were not r e l a t e d t o carca88 grade o r weight. During aging the &no nitrogen and nonprotein nitrogen content o f raw meat increased s l i g h t l y but significantly. A t the sa= time the soluble protein content decreased and t o a much g r e a t e r extent than could be accounted for by the increase i n nonprotein nitrogen. Creatine and Creatinine. The creatine content of raw ribeye varied from 95 GTOOg t o 43 mg./l%, and the creatinine content varied from 8 t o 44 mg./loog. There were no conslatent dif'ferences related t o carcass grade o r weight. Aging and cooking increaeed the creatinine content of the meat., Muscle Fiber Diamter. The muscle fiber diameter of samples from Phmcle t i s s u e from older animals had s l i g h t l y l a r g e r f i b e r s than corresponding tissue from younger animals. Fiber diameter in the Semitendinosus was g r e a t e r than i n the ribeye from the same carcass. 40 carcaeses varied from 27 t o 74 microns. m e c l e Bundle Size. Primary muscle bundle cross sectional area i n the samples studied varied from 0.07 t o.47 square millimeters but differences
3 2. were not associated with carcass grade o r weight. Primary muscle bundles were l a r g e r i n the ribeye than i n Semitendinosus from the same carcassr Elastin Content and E l a s t i n Fiber Diaraeter. On the basis of h i s t o chemical es6imatiori f a r e l a s t i n on samples from 84 carcasses the e l a s t i n cont e n t and e l a s t i n ffber diamter were much g r e a t e r i n the Semitendinosus than i n ribeye. Aging and/or cooking had no detectable influence on e l a s t i n. Collagen. Results obtained on all samples studied did not show any consistent differences in the collagen content of raw o r cooked ribeye due t o carca6s grade o r weight, but the amount of collagen was reduced s l i g h t l y by aging and/or cooking (Table V ). The Semitendinosus contained more collagen than Longissimus d o r s i from the same carcass. h s c l e Fiber Autolysis, Fiber autolysis varied from 0 t o 4 or an a r b i t r a r y subjective r a t i n g scale, but was not consistently related t o carcass grade. Autolysis r a t i n g s were increased by aging, especially during t h e f i r s t two weeks period. Autolysis i n t h e Semitendinosus was much less extensive than i n the ribeye and the e f f e c t of aging was not a6 pronounced. Cooking Losses. The t o t a l cooking 068 durfng b r o i l i n g of steaks from r i b and round of c&rcasse8 studied was not associated with carcass grade o r weight. However, d r i p loss was d i r e c t l y correlated with separable fat, E n d evaporation l o s s was inversely correlated with separable fat] of t h e steaks. Aging reduced d r i p loss m d increased evaporation loss during broiling. Lean Flavor of Broiled Steaks. The panel scores f o r lean f l a v o r of broiled ribeye samples ranged from 5. 2 t o 9.9 and those f o r broiled Semitendinosus ranged from 3.5 t o 7.7. There were pronounced differences i n l e a n flavor scores due t o c a r c a ~ sgrade and extent of aging (Table V). Tenderness of Broiled Steaks. The panel scores f o r tenderness of broiled ribeye ranged from 2.2 t o 9.3 and those f o r broiled Semitendinosus ranged from 3.0 t o 8.2. Tenderness of broiled ribeye vas associated with carcass grade and aging (Table X). The aging e f f e c t wa8 more pronounced on and Commercial grade carcasses than on. Juiciness of Broiled.Steaks. Juiciness score6 f o r broiled ribeye varied from 4.3 t o 9.0 and those f o r broiled Semitendinosus varied from 3.7 t o 8.0. Ribeye f r o m l i g h t grade carcasses was s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s juicy than that from other carcass grades and weights. Semitendinosus w&s less j u i c y than ribeye. O t h e r than these, differences i n juiciness were not consistently associated with carcass grade o r weight or extent of aging. Biochemical Properties. The a c t i v i t y of proteolytic and c e r t a i n oxidative enzyme systems i n beef muscle t i s s u e was investigated during the course of these studies. The r e s u l t s indicate that variations i n carcass gsde and weight were not r e l a t e d t o the carbohydrate metabolism of the muscle from the time we received the samples (48 hour6 after slaughter) t o the end of a four week6 aging period. ntramuscular Variation and ntermuscular Differences. Data obtained i n the cour6e of t h i s study'indicated some small but d i s t i n c t d i f f e r ences i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the Longissimus dorei from one end of the r i b cut
4 3. t o the other. The posterior portion contsined less f a t but more collagen and had a higher shear strength than t h e a n t e r i o r portion. n broiled ribeye the posterior end as compared t o the a n t e r i o r had higher s p e c i f i c conductance, more zollagen and lower scores f o r lean f l a v o r and tenderness. The center portion of the Semitendinosus contained more f a t, exhibited a g r e a t e r a u t o l y s i s l e v e l and had a lower shear strength than did e i t h e r end, Wscle fiber diameter n t h e Semitendinosus decreased progressively from top &o bottom. Despite t h e quantitative differences between the muscles and withi n %he same muscle, some of the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the two musclee were f a i r l y weu. correlated (Table X) ReSatlonships of Some Chemical, Physical and E i 6 t o l ~ i C a lproperties t o Organoleptic Characteristics.!tenderness of cooked ribeye was very d e f i n i t e ~ associated w i t h carca88 f a t, intramuscular f a t, and marbling (Table X ) e 6 8 s consistent relationships irere shown between tenderness and Specific conductance, lean color o r a u t o l y s i s rating. Tenderness was not s i g n i f i c a n t l y correlated w i t h the collagen content of raw or cooked meat o r with penetrometer readings. Juiciness ~ c o r e 8of cooked ribeye were very eignificantly correlated w i t h carca88 f a t, intramuscular fat, and marbling rating, but showed no con s i s t e n t relationship t o any other properties of the e a t, Lean f l a v o r scores f o r cooked ribeye t ~ r enot consietently related t o any of the other propertiea of the neat. summary On the b a s i s of r e s u l t s from 53 graded beef carcasses t h e following findings appear most s i g n i f i c a n t. grade carcasees were f a t t e r than grade carcassee. Ribeye from grade c a r c a s e e ~as compared t o t h a t from grade had a lower shear strength (raw and cooked), more press f l u i d (raw), g r e a t e r e l e c t r i c a l conductance (raw), more intrarrmscular fat, b e t t e r marbling and b r i g h t e r lean color, More d r i p 066 but l e s s evaporation l o s s wa6 noted after b r o i l i n g rib steaks from as compared t o grade carcasses. The ribeye of broiled r i b steaks from Prius grade c a r c a 6 3 e ~had b e t t e r lean f l a v o r and was more tender than t h a t from grade carcasse6. Juiciness acores f o r ribeye from l i g h t grade carcasees were less than those f o r ribeye f o r other groups of carcasses. For almost a l l these grade differences ribeye from Commercial carcasses ranked between the mean8 f o r and c a r c a s ~ e s. Aged r a w ribeye as compared t o f r e s h had a higher ph and contained higher percentages of nonprotein nitrogen, free amino nitrogen and creatinine but less soluble protein. Aging increased the autolysis l e v e l and improved the color of raw meat. Aging f o r two weeks improved the tenderness and lean f l a v o r of broiled ribeye. An additional two weeks aging period had l i t t l e tenderizing influence and uas detrimental t o fat and lean flavor.
5 Table Grade and Weight of Carcassee Studied Dates Sampled Wight Grade c Commercial 650 Jan., June, Aug. t t Jan., June, Aug., Oc,. t t Jan., A u g., Oct. Table Carcass Cornpositdon &nge of Different Grades and Weights Separable Lean Se parable Bone k % F rime Eeavy Eeavy Commercial Cow Table.9% 2.00 Corn. cow 2.3,
6 5 Table V Thf'luence of Carcass Grade, Aging and Cooking on Shear Strength ( l b s. ) ~ ~~~~~ Raw Xlbeye Raw Semitendinosus Cooked Semitendinosus Cooked Ribeye :: 58 0 aging 2GE.J Cooked Ribeye Cooked &mitendinof3lm3 g L9.2 Reavy corn. Ught '~~~~, 2 weeks cow 93.6 ~ L 8*7 9.9 J > p.. Differences between mans not bracketed together is significant. p / Table V Average ~ r e s sfluid i n $ from ~ongissimusdorsi from Carcasses Sampled i n August
7 6. 3.,' 4.6 L,J LJ Corn. cow 6.3 Prim 8.J 8.7.L... L..T. t Table V Average Collagen Content ($ by Volume) of Ribeye and Semiteiidinosus from Carcasses Sampled i n August RAV RBEYE *.. 0 3* COOKED RBEYE
8 7. Table V Average eaa Flavor Scores for Ribeye from Carcasses Sampled i n August and January come Cow eavy 7.7, Difference between means not bracketed together is significant corn. cow ,8 6*2J 0 aging 5.5 PriW L, J 2 weeks 7 2!. (
9 8. Table X Correlation Coefficients f o r Characgeristics of 2 week6 0 aging Tende r e 6s J u i cines s Collagen, raw Fat, raw Sp. Cond., raw r ** , M.375* r No..4 24s W,474* Table X Linear Correlation Coefficients Between Tenderness and Other Properties of Ribeye Second Year's Result6 ~. T. Carcass ktt ntramuscular Fat Marbling Rating Shear, cooked Sp. Cond., r a w Autolysis Rating Lean Color Rating Collagen, Raw Collagen, Cooked Penetrometer, Raw * Significant ** Significant No. r.55w+.598w 33*,03 562** 827w.488*.7**..e2.043 No.? r.2 97*.333*.5* 070.( a t S$ level a t % l e v e l CAlJiMAN PEARSON: Thank you, D r. Doty. 0.m next paper t h i s morning i s e n t i t l e d, "Visual Evidence of Beef Q u a l i t y as Associated with Eating Desirability, ' and t h i s paper w i l l be given by D r. R. L. Hiner of the U.S.D.A.
10 9. DR R, L. XNER, U, S, Dept of Agriculture : M r Chairman, Members of the Reciprocal *at Conference and Guests : The subject that has been aebigned to me is "Viaual Evidence of Beef' Quality a8 Associated with Eating Desirability. " if 8 #. ###.#if i%
QUAL I T Y C H A R A C T E R i S T l C S I N PORK
TECHNIQUES OF NfASURlNG SOME QUAL I T Y C H A R A C T E R i S T l C S I N PORK I n previous studies of pork evaluation, t h e term q u a l i t y has received various meanings. Even though some researchers
More informationMEASURES OF MUSCLING IN PORK CARCASSES
139 MEASURES OF MUSCLING IN PORK CARCASSES A We PEARSOW The increased emphasis on production of more lean meat per u n i t of weight, has resulted i n added emphasis being placed on muscling i n pork carcasses
More informationEffect of finishing practices on beef quality from Rectus Abdominis and Longissimus Thoracis muscles of Maine Anjou culled cows
25-30th august 2013 EAAP meeting Effect of finishing practices on beef quality from Rectus Abdominis and Longissimus Thoracis muscles of Maine Anjou culled cows COUVREUR S. 1, LE BEC G. 1, AMINOT G. 2,
More informationDevelopment of Optimal Protocol for Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopic Evaluation of Meat Quality
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln,
More informationImage analysis in computer vision: A high level means for Non-Destructive evaluation of marbling in beef meat
10 th International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography July 27-30, 2010, Québec (Canada) Image analysis in computer vision: A high level means for Non-Destructive evaluation of marbling in
More informationThe aecond method reviewed by Professor Wilford was that which i s recommended by t h e National Livestock and Meat Board.
81 F I F T H AffNUAL RECIPROCAL MEATS h CONFERENCE - Uniform Slaughtering and Cutting Methods f o r Lamb: Last y e a r ' s conference r e p o r t by t h e Lamb Carcass Evaluation Committee pointed up t
More informationFUR BE F FOR EVALUATION* CARCASS AND MEASURING GRADING. i n commercial coolers where it i s impractical t o obtain cold carcass weights,
108, A RECOMMEMDED GRADING By able whether ly, t h e Beef cedures such data. BE F PROCEDUfiE FOR FUR CARCASS MEASURING AND EVALUATION* t h e creation and use of standard methods data i s made more comparit
More informationit can certainly be considered to be strongly predisposing in that d i r e c t i o n.
155 A DETA ILED ANALYS IS OF FACTORS TO CONS IOER I N ORGANIZING AND EXECUTING A MEAT RESEARCH PROJECT TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF QUALITY AND FINISH ON THE ACCEWABI L l f Y OF BEEF The objective of t h
More informationNIR prediction of pork tenderness. Steven Shackelford, Andy King, and Tommy Wheeler USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center, NE
NIR prediction of pork tenderness Steven Shackelford, Andy King, and Tommy Wheeler USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center, NE 1. Slice shear force Background 2. Fresh (never frozen) vs Frozen
More informationENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS ON BEEF TENDERNESS IN TEXAS
ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS ON BEEF TENDERNESS IN TEXAS A Thesis by JODY LYNEA PEACH Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More information* Presented. 197n. The basic principles, a s outlined above, served as guidelines i n. DR. W R. USBORNE University o f Guelph
CANADA'S NEW BEEF GRADING SYSTEN*. DR. W R. USBORNE University o f Guelph Introduction Any s u i t a b l e meat grading s y s t e m should c l a s s i f y t h i s highly heterogeneous commodity i n t o
More information- Beall A NEW LOOK A T BEEF CARCASS E V A L U A T I O N PROCEDURES QUAL I TY F A C T O R S
118 A NEW LOOK A T BEEF CARCASS E V A L U A T I O N PROCEDURES QUAL I TY F A C T O R S H. B. C R A l O The tern, quality, a s it refers t o meat includes a nunber of a t t r i b u t e s which motivate
More informationss VALUE ON L i v f HOGS
91. HECHANICAL cama MEASUREMENT OF FATNESS ss VALUE ON L i v f HOGS AND E f f o r t s t o improve carcass value i n hogs by genetic means have been handicapped f o r lack of a rapid and accurate method
More informationEstimation of EUROP- Conformation and Fatness of Beef Carcasses by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis.
Estimation of EUROP- Conformation and Fatness of Beef Carcasses by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Z. Bohuslavek Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical Faculty, Czech University of Agriculture,
More informationE F F E C T OF SEX AND ENERGY L E V E L S
76. E F F E C T OF SEX AND ENERGY L E V E L S ON BEEF CARCASS COMPO'S1 T l O N V I N C E N T H. ARTHAUD UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA Consumers are increasingly expressing a preference f o r beef c u t s with
More informationR I C H A R D H m ALSMEYER. MEAT OUAL i T Y L A B O R A T O R Y R E S E A R C HDIVISION, ARS
R E S U L T S OF U L T R A S O # C RESEARCH ON B E E F C A T T L E N THE UN T E D S TA T E S R C H A R D H m ALSMEYER ANMAL ~ ~ MEAT OUAL i T Y L A B O R A T O R Y HUSBANDRY R E S E A R C HDVSON, ARS A
More informationW. Y. Vaxney.) Van Stavern, B. D Personal communication. Service, Ohio S t a t e University.
67 S a f f l e, R. L. and L. J. Bratzler. 1959. The e f f e c t of f a t n e s s on some processing and p a l a t a b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of pork carcasses, Food Technol 13:236..- Van
More informationCONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF GROUND B E E F
353. CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF GROUND B E E F R. S. GLOVER AUBURN U N I V E R S l TY & U N I V E R S I T Y OF G E O R G I A Any d i s c u s s i o n of ground beef probably should be prefaced by placing ernp'hasis
More informationChanging from recording ultimate ph to drip loss when improving breeding programs for quality traits in pigs
Changing from recording ultimate ph to drip loss when improving breeding programs for quality traits in pigs EAAP 2008, Vilnius, Lithuania August 2008 Speaker: Dan Olsen, Norsvin Scientist: Eli Gjerlaug-Enger,
More informationare imperative, It is especially important t o separate toughness caused by
S Y L V A COVER Because tenderness is such an important component of the eating s a t i s f a c t i o n of meat, a reliable method of detecting it i s greatly needed Such a method ought t o be s u i t
More informationA T 7 5, 1 2 5, 1 7 5, 225, AND 275 POUNOS. Dr. A. Pearson has worked with the p r i n c i p l e of determining volume i n a closed chamber.
49 U l TRA'SONIC E V A 1 U A T I O N OF C O M P O S I T I O N I N HOGS ' S L A U G H T E R E D A T 7 5, 1 2 5, 1 7 5, 225, AND 2 POUNOS R I C H A R D L H I W E R and J W THORNTON Early research by Warner,
More informationor a s t h e t i t l e suggests, " Q u a l i t a t i v e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e Meat Animal",
88. Q U A L I T A T I V E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F T H E ElEAT A N I H A L AS I N F L U E N C E O B Y P H Y S I O L O G I C A L M A T U R I T Y E Q U I V A L E N T S J. I. JI. GUENTHER Introduction
More informationON THE KEEPING QUALITY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PORK
METHODS USED I N DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF FREEZING AND STORAGE ON THE KEEPING QUALITY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PORK The f l a s h and f a t of pork is r e l a t i v e l y unstable when held i n storage
More informationEFFECTS OF B R E E D I N G ON BEEF CARCASS C H A R A C T E R I S t i C S
201 EFFECTS OF B R E E D I N G ON BEEF CARCASS C H A R A C T E R I S t i C S The ultimate end of a l l meat animals i s t h e consumerls table Thus, any breeding project involving meat a n w s must necessarily
More informationF A C I L C I I E S N E E D E D, N E A T S REOUIRED AND TCME N E C E S S A R Y FOR
38, F A C I L C I I E S N E E D E D, N E A T S REOUIRED AND TCME N E C E S S A R Y FOR T E A C H I N G I D E N T I F I C A T I O N O f C U T S AND G R A D I N G NATHAN S. HALE U N I V E R S I T Y OF M
More informationPrediction of beef chemical composition by NIR Hyperspectral imaging
1 Prediction of beef chemical composition by NI Hyperspectral imaging 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 3 Gamal ElMasry a ; Da-Wen Sun a and Paul Allen b a Food efrigeration and Computerised
More informationTHE. as it i s represented by a choice No. 1 grade as described by t h e Livestock. is meant by these words: Are you including dressing percent?
180 THE EFFECT OF TYPE CARCASS ON CHARACTERlSTlCS As I attempt t o discuss t h i s topic, I f i n d myself a t r i f l e confused over t h e exact meaning of two words i n t h e t i t l e, F i r s t, what
More informationO R G A H O L E P T I C TESTS DEVELOPED FOR M E A S U R I I G
111. O R G A H O L E P T I C TESTS DEVELOPED FOR M E A S U R I I G T H E P A L A T A B l L l T Y O F NEAT B E L L E LOWE I O W A S T A T E COLLEGE No one r e a l i z e s b e t t e r than t h e author,
More informationGrowth and Muscle Production
Growth and Muscle Production The goal of these lectures is to discuss basic physiology associated with the control of growth and muscle production. 32 The sections for this lecture are: Animal growth and
More informationComparison of methods for the determination the fat content of meat
57 th Annual Meeting Of The European Association For Animal Production, Antalaya, Turkey, September 17-20, 2006 (N32.20) Comparison of methods for the determination the fat content of meat Seenger J 1.,
More informationit behooves us t o consider the basis f o r the use of anyone, o r a combinat i o n of these indices.
222. SWINE CARCASS C O N T E S T E V A L U A T I O N METHODS B. C. BRElOEWSTElH Over a period of t h e past several years swine carcass contests have become increasingly popular. T h i s increased popularity
More informationClASS1FtCAtlON OF SUBJECT MATERIAL
207 ClASS1FtCAtlON OF SUBJECT MATERIAL I n the c l a s s i f l c a t i o n a of subject material pertaining t o meats we have a r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t task because of a l l t h e r e l a t e d subject
More informationMANDIGO. s t e p s involved w i t h c a r c a s s c h i l l i n g, curing, smoking, and f i n a l c h i l l i n g found i n conventional processing.
270. HOT C U T T N G AND P R O C E S S N G O F P O R K R. W. MANDGO The p r o c e s s i n g of pork products t o a f i n i s h e d form p r i o r t o i n i t i a l c h i l l i n g appears t o have many
More informationProceedings International Conference of Agricultural Engineering, Zurich, /8
Ref: C0086 Evaluating meat quality using Raman spectroscopy Qi Wang, Shaowei Ding, Karl Hamouche, Chenxu Yu, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011,
More informationGRADING BEEF A RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING AND FOR CARCASS EVAIUATI ON
89. A RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING AND FOR CARCASS EVAIUATI ON GRADING BEEF Experiment s t a t i o n workers a r e concerned with t h e efficient u t i l i zation of t h e nation s agricultural
More informationEFFECT OF D IETARY VITAMIN E L EVEL O N PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUAL ITY OF L UXI Y ELLOW BROIL ERS
15 4 Vol. 15,No. 4,44 48 2003 12 AC TA ZOON U TR IM EN TA SIN ICA Dec. 2003 : 1006-267X (2003) 04-0044 - 05 E,,,,, (, 271018) : 270 ( ) 3, 18mg/ kg -, 0 50 100mg/ kg -, 6 10, ( P > 0. 05), ( P < 0. 05),
More informationPRESENT & FUTURE 123. i s a sausage lab i n which each c l a s s prepares a t least one emulsion type
123. K A N S A S S T A T E U N I V E R S I T Y M E A T E D U C A T I O N PROGRAM PRESENT & FUTURE 0. H. K R O P F A l i s t of t h e Meat Courses c u r r e n t l y offered a t Kansas State University w
More informationEvaluation of Alternative Measures of Pork Carcass Composition
Evaluation of Alternative Measures of Pork Carcass Composition Introduction A.P. Schinckel, J.R. Wagner, J.C. Forrest, and M.E. Einstein Department of Animal Sciences and Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis
More informationFOOD FACT Proteins contain 4 calories per gram. Protein is a very important nutrient. It makes up most of our body cells, tissues and fluids.
PROTEIN FOOD FACT Proteins contain 4 calories per gram. Protein is a very important nutrient. It makes up most of our body cells, tissues and fluids. PROTEIN DEFICIENCY -LEADS TO KWASHIORKOR IN CHILDREN
More informationI22. EARLE W. KLOSTERMAN Ohio A g r i c u l t u r a l Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio
I22 BODY SIZE AND PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY* EARLE W. KLOSTERMAN Ohio A g r i c u l t u r a l Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio Beef c a t t l e s e l e c t i o n and performance t e s t i n g
More informationP. A. ANDERSON. means t h e placing of a d i f f e r e n t value on products.
44. THE N E E D FOR E S T A B L I S H I N G A C L O S E R CORRELATION I # THE J U D G I N G OF I I V E A N I M A L S AND T H E I R CARCASS GRADES AND C U T - O i l 1 V A L U E S P. A. ANDERSON U N l V
More informationR. L. HOSTETLER. s l i d e and a drop of s a l i n e s o l u t i o n added.
221. A M E T H O D TO S T U D Y T H E E F F E C T O F H E A T ON MUSCLE f l B E R S R. L. HOSTETLER The changes t h a t take place i n meat a s it i s heated i n preparation f o r e a t i n g have been
More informationmay be required in specific cases due to the objectives in mind, but such
THE USE O f THE U S D A G R A D E S T A N D A,? D S AS A T O O L I N E V d l U A T I N G PORK CARCASSES C L STRONG U H I T E D STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Pork Carcass evaluation assumes an important
More informationA S U R V E Y OF 4-H AND FFA MEATS P R O G R A M S
129. A S U R V E Y OF 4-H AND FFA MEATS P R O G R A M S Livestock production projects have always been popular among 4 - H Club and I T A members. The t r a i n i n g of boys and g i r l s i n meats has
More information- FUNOAHElVTAl HISTOLOGICAL NE THODS CONSIDERATIONS
175. HISTOLOGICAL NE THODS - FUNOAHElVTAl CONSIDERATIONS The purpose of' adopting histological methods in meat research is t o explore and establish relationships between the structure and quality of mat
More informationINTRODUCTION. The loss of moisture, shrinkage, associated with carcasses during the post-slaughter chilling, storing and distributing periods is of
AZINATE COATINGS FOR CARCASSES* * R. L. WEST, C. R. LAZARUS, J. L. OBLINGER AND A. Z. PALMER University of Florida INTRODUCTION The loss of moisture, shrinkage, associated with carcasses during the post-slaughter
More informationMULLINS, F. BOULWARE. Materials and Methods
42. R B T I C U L A R T I S S U E A N D MA.ST C E L L S I N R E l A T l O N T O TENDERNESS' R. S. L. E. CROW, A. HANSARD and M. R. MULLINS, F. BOULWARE UISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY _ - -L O_ - - _ - - - -
More informationINFLUENCE OF DIETARY BETAINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS IN MALE AND FEMALE GROWING-FINISHING PIGS
263 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 15 (No 3) 2009, 263-268 Agricultural Academy INFLUENCE OF DIETARY BETAINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS IN MALE AND
More informationRALPH W. JOHNSTON of Agriculture
I MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA I N PROCESSED MEATS* U S RALPH W JOHNSTON of Agriculture Department The s u b j e c t matter which I w i l l b r i e f l y d i s c u s s today i s f a r from being new Microbiological
More informationMaine-Anjou. PO Box 1100 Platte City, MO (816) fax (816)
Maine-Anjou PO Box 1100 Platte City, MO 64079-1100 (816) 431-9950 fax (816) 431-9951 E-mail: maine@kc.rr.com www.maine-anjou.org The Official Spring 2010 Sire Summary Foreword The Spring 2010 Sire Summary
More informationSwine: Selection and Mating of Breeding Stock 1
RFAA083 Swine: Selection and Mating of Breeding Stock 1 Walker, Randy 2 SELECTION OF GILTS Select gilts to be retained for the breeding herd at five to six months of age or when they weigh 200 lb or more.
More informationChemical Basis of Life
Chemical Basis of Life Jan 30 11:42 AM In order to understand digestion and nutrition, we need some basic biochemistry Chemistry studies the composition of matter and its changes as well as the change
More informationThe Caspase System: a potential role in muscle proteolysis and meat quality? Tim Parr
The Caspase System: a potential role in muscle proteolysis and meat quality? Tim Parr Caroline Kemp, Ron Bardsley,, Peter Buttery Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of
More information139. ROBERT G. KAUF'FMAN, Gross Muscle Anatomy of Ovine and Porcine, The Meat Quality Machine.
138. P R O S P E C T S OF R E P R O D U C I N G U S E F U L T R A N S P A R E N C I E S DONALD KROPF The Committee on Visual Aids Exhibits and Teaching Aids i s a t tempting t o f i n d o u t t h e e x
More informationYEAR'S EXPERIENCE CARCASS CUNTEST PROCEDURES. of t h e committee. My assignment has been t o report on a year's experience
CARCASS CUNTEST PROCEDURES A 75. YEAR'S EXPERIENCE Last year a t our meeting a t Knoxville, the carcass contest commttt e e presented recommendations f o r quality beef, pork and lamb contests. After much
More informationChapter 16: Correlation
Chapter 16: Correlation Correlations: Measuring and Describing Relationships A correlation is a statistical method used to measure and describe the relationship between two variables. A relationship exists
More informationUN I FORM CUTTl NG AND METHODS OF MEASURING LAMB CARCASSES
UN I FORM CUTTl NG AND METHODS OF MEASURING LAMB CARCASSES E J Wilford UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY I n my opinion t h e r e a r e two desirable methods of blocking out lamb carcasses f o r reaearch studies
More informationLectures 3, 9, 10, 11: Prenatal and
Animal growth and development 2 nd review Lectures 3, 9, 10, 11: Prenatal and Muscle Growth and Development Development Principles similarity among species progressive causal and irreversible; ing complexity
More informationCorn Basis Information By Tennessee Crop Reporting District
UT EXTENSION THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AE 05-13 Corn Basis Information By Tennessee Crop Reporting District 1994-2003 Delton C. Gerloff, Professor The University of Tennessee
More informationUNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE T E A C H I N G I N MEAT S C I E N C E. meat science seminar and another graduate l e v e l course.
. UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE T E A C H I N G I N MEAT S C I E N C E R. W. BRAY The meat science program at Wisconsin has developed since 13. A t that t i m e a meat animal research laboratory w a s converted
More informationR V I W OF CURi? NT 1 4 N B C4RC4SS R E S E A R C H
169 R V I W OF CURi? NT 1 4 N B C4RC4SS R E S E A R C H A. W e OLIVER OREGON S T A T E COLLEGE o.umcimm".ml. There a r e not as many projects i n lamb carcass research being worked on a s i n some other
More informationDistribution of cesium-137 in reindeer
Distribution of cesium-137 in reindeer Kristina Rissanen, Tua Rahola and Pauli Aro, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, SF-96500 Rovaniemi, Finland Summary: The influence of the Chernobyl
More informationF. B'. THOWAS NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
CLTRRENTAND PROPOSRDCATFISH PROCESSING AND MARKETING" F. B'. THOWAS NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY In t h e last decade, we have s e e n t h e development o f a new farm e n t e r p r i s e r i s e from
More informationQuantitative characters - exercises
Quantitative characters - exercises 1. a) Calculate the genetic covariance between half sibs, expressed in the ij notation (Cockerham's notation), when up to loci are considered. b) Calculate the genetic
More informationPHYSICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL PHASES OF MEAT RESEARCH
PHYSICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL PHASES OF MEAT RESEARCH R o b e r t Iv. Bray UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN This report is based on the eummrization of 47 questionnaires answered by college meat divisions, related
More informationCells & Cell Organelles. Doing Life s Work
Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life s Work Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote Eukaryotes animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most bacteria 1-10 microns eukaryotic
More informationJoy of Science Experience the evolution of the Universe, Earth and Life
Joy of Science Experience the evolution of the Universe, Earth and Life Review Introduction Main contents Group discussions Unless otherwise noted, pictures are taken from wikipedia.org Review 1 Organic
More informationWhat i s t h e U.S.L.A.
304. of products or a brand established f o r only t h e superior product? My own opinion i s t h a t t h e l e t t e r i s more u s e f u l. Then too, who should do t h e grading? I believe t h e system
More informationMs. Stacey-Ann Joseph HSB TEST 1
SECTION A: LIVING ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Circle the most appropriate answer for each question. 1. Which are not organisms? A. Bacteria B. Cars C. Trees D. Wolves 2. Which is defined by the power
More informationRapid determination of pork sensory quality using Raman spectroscopy
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Conference Proceedings and Presentations Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering 6-2010 Rapid determination of pork sensory quality using Raman spectroscopy Qi Wang
More information...E, NEW STATE EXTENSION MEATS. More farms could YORK
MEATS EXTENSION I N NEW YORK STATE h a t year Professor J I M i l l e r preeented our paper on Meats ExtenThat paper explained how we have planned our livestock extenelon a c t i v i ties We b a n heavily
More information02/02/ Living things are organized. Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures. Learning Outcome B1
Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures Learning Outcome B1 Describe the following cell structures and their functions: Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Golgi
More informationNature of matter. Chemical bond is a force that joins atoms
Nature of matter Atom the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means The subatomic particles of an atom consist of protons, neutrons and electrons Element is a pure substance
More informationPhotosynthesis and Life
7-1 Chapter 7 Photosynthesis and Life During photosynthesis Organisms use the energy of light to build highenergy organic molecules. Plants, algae, and some bacteria can do this. Can make their own food
More informationb. In Table 1 (question #2 on the Answer Sheet describe the function of each set of bones and answer the question.)
Biology EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION: Evidence has been found to indicate that living things have changed gradually during their natural history. The study of fossils as well as embryology, biochemistry,
More informationSTRUCTURAL AND PALATABILITY TRAITS OF GROUND BEEF HOT BONED, CHILLED AND FROZEN MUSCLE
STRUCTURAL AND PALATABILITY TRAITS OF GROUND BEEF HOT BONED, CHILLED AND FROZEN MUSCLE by Robert P. Nusbaum* Introduction sample. Thc freezing rates selected were calculated as the amount of time necessary
More informationReview Activity Module 1: Biological Chemistry
Review Activity Module 1: Biological Chemistry Laroche: The picture above is of a molecule calle MC1R. Based on what you ve learned so far about the various biological macromolecules, what kind of macromolecule
More informationPlant Water Stress Frequency and Periodicity in Western North Dakota
Plant Water Stress Frequency and Periodicity in Western North Dakota Llewellyn L. Manske PhD, Sheri Schneider, John A. Urban, and Jeffery J. Kubik Report DREC 10-1077 Range Research Program Staff North
More informationPre-lab homework Lab 4: Movement and Support
Lab Section: Pre-lab homework Lab 4: Movement and Support Name: 1. In lab this week we will examine the location of the three main plant tissues. What are these three tissues and what role do they play
More informationC 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O
Sample Question Solutions for the Individual Round Test 1. Glucose is the most basic sugar involved in human metabolism. Its structure is provided below a. The overall reaction of glucose metabolism is
More informationThere are a greater number of home freezers and combination freezer-refrigerators than in the past.
58 The fairly recent survey sponsored by the USDA and National Livestock and Meat Board indicated that 78% of the consumers would reject buying meat already frozen, although, 87% of the consw7lers do freeze
More information171. passed over t h e block w i t h no p a r t i c u l a r designation as t o quality. A s t h e
171. P R O B L E N S AND D E V E L O P M E N T S I N N E A T G R A D I N G The course o f events t h a t l e d t o t h e establishment o f t h e Federal Livestock and Meat Grading Service p a r a l l e
More informationBiology. Chapter 2 Notes
Biology Chapter 2 Notes Section 1: Nature of Matter Objectives: 1) Differentiate between atoms and elements 2) Analyze how compounds are formed 3) Distinguish between covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and
More information_-----_--_------_
177. PATHOLOGICAL C O N D i T l O N S I N MUSCLE WESLEY N O R M A N UNIVERSITY OF llllnols MEDI C A L S C H O O L -- ------_-----_--_------_------------- A dystrophic condition was i d e n t i f i e d
More informationThe Extraction of Lactic acid from Maize (Zea may)
International Journal of Material Science Innovations (IJMSI) 2(3): 47-51, 2014 ISSN 2289-4063 Academic Research Online Publisher Research Article The Extraction of Lactic acid from Maize (Zea may) Mahmud
More informationTNE. IHPORTANCE. OF M E A f RESEARCH I N 4 N I H 4 L SCIENCE
143 TNE. IHPORTANCE. OF M E A f RESEARCH I N 4 N I H 4 L SCIENCE The meat laboratory is a s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e modern Animal Husbandry o r Animal Science Department as barns and feed l o t s.
More information1. Matter is anything that has mass and volume. 2. What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
Name Chemistry: Matter, Water, Acids & Bases, and Macromolecules Study Guide This study guide is a good representation of what you will need to know for your test. You are responsible for completing the
More informationChapter 6 The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 6 The Chemistry of Life Atoms: The Building Blocks of Life Both living and non-living things have atoms Everything, living and non, is made of Atoms. An elements is something you can break down
More informationEnergy and Life. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 8.1 Energy and Life
8.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Energy is the ability to do work. Your cells are busy using energy to build new molecules, contract muscles, and carry out active transport. Without the ability to obtain and
More informationComponents of a functional cell. Boundary-membrane Cytoplasm: Cytosol (soluble components) & particulates DNA-information Ribosomes-protein synthesis
Cell (Outline) - Components of a functional cell - Major Events in the History of Earth: abiotic and biotic phases; anaerobic and aerobic atmosphere - Prokaryotic cells impact on the biosphere - Origin
More informationMilitary High School AL- Ain. Grade 10 &11. Biology Sample Questions. Student Name: Computer #:
Military High School AL- Ain Grade 10 &11 Biology Sample Questions Student Name: Computer #: Chapter 1: Cells In all multiple choice questions, more than answer could be correct Section : 1 What Is a Cell?
More information152. i s t o ensure t h a t lamb i n t h e d i e t permanently s a b s t i t u t e s f o r man! Thus I t o o am a zealous missionary.
152. THE F U T U R E OF THE L A M B I N D U S T R Y : R. A. T H E WORLD O U T L O O K BARTON M A S S E Y U N I V E R S I T Y,N E W Z E A L A N D My assignment today i s an i n t e r e s t i n g one. I
More informationBURNETT CENTER INTERNET PROGRESS REPORT. No. 13 -December, 2001
BURNETT CENTER INTERNET PROGRESS REPORT No. 13 -December, 2001 Use of individual feeding behavior patterns to classify beef steers into overall finishing performance and carcass characteristic categories
More informationCells and Tissues PART B
3 Cells and Tissues PART B PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Cellular Physiology: Membrane
More informationDescribe how proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are related to each other.
Name Date Molecular Biology Review Part 1 IB Papers Topic 2.1 Molecules to Metabolism Living organisms control their composition by a complex web of chemical interactions. Be able to: Explain how molecular
More informationa d e f i n i t i o n would be impossible of a p p l i c a t i o n because no one has e s t a b l i s h e d
22. SOME A S P E C T S OF P H Y S O L O G C A L GROWTH OF M E A T A N M A L S R. NTRODUCTON: 6. KAUFFMAN Physiological Growth Defined A s an animal grows it increases i n w e i g h t u n t i l mature s
More informationSWINE E V A L U A T I O N PROGRAMS IN RETROSPECT
290. SWNE E V A L U A T O N PROGRAMS N RETROSPECT W. H. ERUWER Webster defines r e t r o s p e c t a s looking back on t h i n g s past; a review of t h e p a s t. n order t o review t h e accomplishments
More informationBiology. Mrs. Michaelsen. Types of cells. Cells & Cell Organelles. Cell size comparison. The Cell. Doing Life s Work. Hooke first viewed cork 1600 s
Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life s Work Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most
More informationRadioactivity. Lecture 14 The Human Radioactivity Cycle
Radioactivity Lecture The Human Radioactivity Cycle The Elements in the Human atomic percentage 25.5 9.5 63 1.4 0.31 0.1 0.05 0.03 0.01 The molecular structure and the functions rely only on a few, but
More informationChapter 2 Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Section 2.1 Atoms, Ions and Molecules Section 2.2 Properties of water Section 2.3 Carbon-based Molecules Section 2.4 Chemical Reactions Section 2.5 - Enzymes 1 Atoms, Ions and
More information