a d e f i n i t i o n would be impossible of a p p l i c a t i o n because no one has e s t a b l i s h e d

Transcription

1 22. SOME A S P E C T S OF P H Y S O L O G C A L GROWTH OF M E A T A N M A L S R. NTRODUCTON: 6. KAUFFMAN Physiological Growth Defined A s an animal grows it increases i n w e i g h t u n t i l mature s i z e i s reached and t h i s, Hamond has l a b e l e d growth. After maturity, it changes i n i t s body shape, and i t s various functions and f a c u l t i e s come i n t o f u l l being t h i s he c a l l s development. n mamals, which cease t o grow beyond sexual maturity, t h e r e appears t o be more uniformity i n length of l i f e than i n o t h e r forms such as f i s h e s which continue t o grow as long as t h e y l i v e. Rubner b e l i e v e s t h a t various animals, during t h e i r lifetime, use up approximately t h e same number of c a l o r i e s p e r u n i t of body w e i g h t, and i n some cases t h e r e i s an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t chemical conditions i n t h e a d u l t may r e v e r t t o t h a t of a young animal during senescence. -- Physiologic t i m e i s measured by rate of change i n an organism and it i s v a r i a b l e according t o d i f f e r e n t i n d i v i d u a l s of t h e same species and d i f f e r e n t t i s s u e s i n t h e same individual. For example, t h e b r a i n and eyes appear t o be p r i m a r i l y a function of age because of t h e i r high p r i o r i t y f o r a v a i l a b l e n u t r i e n t s -- under l i m i t e d n u t r i t i v e supply, organs whose function i s d i r e c t l y a s s o c i a t e d with growth s u f f e r proportionately more than those such as b r a i n, eyes, and h e a r t which a r e of primary importance f o r l i f e. Physiological growth t r a n s p i r e s when rate of synthesis of protoplasm i n c e l l s exceeds t h e rate of catabolism; however, experimentally such a d e f i n i t i o n would be impossible of a p p l i c a t i o n because no one has e s t a b l i s h e d a c r i t e r i o n t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e protoplasmic from t h e nonprotoplasmic cons t i t u e n t s of an organism. Growth may a l s o be defined a s an increase i n c e l l number or when c e l l s undergo hypertrophy. ncrease i n i n t e r c e l l u l a r materials may contribute t o growth, but t h i s i s a r e l a t i v e l y minor f a c t o r. t i s d i f f i c u l t t o separate growth i n c e l l number from growth i n c e l l s i z e, or t o determine what proportion of a s i z e increase i s due t o e i t h e r f a c t o r. t has been thought t h a t muscle c e l l s of mammals undergo p r a c t i c a l l y no i n crease i n number a f t e r b i r t h ; however, Morpurgo found t h a t t h e number of f i b e r s i n t h e r a d i a l i s muscle of t h e r a t increased f r o m 5919 f i b e r s a t b i r t h t o 814 f i b e r s a t 42 days of age. Why a c e l l ' s s i z e should have a l i m i t i s not known -- some argue t h a t t h e r a t i o of surface t o volume i s important whereas o t h e r s t h i n k t h e r a t i o of t h e volume of t h e nucleus t o t h a t of t h e cytoplasm i s s i g n i f i c a n t. Physiological growth has become a popular label t h a t v a r i e s with t h e a c c i d e n t a l t r a d i t i o n s, predictions and purposes of t h e individual using it and thus may r e f e r t o reproduction, increase i n dimensions and mass, c e l l u l a r m u l t i p l i c a t i o n, and migration, p r o t e i n synthesis, etc. t h e rate of which may vary according t o species, n u t r i t i o n, physical environment, s t a t e of h e a l t h, hormonal behavior, hibernation, anatomical l o c a t i o n and function.

2 221. A purely forma treatment of physiological growth, as is often attempted through the interpretation of general growth curves, is only a valuable guide to and supplement of, but never a substitute for, a precise analysis of the different forms in which growth manifests itself. To know growth we must first break down each one of its manifestations into its constituent elementary processes and then study these and describe them in objective terms -- according to Weiss, there is no short cut. t is with this philosophy, that some individual biochemical changes in tissues during physiological growth will receive attention today. SOME BOCHEMCAL CHANGES N TSSUES DURNG GROWTH 1. Accumulation of inorganic constituents. As the skeleton natures there is a rapid increase in total mineral content -- especially calcium and phosphorus. These changes are well known and have obvious application to the growth and development of an animal. (Dr. Heaney's discussion this morning clearly demonstrated this). As the density and size of bone increases by appositional growth, a concomitant mineralization transpires, whereas cartilage grows and matures by interstitial as well as appositional mechanisms and thus its calcium content increases while nitrogen remains constant. n striated muscle, sodium tends to decrease up to maturity and then increases thereafter. Potassium may decrease after maturity, however, in three closely relatedlanbs ofthree different ages, total carcass potassium per unit of nitrogen did not appear to change, even though there was a definite pattern of potassium distribution for certain types of muscles within each animal. Muscles of the pelvic limb, low in fat contained about 11 mg. of potassium above the average while abdominal muscles high in fat contained 24 mg. below the average. f certain body tissues do accumulate minerals during physiological growth, then it might be suspected that the power to excrete solid particles has been lost. f such materials find their way into the body, they must remain in the tissues forever unless they can be dissolved. Since there is a gradual accumulation of insoluble materials during life, this may be one of the factors associated with the aging process. 2. Glycogen concentration. For the first few days after birth, muscle may contain as much as 6% glycogen ~. - but this drops to less than 1% in the first-month of life. n addition, the ultimate acidity of muscle does not appear to be related to growth per se, and can thus be associated with a number of other biochemical properties that are somewhat independent of growth and development and thus irrelevant to this discussion. 3. Fat Deposition. As an animal grows, the proportion of fatty tissue represented by neutral triglycerides in fat cells increases. This change is accompanied by a decrease in water content and a decrease in double bonding -- this would be expected if the relatively saturated fatty acids from the diet were diluting the higher unsaturated structurai phospholipids of the cell. The first slide* illustrates some changes in total carcass fat as well as four individual depot cites that occur as growth continues. n all cases except intramuscular fat, there is an increase in proportionate and absolute quantities of fatty tissues. Why intramuscular fat does not necessarily increase as growth progresses remains a mystery -- especially if a positive caloric balance exists. n individual ovine muscles studied,

3 222. some nuscles such as the transversus abdcminis actually experienced a decrease in lipid concentration; some muscles such as the Longissimus did not appear to change and still others such as the Rhomboideus increased. The accumulation of intramuscular fat is thought to be related to the attainment of nuscular maturity. The next slide* illustrates the rate of its deposition in the Longissimus of bovine representing two distinct types of breeding. f we assume that the beef type is faster maturing, then the hypothesis would help explain the two different rates of lipid deposition in muscle. 4. Changes in Nitrogenous compounds. a. Stroma Proteins: Even though there are some indications that strcma proteins may increase with the advancement of physiological growth, recent studies question this -- in fact some research suggests that there is as much as a SO$ decrease during grcwth from birth to maturity. Just what may be occurring is not completely understood but it is believed that the solubility of these proteins diminish throughout grgwth. b. Nyoglobin: The next slide* shows the increase of myoglobin Concentration with advancing growth. According to Lawrie, myoglobin functions as a short term oxygen store, and the rise in concentration as noted in the bovine Longissimus, may represent a mechanism to offset the enhanced difficulty of gaseous exchange associated with the increasing bulk of muscular tissues. f it may be presumed that the activity of the cytochrome enzyme system increases in parallel with myoglobin from birth to maturity, then the development of the niuscles aerobic mechanism must lag appreciably behind the elaboration of the myofibrillar element it is designed to serve. c. Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar Proteins: The next slide* graphically depicts the change of the protein/moisture ratio from birth to advanced age in pigs. The three zones-have been arbitrarily designated to represent rapid growth phase, the transitional period of growth and maturity. This relationship may suggest either that the biochemical structure of the individual muscle cell is in a state of change or that cell division is continuing at a decreased rate. The maturation zone is defined as that phase of physiological growth in which the protein-moisture ratio does not change, regardless of the fatness of any individual or group of mscles observed. ndividual muscles within an animal appear to have different proteinmoisture relationships that attain cellular maturity at different rates. The next slide* shows the changes of the two lrajor muscle protein groups which further explains the increase of the protein-moisture ratio in the early stages of physiological growth. As the muscle dehydrates during grgwth, the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins increase. According to Lawrie, this increase is conccmitant with an increase of the diameter of the fibers and this hypertrophy may be regarded as preferentially due to an increase in sarcoplasmic volme. t must be supposed that in developing muscle, sarcoplasmic voluee is not synonymous with mitochondrial density and that the energy - yielding mitochondria are mainly elaborated after birth, from protein pre-existent in the sarcoplasm. The early attaiment of its mature level by the myofibrillar protein is more understandable, since contraction energy can be obtained by anaerobic glycolysis and the myofibril can thus be functional even where there is little activity in the cytochrcme system.

4 223. d. Non protein nitrogen: n the same slide, we note that the non-protein nitrogen increases during the growth of the Longissimus. Such compounds as purines, urea, creatine, carnosine and free amino acids contribute to this nitrogen pool; hgwever, an explanation for this change awaits further investigation. The increase of this fration of muscle nitrogen also helps explain the protein-moisture ratio increase during early stages of growth. e. Crystallin proteins of the eye lens. n some recent studies, the dried weight of the lenses of wildlife have been used to estimate chronological age. The lens grows throughout life and new lens fibers are continuously being proliferated by growth and elongation of the epithelial cells at the lens equator. The lens tissue is derived embryologically from ectoderm and is not in any sense, connective tissue. The epithelial cells lose their nuclei as the fibers take shape and these fibers are cemented together by hyaluronic acid sulfate or some similar substance. The lens is not innervated and its nutrition is maintained by a simulated diffusion process since there is no direct blood supply. When compared to other body tissues, the lens proteins account for about 35% of its fresh weight -- the highest concentration of protein when compared to any other body organ. Of these proteins, alpha and beta crystallin proteins account for about 85% of total protein nitrogen, while albuminoid protein is 12.5% and gamma crystallin protein 1 to 2%. Nucoprotein, nucleoproteins and phosphoproteins contribute to the nitrogen content only in trace amounts. Most of the amino acids are found in the lens proteins but cysteine is present in the most conspicuous amounts. Research at the University of llinois has suggested that the measurement of lens nitrogen may be a practical and reliable indication of chronological age in meat animals. Even though most of the information obtained to date has involved swine, there is every reason to believe that its use in predicting ages in other species may be equally effective. The next series of slides illustrates some of the work currently under investigation. The first slide* compares the lens size and total nitrogen of swine and sheep at three stages of physiological growth:birth, market weight and maturity. The next slide shows the growth changes of the porcine lens from birth to maturity. This relationship of lens nitrogen to chronological age is presented graphically in the next slide. From birth to one year of age the relationship appears to be somewhat linear, however beyond this stage of growth, a curvilinear pattern exists. However, it is in the first year of physiological growth that merits the greatest attention and fortunately the rate of change is great enough to provide desirable accuracy for prediction of age. To date, only limited observations have been made, but it appears that one should expect the standard deviation of the difference between actual and estimated age to equal nine days if such a curve were used for pigs. The lens* is surrounded by a capsule and is located in the anterior portion of the eye ball and is attached to the ciliary muscle by a series of zonal fibers. The iris partially covers the anterior side and separates the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye which contain aqueous humour.

5 224. Posterior to the lens is the vitreous chamber which contains a gel-like mass -- the vitreous humour. The next fonr photographs*, show how the fresh, unpreserved lens can be simply and quantitatively removed for nitrogen analysis by macro Kjeldahl. The first step after removing the intact eye ball after slaughter is to cut it into anterior and posterior halves*. The * anterior half (cornea portion) is turned inside out to expose the lens. The vitreous humour (which contains trace amounts of nitrogenous compounds, is gently folded away from the lens capsule and then the "capsule is ruptured with a scalpel and the lens is transferred into a glass spoon. The transfer into a Kjeldahl flask is obvious. Analysis of right and left lenses indicate that the relative error for a lens containing 2 mg. nitrogen is 2 1.3%. The eye ball may be stored in formalin indefinitely and the lens subsequently removed at any time with a similar degree of accuracy. f nitrogen accumulates in the lens over a given pericd of time, then the question nust be asked, What are the effects of nutritional stress, sex, breed, disease and other abnormalities on the rate of this deposition? "Litter mate pigs fed eight different levels of protein for 35 days possessed lenses that did not very significantly. A study is currently in progress to reaffirm these findings. Another study has been partially completed to determine the effect of sex and nutritional stress on the accumulation of lens proteins. A litter of pigs (consisting of three barrows, three boars and three gilts) were routinely fed to 2 lbs. * Pigs of the three sex classifications were randomly allotted to one of three nutritional regimens. Pigs on one treatment were maintained at their original market weight throughout the duration of the experiment. Pigs on a second treatment were full fed throughout the experiment. The third group of pigs were full fed until they had gained 25% of their original market weight, and then they were fasted until this increase in weight was lost. Results of this first litter gave the obvious carcass results for the four boars studied. The next slide shows the accumulation of nitrogen in the lens of the entire litter which included two runts that were not used in the main portion of the experiment. Even thou& each cell is only represented by one individual, the data suggests that the nutritional stress played only a minor role, if any at all, in influencing nitrogen deposition in the lens. However, definite conclusions cannot be drawn until more data has been collected and statistically evaluated. To date, we have little information on the association of breed to the deposition of nitrogen in the lens; however, there are indications that animals of the same chronological age, but of different breeds, rnay have different quantities of lens nitrogen. Just why the various crystalline proteins change during physiological growth and why the lens's need for proteins takes precedence over most other protein-requiring tissues remains unanswered at this time. At this point you may question the implications of this research. One should be cognizant that besides the obvious applications that it may have in precisely determining chronological age of animals, especially those that are compared for excellence of production and carcass traits, it may serve as a meaningful guide or standard to physiological growth itself. Because no particular criteria has been universally accepted as a yardstick for

6 225 e s t a b l i s h i n g physiological growth i n mammals, it i s very possible t h a t p r o t e i n deposition i n t h e eye l e n s may serve t h i s r o l e -- e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e s t u d i e s and questions a i r e d here a r e challenged by continuing research i n t h i s area. t would be of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t t o compare t h e changes of l e n s p r o t e i n s t o p r o t e i n changes i n other body t i s s u e s, and t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e metabolic i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s involved. n addition t o t h e importance of these answers f o r t h e meat animal industry, such information may a l s o contribute t o t h e questions s t i l l unanswered concerning abnormal metabolism of t h e l e n s which leads t o t h e development of c a t a r a c t disease shared by man and animals. LTERATURE CTED Baird, D. M., A. V. Nalbandov and H. W. Norton. Some physiological causes causes of g e n e t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t r a t e s of growth i n swine. J. An. Sci. 11:292, Brody, S. Bioenergetics and growth. New York, Reinhold Publishing Corp. Davson, H. A textbook of general physiology. Boston, rd Ed. L i t t l e, Brown & Co., Davson, H. The eye. Vol. 1. Vegetative physiology and biochemistry. Academic Press, New York, Dickerson, J. W. T. and E. M. Widdarson. muscle during development. Biochem. Ham, A. W. Histology. 3rd Ed. Chemical changes i n s k e l e t a l J. 74: 247, 196. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Hammond, J. Progress i n t h e physiology of f a r m animals. worths S c i e n t i f i c publications, London, Hardin, G. Biology, i t s p r i n c i p l e s and implications. Co., San Francisco, Heilbrun, L. V. An o u t l i n e of general physiology. Co., Philadelphia, Vol. 2. Butter- W. H. Freeman and 3rd Ed. W. B. Saunders Kauffman, R. G. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between some chemical components of t h e eye l e n s and physiological and/or chronological age of swine. Unpublished data, U. of ll., Kauffman, R. G., Z. L. Carpenter, R. W. Bray and W. G. Hoekstra. n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s of gross chemical components of pork muscle. Agr. & Food Chem. 12:12, Kauffman, R. G., L. E. St. C l a i r and R. J. Reber. ll. Agr. Esrp. Sta. Bul. 698, Dec Ovine myology. U. of

7 226. L a w r i e, R. A. Studies on t h e muscles of meat animals.. Differences i n composition of beef longissimus d o r s i muscles determined by age and anatomical location. J. Agr. Sci. 56:249, Palsson, H. Meat q u a l i t i e s i n t h e sheep with s p e c i a l reference t o S c o t t i s h breeds and crosses.. J. A g r. Sci. 24:part 4, Parpart, A. K. The chemistry and physiology of growth. University Press, Princeton, N. J., Princeton C o q o s i t i o n vs. Growth of Three Hampshire Eke Lambs ndividual Age a t Slaughter (days) Chilled Carcass wt.. (kg ) Compos i t ion Fat Free W s c l e % Bone % fisc. % Fat % Subcutaneous $ ntermuscular$ k Cavity ntramuscular% O

8 227 RELATONSHP BETWEEN A N M L AGE AND THE $ OF NTRAMUSCul2lR FAT N BOVNE LONGSSCS 12 1 Y x 1 BEEFTYPE 2 AGE (MONTHS) X 3 DARY TYPE d 4

9 228. L n d( t o (u rl 8 a u) 1 C. ($) N9133D

10 x x a -d +, K) r i N 229.

11 MYOFBRLLAR PROTEN NTRCGEN SARCOPLASMC PROTEN NTRCGEN.9 SOLUBLE NON- PROTEN NTRCGEN AGE (Nonths) J 4

12 231. LENS NTRCGEN VS CHRONOLCGCAL AGE N SWNE F BWH TME (DAYS)

13 232.

14 233. LENS N vs. DETARY PROTEN (ALL P G S = 8 1 DAYS) $ Protein Carcass W t. (Lbs.) Lens N i n Ration (N2) 56 DE!TARY STRESS & SEX VS. LENS NTRCGEN Treat. FULL FED DED] rn 1st. w t. 3rd. w t FULL FED (ZSZ FAST MANT 2nd. w t ELT AGE (DAYS)

15 234. RESULTS - LTTER 1 ~ g.ntrcgen/lens Ci" -d FULL FED FULL FED FAST MANT LTTER x = 22.4 X 22.5 ( R ~ ) J

16 235. (Applause ) DR. Z. L. CARPENTER: Thank you, Robert. do have one announcement that would like to make. The procedures developed by the Adhoc Comittee at the Lamb Carcass Zvaluation Conference are available from either Dr. Frank Baker, Federal Extension Service or Warren Brannon, Cornell University. believe that most of you have seen these procedures in our last issue of the Journal of Animal Science. f you have questions for any of these speakers, hope that imediately following our business meeting you will take the opportunity to visit with them. wish to thank the Lamb, Veal and Calf Committee and the other members of this association for their stimulating ideas and contributions to this program. Don. D. M. KNSWN: Thank you very mch, Zerle, and to your cowittee offerings, Without further adieu then we will turn it back to Chairman Ellis Pierce for the business session. Ellis. ELLS PERCE: Thank you, Don. Thank you members of your Comittee for their fine reports. apologize to President Bray for infringing upon his time and the American Neat Science Association business. t is a pleasure for Ee at this time to turn over the gavel to you for the annual meeting of the American Neat Science Association. R. W. BRAY: would like to call to order the First Annual Neeting of the American Neat Science Association. Because we are on a rather tight time schedule we'll move along here without too many introductory remarks, think it's appropriate at this time that we call upon our good Secretary to make his Secretary's report. Bill Sherman. W. C. SHERMAN: President Bray is going to have a few comments to make on our total memkership which will come in a few minutes. We have lost a few members this year. n the professional branch we have lost six and associate eleven members. This has been because of the non-payment of dues. You will recall that in our Ccnstitution and By-laws we have a procedure for handling this. We have had a lot of late payments and have a provision for penalizing late payment of dues, but we have not put this into effect at all this year. A word on the proceedings. We used a multilith process which we can do at no real additional expense and think it makes it more easily read. Cne thing which forgot to mention earlier is that in this last proceedings, we did not include the supplement, which was the afternoon and evening business sessions. Cur officers decided that we should not include this in the proceedings but it is in the form of a supplement. We had about a hundred copies printed and they are available in limited numbers if you write for them. have hofes that we have at least enough for one copy to each University. Now, want to thank the comittee chairmen for last year in editing the material which sent to you for each part of the program for which you were responsible and will do the same again for this year. You will receive your parts of the transcript and hope will be able to thank you again next year at this time for prompt and careful work.

17 236. The f i n a n c i a l r e p o r t now of t h e Association. We discussed a t t h e meeting l a s t year t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y of having an outside a u d i t i n g f i r m go over our books. discovered t h a t t h i s has always been done. W e have our books audited a t t h e Meat Eoard a t t h i s same t i m e and they have always gone over t h e Reciprocal Neat Conference records and books a t t h e same t i m e. This year w e requested t h a t they formalize it a l i t t l e and give us a w r i t t e n r e p o r t which have here and have turned over a copy of it t o President Bray, which gives more d e t a i l. This i s as of April 3th, A s of April 3th, 1964, w e had a balance c a r r i e d over of $ Then up u n t i l April 3, 1965, w e received dues of $219, a t t h a t time w e had received two contributions f o r our awards of $2 each f o r a t o t a l of $4, giving a t o t a l income of $317. The disbursements during t h i s period have been $263.7, s o as of A p r i l 3th we had a balance of $ You w i l l r e c a l l w e had decided t o have our own a u d i t i n g comnittee appointed t o go over our books. The Chairman of t h i s Auditing Committee i s Dave Stroud, and on t h e Committee w e a l s o have Woody Auman and Cuane he w a s c a l l e d out of town so we had Pilkington. Woody could not make it Dave Stroud and Duane Pilkington. During t h e period from A p r i l 3th t o June 9th, 1965, w e had a d d i t i o n a l deposits of $172. from dues and t h e r e have been no disbursements during t h a t period. Dave p o i n t s out t h a t t h e r e ' s a 44 e r r o r due t o one of our Canadian member's modesty i n evaluating Canadian currency so w e turned out t o have an overage of 44 which went i n t o t h e t r e a s u r y. So w e had as of June 9 t h $ Cn June l l t h, we deposited an a d d i t i o n a l $12 from dues, so w e now have a balance of $346.9 p l u s a d d i t i o n a l on hand which has been received a t t h i s Conference. Thank you. - R. W. BRAY: Thank you, B i l l. Are t h e r e any questions regarding t h e Secretary-Treasurer's r e p o r t? f not ' d e n t e r t a i n a motion t o accept t h e r e p o r t. have a motion and seconded t o accept t h e Secretary-Treasurer's r e p o r t. All i n favor i n d i c a t e by saying "aye". "Aye". Notion c a r r i e d. hope President-elect Kunkel, t h a t you w i l l be as f r u g a l i n t h e next year as t h i s y e a r ' s Executive Committee. t h i n k though w e needed t o get e s t a b l i s h e d here a reasonably good budget from which t o do some t h i n g s t h a t t h i n k are forthcoming f o r t h i s Association. We thank your Corrslittee, Dave Stroud, f o r a u d i t i n g our accounts and making t h e a u d i t o r ' s r e p o r t. Now, t h i n k w i l l go i n t o a f e w Committee r e p o r t s -- a t t h i s time would l i k e t o c a l l on Paul Lewis who i s Chairman of our Abstract Committee and b e l i e v e he i s prepared t o give us a report a t t h i s t i m e. PAUL LEWS: A report of t h e Abstracting Committee i s being handed out a t t h i s time. don't t h i n k t h e r e i s any need f o r me t o read t h e ins t r u c t i o n s for submitting your a b s t r a c t. f you need any a b s t r a c t i n g forms contact Professor B r a t z l e r. W i l l you please t u r n t o t h e l a s t page, passing a l i s t of your a b s t r a c t i n g assignments. W e have now on hand counting t h e money a t E a s t Lansing and Gainesville, Florida, a t o t a l of $ n t h e p a s t year we have s o l d only one set of t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n, one set of t h e second e d i t i o n, one set of t h e t h i r d e d i t i o n and only s i x sets of t h e f o u r t h edition. W e have on hand f o r your information, which i s not included i n t h i s r e p o r t 2 copies of t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n, 43 copies of t h e second e d i t i o n, 53 copies of t h e t h i r d e d i t i o n and 78 copies of t h e f o u r t h e d i t i o n. We c e r t a i n l y a r e not moving any or very f e w of t h i s f o u r t h e d i t i o n t h a t we have a v a i l a b l e

18 237. for purchase. f you are interested in ordering it please contact the Research Review Committee, Reciprocal Meat Conference, c/o of L. J. Bratzler, Department of Food Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. The prices, in case you are interested: first edition $25, second edition $36, third edition $4 and fourth edition $56.4.