Punjab & Sindh Pakistan 20/14. RABI Crop MASK WHEAT and AUTUMN POTATO

Transcription

1 Punjab & Sindh Pakistan 20/14 13 RABI Crop MASK WHEAT and AUTUMN POTATO

2

3 Punjab & Sindh Pakistan 20/14 13 RABI Crop MASK WHEAT and AUTUMN POTATO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Rome 2017

4 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN FAO 2017 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO s endorsement of users views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via or addressed to copyright@fao.org. FAO information products are available on the FAO website ( and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org.

5 Preface The agriculture sector contributes 21.4 percent to national GDP of Pakistan. According to Economic Survey of Pakistan , the main contributing subsectors to agriculture GDP are livestock (11.9 percent), crops (8.7 percent), forestry (0.4 percent) and fisheries (0.4 percent). Land and crop statistics are fundamental to effective development planning in agriculture. Traditionally, these datasets have been collected through manual field techniques. More recently, with the significant improvement in the resolution of space borne remote sensing platforms and enhanced GIS analysis, it is becoming increasingly popular to support these conventional techniques with the integral use of remotely sensed data improving the efficiency and efficacy of the data collection. Experience has shown that instead of taking a fresh start each time, it is appropriate to develop supplementary basic spatial information on the distribution of various crops in digital form, hereafter referred to Crop Masks. These masks minimize manpower, investments and information delivery time appreciably. The information of crop masks play an important role in studying various facets of agriculture such as the areas sown under different crops / changes in seasonal response and indicative productivity. The masks also facilitate the understanding of seasonality pattern, crop size and market dynamics of various agricultural commodities. As such, crop masks in combination with other monitoring methods and information can be valuable in studying the impact of climate changes particularly floods, droughts, natural hazards and other extreme events. The availability of advanced information on crop phenology and climate changes integrated with crop masks information are also beneficial to plan infra-structural development programs for rural roads, cold storages, agro-industries and agro-markets. Moreover, these masks contribute to further improving the efficiency of mitigation, rehabilitation and resilience programs. The present study is Phase-I of Crop Mask Development for Major Seasonal Crops in Punjab and Sindh Provinces of Pakistan designed to develop the crop masks for Rabi (Wheat and Potato crops). The masks for Kharif (Sugarcane, Rice and Cotton crops) will be developed during June-December This will complete the annual cycle of monitoring and developing masks for seasonal crops in Punjab and Sindh. The development of crop masks is the result of the outstanding efforts of different entities and people working in close collaboration. The following paragraph acknowledges the core staff and experts who supported and contributed to the project. Syed Zuhair Bokhari, Deputy Director General, Mr. Abdul Ghafoor, Director RS&GIS Applications and Mr. Ijaz Ahmad, Director Agriculture led the project. The activities were supervised by Mr. Ijaz Ahmad, Mr. Siraj Munir and Mr. Ibrar ul Hassan Akhtar. Team comprising of Mr. Majid Masood Lodhi, Mr. Muhammad Zafar and Mr. Ghulam Abbass carried out crop mask activities for the Sindh Province. Team comprising of Mr. Muhammad Khan, Mr. Kamran Lodhi, Mr. Rana Ahmad Faraz, Mr. Syed Roshaan Ali, Mr. Yasir Shabbir, Mr. Khalid Latif, Mr. Muhammad Javid and Ms. Sofia Iqbal carried out crop mask activities for the Punjab Province. Third party validation of the developed crop mask was carried out by Mr. Muhammad Iftikhar Bhatti, Dr. Muhammad Hanif and Mr. Muhammad Ibrahim. Contributions of Mr. Antonio Martucci and Mr. Faisal Saeed of FAO are also acknowledged with thanks. The development of crop masks for both Rabi & Kharif seasons for the provinces of Punjab & Sindh are part of the project Agriculture Information System Building Provincial Capacity in Pakistan for Crop Estimation, Forecasting, and Reporting based on the integral use of Remotely Sensed Data which has been made possible by the contribution (financial and in-kind) of the partner organizations - the Government of Pakistan, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) all are acknowledged with appreciation. The contribution of all the above, as well as the support from the partners and donors involved in this activity has been fundamental for the success of the project. John S. Latham Senior Land and Water Officer, FAO Imran Iqbal Member SAR, SUPARCO iii

6 CONTENTS Preface 1. Introduction 1 2. Objective 1 3. Basic Guidelines 1 4. Quality Control 1 5. Development of CROP MASK FOR RABI Crops ( ) Study Area Work Flow First Acquisition of Satellite Data Ground Truth Surveys Digitization of Segments Masking of Sugarcane Crop Second Acquisition of Satellite Data Classification of Satellite Images Ground Truth / Validation Surveys Ground Truth / Validation Surveys in Sindh Province Ground Truth / Validation Surveys in Punjab Province Accuracy Assessment of Satellite Image Classification Accuracy Assessment of Satellite Image Classification-Sindh Province Accuracy Assessment of Satellite Image Classification-Punjab Province Extraction of Target Crop Classes Vectorization of Target Crop Classes Cross Checking of Vectorized Data 40 iii 5.14 Supplementary Quality Control of Vectorized Data Merging of Polygons for Final Crop Mask Rabi Crop Mask - Sindh Province Rabi Crop Mask - Sindh Left Zone Rabi Crop Mask - Sindh Right Zone Rabi Crop Mask - Punjab Province Rabi Crop Mask-Punjab Southern Zone Rabi Crop Mask-Punjab Central Zone Rabi Crop Mask-Punjab North East Zone Rabi Crop Mask-Punjab Potohar Zone Development of Crop Mask for autumn potato crop ( ) Study Area Satellite Data Acquisition Field Survey Prior to Classification Classification of Satellite Images Ground Validatin Surveys Sampling Post Classification Accuracy Assessment Extraction of Potato Class Vectorization of Potato Class Cross Checking of Vectorized Data Additional Quality Control of Vectorized Data Merging of Polygons for Final Potato Crop Mask 117 iv CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

7 7. statistics of crop mask data for rabi ( ) Rabi Crop Mask ( ) - Sindh Province Rabi Crop Mask ( ) - Sindh Left Zone Rabi Crop Mask ( ) - Sindh Right Zone Rabi Crop Mask ( ) - Punjab Province Rabi Crop Mask ( ) - Punjab Southern Zone Rabi Crop Mask ( ) - Punjab Central Zone Rabi Crop Mask ( ) - Punjab North East Zone Rabi Crop Mask ( ) - Punjab Potohar Zone conclusion 126 Figure 8a Thatta Classified image 40 Figure 8b Extracted Sugarcane Crop Class of Thatta 40 Figure 9 Rabi Crop Mask Area-Sindh Left Zone 122 Figure 10 Rabi Crop Mask Area-Sindh Right Zone 122 Figure 11 Rabi Crop Mask Area-Punjab Southern Zone 124 Figure 12 Rabi Crop Mask Area-Punjab Central Zone 124 Figure 13 Rabi Crop Mask Area-Punjab North East Zone 126 Figure 14 Rabi Crop Mask Area-Punjab Potohar Zone 126 TABLES FIGURES Figure 1 Work Flow Chart 3 Figure 2a-2b Digitized Segment 4-5 Figure 3 Original Image before masking 5 Figure 4 Satellite Image after masking 5 Figure 5 Training Samples for Spectral Signatures 8 Figure 6 Classified Image 8 Figure 7 Field observation 8 Table 1 Accuracy Assessment Mechanism 38 Table 2 Accuracy Assessment-Sindh Left Zone 38 Table 3 Accuracy Assessment-Sindh Right Zone 38 Table 4 Accuracy Assessment-Punjab South Zone 39 Table 5 Accuracy Assessment-Punjab Central Zone 39 Table 6 Accuracy Assessment-Punjab North East Zone 39 Table 7 Accuracy Assessment-Punjab Potohar East Zone 39 Table 8 Accuracy Assessment-Punjab Potato Crop Area 115 v

8

9 1. Introduction Information on agricultural land use is one of the most important parameters required for policy and decision support regarding availability of reliable crops statistics, sustenance of food security and management of environmental hazards. Keeping in view increasing population pressure in Pakistan, there is a need for improved management of the agricultural resources such as irrigation water management, fertilizer availability, plant protection and administering other farm resources. For the purpose, it is imperative to gather reliable data related to agricultural land use of crops. The understanding of the climate change issues and adaptive strategy can also be fine-tuned through availability of reliable information on agriculture land use at local, regional and country wide scales. 2. Objective The prime objective of the project is to develop crop masks showing spatial distribution of Rabi viz. Wheat (Triticum sativum) and Potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Kharif viz. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), Rice (Oryza sativa) and Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The area of interest (AOI) comprises of Punjab and Sindh provinces. 3. Basic Guidelines The basic guidelines document provided to all the team members included in the project was related to data storage hierarchy scheme, satellite data nomenclature, processing levels, crops colour coding and other parameters. Two satellite image acquisitions were made for Rabi crops The first acquisition was made during Dec-Jan covering period of early crop growth. The second acquisition was carried out during Feb-Mar 2014 at peak crop growth. An appropriate record of satellite acquisitions was maintained. All images were spatially enhanced with single approach as per documentation. They were rectified with baseline ortho-rectified SPOT5 images. Their subsets were prepared according to administrative district boundary. These subsets were named according to nomenclature rule given below: Rabi Wheat Multan SPOT acquisition1.img R W MN S A1.img Rabi Potato Okara SPOT acquisition1.img R P OK S A1.img 4. Quality Control A standard operating procedure (SOP) was documented for this program to: develop standard and harmonized procedures for quality control; arrange homogeneous adoption of procedures for quality control. Teams were set up to undertake different activities provided with standardized procedure. These procedures covered all the steps including basic guidelines, classification steps, post classification accuracy assessment, vectorization, refinement and keeping records of files. 5. Development of RABI Crop Mask ( ) 5.1 Study Area Wheat crop mask was developed for the areas of Punjab and Sindh provinces. The study area is shown in the following map: 1

10 Pakistan: Zone-wise Project Area E E E E E E Sindh Right Sindh Left Punjab South The map shows zone-wise project area for development of Rabi crop mask based on high resolution SPOT5 satellite data of January-May Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Datum: WGS 1984 Units: Degree Punjab Central Punjab North East Punjab Potohar N N N N N N N N N N E E E E E E 2 CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

11 5.2 Workflow Fig.1 Work flow chart. 3

12 5.3 First Acquisition of Satellite Data Minimum cloud cover SPOT5 (2.5, 5 & 10 m) data were acquired for the project area. After preparation of all the acquired images, the defined segments were overlayed on them. The print out of all the segments was taken at a scale of 1: Second Acquisition of Satellite Data Minimum cloud cover SPOT5 (2.5, 5 & 10 m) data were acquired for the project area. After preparation, registrations of these images were checked against those from the first acquisition. Already developed mask on first acquisition was omitted ( off ) from the second acquisition satellite data. 5.4 Ground Truth Surveys Pre-classification field surveys were carried out for Wheat crop of Rabi based on Systematic Stratified Randomly selected segments & randomly collected crop fields points. The Information about areas other than selected segments was also collected randomly to gather maximum number of training samples. 5.5 Digitization of Segments After completing pre-classification field surveys of the entire project area, the segments were digitized based on collected information about each field. 5.6 Masking of Sugarcane Crop Prior to classification, the lush green areas of Sugarcane and other crops (i.e. Oil seeds) were masked as off on first acquisition satellite data. The purpose was to assure minimal anomalies. 5.8 Classification of Satellite Images Each ground survey team was assigned responsibility for classification of satellite data of the respective areas surveyed. Supervised classification was run on multi-date data. The training areas were created based on digitized segments and other randomly collected points to obtain reliable classification statistics. Some other training areas were also created through visual comparison with those created based on field survey. Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Supervised technique was used for the images/subsets classification based on training samples. The previously developed mask for Sugarcane and other crops were also used during classification phase. Standard nomenclature and crop colour codes were followed. Fig.2 a Digitized segment. 4 CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

13 5.9 Ground Truth / Validation Surveys The stratified random sampling technique was used for ground validation of image classification results for Rabi Sampling sites and number of points were based on crop density and heterogeneity. District wise ground truth points (Lat, Long) were collected for the whole project area in Punjab and Sindh. These teams carried out surveys of each district twice covering different areas Ground Truth / Validation Surveys in Sindh Province Geospatial Features of the Province Fig.2b Digitized segment. Sindh Province lies between 23 and 29 degrees North and 67 and 71 degrees East. The total area of province is million hectares. The arable land is 5.08 million hectares (39 percent) and culturable waste land is 1.18 million hectares (8.37 percent). The main geographic feature is the Indus River dissecting the province into left and right zones. Sindh is situated in a subtropical region. It has continental climate, hot in summer and cold in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 C during May/August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 C occurs during December/January. The annual rainfall averages about 178 mm (seven inches), falling mainly during July and August. The south-westerly monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-february and continues until the end of September. The cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January. Fig.3 Original image before masking. Fig.4 Satellite image after masking. 5

14 Sindh Province: Ground Truth Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Sindh Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Truth Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Sindh Province. Projection: UTM Zone 42 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

15 Sindh Province: Ground Validation Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Sindh Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Validation Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Sindh Province. Projection: UTM Zone 42 N

16 By agro-ecological zonation, Sindh is divided into the zones such as: Main area (Qambar Shahdadkot & Jacobabad), Piedmont soil region (Dadu, Larkana, Shikarpur & Kashmore), Non perennial Guddu Command area (Ghotki & Sukkur), Perennial Sukkur Command area (Khairpur, Naushahru Feroze, Jamshoro, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sanghar, Matiari, Tando Allah Yar, Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas & Umar Kot), main area of Kotri Command area (Thatta, Sajawal, Badin and Tando Muhammad Khan), Thar & Nara deserts and Kohistan. The region s rainfall scarcity is compensated by the huge network of irrigation systems. The province has three barrages at Guddu, Sukkur and Kotri. In addition about half a million hectare area is under inundation irrigation in the bed of river called Katcho area. The province has a drainage system delivering the subsurface water to the sea. The system consists of Left Bank Outfall Drainage (LBOD) and Right Bank Outfall Drainage (RBOD). However the drainage runs through the various water bodies resulting in environmental hazards. Fig.5 Training samples for Spectral Signatures. Sindh has a large number of lakes and other water bodies that are connected to the main irrigation system and serves as barrages during the closure period when water supplies are shut off from the rivers. These lakes are also sanctuary for the migratory birds visiting Pakistan from colder regions of Russia and other countries. Guddu barrage irrigates 1.17 million hectares in Kashmore, Jacobabad, Larkana and Sukkur districts of Sindh and the Nasirabad district of Balochistan. The Fig.6 Classified image. 8 CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

17 canals emanating from this barrage include Ghotki Feeder, Begari Feeder, Desert and Pat Feeder. Sukkur barrage irrigates an area of 3.1 million hectares, approximately 25 percent of the total canal irrigated area of the country. Kotri barrage irrigates an area of 1.2 million hectares. Two teams collected ground validation data for Sindh province covering twenty one districts in right and left Sindh zones. Each district was surveyed twice during different timelines covering various areas. Sindh Left Zone (SLZ) The major area of Sindh province is on the left bank of Indus. This is a multiple cropping area, growing Cotton, Sugarcane, coarse grains, vegetables, chilies, tomatoes and Rice also. This is much diverse cropped area than the right zone. The major agro industries of the province as ginning factories and sugar mills are concentrated in the left zone. The major fruits in this area include Mango (Mangifera indica), Banana (Musa indica), Falsa (Grewia asiatica), Citrus (Citrus reticulate), Strawberries (Fragaria ananassa), melons and others. This region is the deserts of Nara and Tharparker on its eastern extremities bordering with Indian state of Rajhastan. The zone has well established communication system in the shape of railways, metalled highways and farm to market roads. FIELD SURVEY During the first and second field surveys of Sindh Left Zone (SLZ), thirteen districts covered were: Badin, Ghotki, Hyderabad, Khairpur, Matiari, Mirpur Khas, Naushahru Feroze, Sanghar, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sukkur, Tando Allah Yar, Tando Muhammad Khan and Umar Kot. The first survey for ground truthing of the field data was done during the month of January/February. The second survey for validation of the classified data was done during the month of March. Sindh Right Zone (SRZ) The right zone is a fertile tract with a pattern of highly intensive crop production. The summer (Kharif) season in this region is predominated by the singular crop of Rice. This is the primary food security crop of this area. Rice is consumed in this area both as bread (maani) and cooked Rice. Wheat is a secondary food crop of this area, grown in winter (Rabi). Most of the remaining area is used to grow high value cash crops as vegetables and spices that are in high demand in Metropolitan Karachi and upcountry. The major industry in this area comprises of Rice husking mills. Fishing and Guava (Psidium guajava) cultivation is quite popular in this area. Field Survey During first and second field surveys of Sindh Right Zone (SRZ), eight districts covered were: Kashmore, Larkana, Qambar ShahdadKot, Shikarpur, Dadu, Jacobabad, Jamshoro, and Thatta. The first survey for ground truthing of the field data was done during the month of January/February. The second survey for validation of the classified data was done during the month of March. 9

18 Sindh Left Zone: Ground Truth Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Sindh Left Zone Sindh Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Truth Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Sindh Left Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 42 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

19 Ground Truth Survey Pictures A. Ghotki: Wheat at Grain formation Stage B. Khairpur: Healthy Wheat Crop C. Tando Allah Yar: Wheat Crop D. Sukkur: Wheat Sown in Mango Orchard E. Umar Kot: Ground Truth Survey F. Hyderabad: Bed sown Wheat Crop G. Tando M. Khan: Early sown Wheat Crop H. Shaheed Benazirabad: Wheat Crop I. Mirpur Khas: Wheat 11

20 Sindh Left Zone: Ground Validation Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Sindh Left Zone Sindh Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Validation Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Sindh Left Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 42 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

21 Ground Validation Survey Pictures A. Hyderabad: Mature Wheat Crop B. Matiari: Matured Wheat Field C. Tando Allahyar: Ploughed Field D. Mirpur Khas: Harvesting in progress E. Ghotki: Wheat Heap F. Badin: Manually Harvested Wheat G. Sanghar: Harvested Wheat Crop H. Tando M. Khan: Wheat Heap I. Umar Kot: Harvested Wheat Bundles 13

22 Sindh Right Zone: Ground Truth Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Sindh Right Zone Sindh Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Truth Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Sindh Right Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 42 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

23 Ground Truth Survey Pictures A. Jacobabad: Wheat Crop B. Jamshoro: Wheat Crop condition C. Jacobabad: Wheat Crop D. Kashmore: Wheat Crop condition E. Dadu: Wheat Crop at Spike stage F. Qambar Shahdadkot: Wheat Crop G. Larkana: Wheat Crop condition H. Shikarpur: Wheat Crop I. Thatta: Wheat spraying 15

24 Sindh Right Zone: Ground Validation Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Sindh Right Zone Sindh Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Validation Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Sindh Right Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 42 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

25 Ground Validation Survey Pictures A. Jacobabad: Matured Wheat B. Qambar Shahdadkot: Wheat Crop at Maturity C. Larkana: Harvesting in Progress D. Thatta: Mature Wheat Crop E. Jamshoro: Wheat Crop Condition F. Shikarpur: Harvesting completed G. Jacobabad: Wheat Field after threshing H. Dadu: Wheat Crop Condition I. Kashmore: Wheat Crop 17

26 5.9.2 Ground Truth / Validation Surveys in Punjab Province Geospatial Features of the Province The Punjab Province lies between 27 and 34 degrees North and 69 and 76 degrees East. The name Punjab refers to the five rivers of Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej flowing through this province. Punjab is situated in a sub-tropical region and has continental climate. The temperature starts rising sharply in May, reaching around 45 C + 5 C in summer. In winter, December and January are the coldest months with large scale fog in parts of these months. The lowest temperature generally touches a naught position with smaller variations on either side. Two-third of the rains are by monsoon, mainly from July to mid-september. These systems are generated by the convection currents associated with high variations in temperatures of land and sea surfaces. The winter rains are brought by westerly disturbances from Mediterranean and other seas. The annual rainfall averages about 400 mm. November is the driest month of the year. The province has highly diverse and variable geomorphology ranging from high, lush green mountains in the north and dry mountains in the west. The province slopes southwards into vast irrigated/ cultivated plains termed as upper Indus plain. The other features of the province include barani region of Potohar and the deserts of Thal and Cholistan. The province has cropped area of million hectares and cultivable waste land of 1.60 million hectares. Punjab is the basket of food and industrial crops as Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane, Cotton, Maize, vegetables, fruits, pulses and large number of high value crops. The public irrigation infrastructure in the Punjab consists of 13 barrages, 2 siphons across major rivers, 12 link canals and 23 major canal systems over an aggregate length of 34,500 Km. The whole irrigation infrastructure lies within the Indus Basin System. It serves an area of 8.58 million hectares. In addition, there are 135 surface drainage systems including over 670 drains, with an aggregate length of about 6,600 Km, which drain an area of about 5.79 million hectares, within the 23 canal commands. SUPARCO has distributed the Punjab province into four zones viz. North-East, Central, South and Potohar on the basis of cropping pattern. Punjab Potohar Zone consists of Attock, Rawalpindi, Jhelum and Chakwal districts. The cropping in this region entirely depends upon rains. During years of drought the farmers suffer huge economic losses. As a safety net these farmers generally have stand by arrangement of cattle and small ruminants to cob with adversaries of climate and failure of crops. The main winter crops being grown in this zone are Wheat, Taara Meera, Canola, Mustard (Brassica sp.) and gram. The summer season is the time to grow coarse grains viz. Maize (Zea mays), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Four teams were committed to collect ground validation points in Punjab covering thirty-six districts in all four zones. Punjab Southern Zone (PSZ) The Punjab South Zone is irrigated both by Jhelum- Chenab and Indus command systems. This region is famous for its world class quality of Cotton and taste/fragrance of mangoes. The region grows Cotton, Sugarcane, Wheat, Rice, Maize, fruits, vegetables and other high value crops. This region along with left bank of Indus is responsible for supporting the wheel of textile industry in Pakistan. The major industry in this area comprises of ginning factories, textile mills and flour mills. Given the worldwide recession in prices of Phutti (seed Cotton), the farmers are facing difficulty in choosing the crops to grow. Maize-Potato cropping pattern is getting popular as a substitute to the main cropping pattern. This area is also prone to floods from overflow of Indus and Chenab rivers. The flash floods from Rud-i-kohis of Suleiman Mountains in its piedmonts are also common affecting mainly Cotton crop in Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur districts Field Survey During first and second field surveys of Punjab South Zone (PSZ) twelve districts covered were: Multan, Lodhran, Vehari, Khanewal, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Rahim Yar Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Sahiwal and Pakpattan. The first survey was done during January/February for ground truthing of the field data while the second survey was done during March/April for validation of the classified data 18 CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

27 Punjab Central Zone (PCZ) The Central Punjab is by far the largest and most developed region of Punjab, irrigated by one of the most extensive canal network. This area is host to a large number of link canals established under Indus water treaty of The region is highly fertile tract and grows wide diversity of crops including Wheat, Sugarcane, Rice, Maize, Potato, fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, fodders, and Cotton. The major industry of Punjab is located in this zone and comprises of sugar mills, Rice mills, citrus processing and export mills, feed mills, storage houses and wide variety of other processing units. Sargodha in this region is known for its world class kinnows (Citrus). Field Survey During first and second field surveys of Punjab Central Zone (PCZ), fourteen districts covered were; Gujrat, Mandi Bahauddin, Jhang, Chiniot, Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Okara, Kasur, and Lahore. The first survey for ground truthing of the field data was undertaken during January/February while the second survey for validation of the classified data was done during March/April. Punjab North East Zone (PNEZ) Punjab North East Zone also known as Kallar tract is famous for its aromatic Basmati Rice. The summer (Kharif) season in this region is predominated by Rice crop (90 percent of cropped area) and Wheat is grown in winter (Rabi). The major industry in this area comprises of Rice husking mills for Rice exports. However Sialkot district is world famous for manufacturing and export of sport goods. Field Survey During first and second field surveys of Punjab North East Zone (PNEZ), six districts covered were: Sialkot, Narowal, Gujranwala, Nankana Sahib, Sheikhupura and Hafizabad. The first survey for ground truthing of the field data was done during January/February while the second survey for validation of the classified data was done during March/April Punjab Potohar Zone (PPZ) The cropping in this region entirely depends upon rains. During years of drought the farmers suffer huge economic losses. As a safety net these farmers generally have stand by arrangement of cattle and small ruminants to cob with adversaries of climate and failure of crops. The main winter crops being grown in this zone are Wheat, brassica (Taara Meera, Canola, Sarson) and gram. The summer season is the time to grow coarse grains (Maize, Sorghum, and Millet) and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea). Field Survey During first and second field surveys of Punjab Potohar Zone (PPZ) four districts covered were: Attock, Rawalpindi, Jhelum and Chakwal. The first survey for ground truthing of the field data was done in February, while the second survey for validation of the classified data was done in April. 19

28 Punjab Province: Ground Truth Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Punjab Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Truth Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Punjab Province. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

29 Punjab Province: Ground Validation Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Punjab Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Validation Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Punjab Province. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N

30 Punjab South Zone: Ground Truth Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Punjab South Zone Punjab Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Truth Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Punjab South Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

31 Ground Truth Survey Pictures A. Vehari: Healthy Wheat Crop B. Bahawalnagar: Wheat Crop Condition C. Multan: Wheat Crop Condition D. Pakpattan: Healthy Wheat Crop Condition E. Khanewal: Wheat at Spike stage F. Bahawalpur: Wheat Crop Condition G. Sahiwal: Healthy Wheat Crop Condition H. Bahawalpur: Wheat Crop Condition I. Pakpattan:Wheat 23

32 Punjab South Zone: Ground Validation Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Punjab South Zone Punjab Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Validation Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Punjab South Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

33 Ground Validation Survey Pictures A. Multan: Wheat Crop at Maturity B. Rahim Yar Khan: Mature Wheat Crop C. Khanewal: Wheat threshing and Packing D. Lodhran: Harvested Wheat Crop E. Rajanpur: Manual Wheat Harvesting F. Sahiwal: Wheat Straw heap G. Pakpattan: Wheat Harvesting in Progress H. Muzafargarh: Harvested Wheat Bundles I. Sahiwal: Wheat Harvesting 25

34 Punjab Central Zone: Ground Truth Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Punjab Central Zone Punjab Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Truth Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Punjab Central Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

35 Ground Truth Survey Pictures A. Faisalabad: Wheat Crop Condition B. Chiniot: Healthy Wheat Crop Stand C. Gujrat: Urea Application to Wheat Crop D. Okara: Healthy Wheat Crop E. M.B. Din: Herbicide Application to Wheat Crop F. Layyah: Late sown Wheat Crop G. Mianwali: Wheat Crop with different sowing dates H. Sargodha: Wheat Crop in Orchard I. Okara: Wheat Crop 27

36 Punjab Central Zone: Ground Validation Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Punjab Central Zone Punjab Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Validation Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Punjab Central Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

37 Ground Validation Survey Pictures A. Faisalabad: Mature Wheat Crop B. Kasur: Wheat Harvesting in Progress C. Okara: Combine Wheat Harvester D. Bhakkar: Wheat Crop ready for harvest E. M.B. Din: Wheat Threshing F. Jhang: Mechanical Wheat Harvesting G. Mianwali: Wheat Straw Burning H. Gujrat: Harvested Wheat Bundles I. Sahiwal: Wheat near maturity 29

38 Punjab North East Zone: Ground Truth Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Punjab North-East Zone Punjab Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Truth Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Punjab North East Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

39 Ground Truth Survey Pictures A. Sheikhupura: Healthy Wheat Crop B. Gujranwala: Healthy Wheat Crop C. Nankana Sahib: Ground Truth Survey D. Narowal: Wheat Crop Condition E. Gujranwala: Wheat Crop Condition F. Sialkot: Ground Truth Survey G. Hafizabad: Wheat Crop Condition H. Hafizabad: Wheat Crop in Salinity I. Narowal: Healthy Wheat Crop 31

40 Punjab North East Zone: Ground Validation Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Punjab North-East Zone Punjab Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Validation Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Punjab North East Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

41 Ground Validation Survey Pictures A. Sheikhupura: Mature Wheat Crop B. Sheikhupura: Mature Wheat Crop C. Hafizabad: Wheat Harvesting in Progress D. Gujranwala: Mature Healthy Wheat Crop E. Narowal: Wheat Crop near to harvest F. Gujranwala: Healthy Wheat Grain Size G. Nankana Sahib: Wheat Crop Harvested Bundles H. Sialkot: Harvested Wheat Bundles I. Narowal: Mature Wheat 33

42 Punjab Potohar Zone: Ground Truth Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Punjab Potohar Zone Punjab Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Truth Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Punjab Potohar Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

43 Ground Truth Survey Pictures A. Attock: Healthy Wheat Crop B. Rawalpindi: Wheat Crop Stand C. Chakwal: Real Time Data Collection D. Jhelum: Healthy Wheat Crop E. Attock: Irrigated Agriculture in Potohar F. Jhelum: Ground Truth Survey G. Rawalpindi: Wheat Crop Condition H. Attock: Drought Impact on Wheat Crop I. Attock: Drought affected Wheat Crop 35

44 Punjab Potohar Zone: Ground Validation Survey Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Punjab Potohar Zone Punjab Province The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Truth Survey campaign for Rabi crops in Punjab Potohar Zone. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

45 Ground Validation Survey Pictures A. Rawalpindi: Harvested Wheat Field B. Attock: Harvested Wheat Crop C. Jhelum: Fallow Field after Wheat Harvest D. Chakwal: Wheat Straw E. Rawalpindi: Harvested Wheat F. Jhelum: Harvested Wheat Bundle G. Rawalpindi: Wheat Crop Condition H. Jhelum: Wheat Harvesting I. Rawalpindi: Drought affected Wheat 37

46 5.10 Accuracy Assessment of Satellite Image Classification The Error Matrix (EM)/Confusion Matrix (CM) tests were applied to assess accuracy of classified data. In addition, classified data were compared with ground truth information. Different measures and statistics were derived from the confusion matrix. In addition Kappa coefficient, average and overall accuracy tests were also applied as: Average Accuracy= (1 * +2 ** +3 *** ) / 3 Overall Accuracy= (a+f+k)/(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l) The threshold level of accuracy for the project was set at a minimum of 80 percent. In case the overall accuracy of data was below threshold, the classification was revised either for whole of the image or subset. Accuracy assessment of all the classification result images/subsets covering the whole of study area based on sampled data collected during first and second surveys is as follow: Ground Truth Table 1. Classification Results Reliability /User s accuracy * (a*100) / (a+b+c+d) ** (f*100) / (e+f+g+h) *** (k*100) / (i+j+k+l) (a*100)/ (a+e+i) (f*100)/ (b+f+j) (k*100)/ (c+g+k) Accuracy Assessment Mechanism. Fig.7 Field observation Accuracy Assessment of Satellite Image Classification - Sindh Province Sindh Left Zone (SLZ) The accuracy assessment of classification results of all images carried out based on both first and second surveys of Sindh Left Zone is described in the following table: S# District 1 st Survey 2 st Survey Sindh Right Zone (SRZ) The accuracy assessment of classification results of all the images carried out based on first and second surveys of Sindh Right Zone is described in the following table: Table 3. Overall Accuracy (%) Wheat Fodder Sugarcane Unclassified Producer s accuracy (Precision) Wheat a b c d (a*100)/(a+b+c+d) Fodder e f g h (f*100)/(e+f+g+h) Sugarcane i j k l (k*100)/(i+j+k+l) K-Statistics Accuracy Assessment Sindh Right Zone. Overall Accuracy (%) K- Statistics 1 Sanghar Benazriabad Hyderabad Matiari Umar Kot Naushehro Firaze Mirpur Khas Ghotki Badin Tando M. Khan Tando Allahyar Sukkur Khairpur Table 2. Accuracy Assessment Sindh Left Zone. S# District 1 st Survey 2 st Survey Overall Accuracy (%) K- Statistics Overall Accuracy (%) K- Statistics 1 Kashmore Qambar Shahdadkot Jacobabad Shikarpur Dadu Larkana Thatta Jamshoro CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

47 Accuracy Assessment of Satellite Image Classification - Punjab Province Punjab Southern Zone (PSZ) The accuracy assessment of classification results of all the images, carried out based on first and second surveys of Punjab Southern Zone is described in the following table: S# District 1 st Survey 2 st Survey Overall Accuracy (%) Punjab Central Zone (PCZ) Overall Accuracy (%) K- Statistics 1 Bahawalpur Khanewal Lodhran Vehari Rajanpur Rahim Yar Khan Multan Bahawalnagar DG Khan Muzaffargarh Sahiwal Pakpattan Table 4. Accuracy Assessment Punjab Southern Zone. The accuracy assessment of classification results of all the images, carried out based on first and second surveys of Punjab Central Zone is described in the following table: S# District 1 st Survey 2 st Survey Punjab North East Zone (PNEZ) The accuracy assessment of classification results of all the images, carried out based on first and second surveys of Punjab North East zone is described in the following table: Table 6. Overall Accuracy (%) Overall Accuracy (%) Accuracy Assessment Punjab North East Zone. K- Statistics 1 Bhakkar Toba Tek Singh Jhang Gujrat Chiniot Faisalabad Sargodha Khushab Kasur Mandi Bahauddin Lahore Layyah Mianwali Okara Table 5. Accuracy Assessment Punjab Central Zone. S# District 1 st Survey 2 st Survey Overall Accuracy (%) Overall Accuracy (%) K- Statistics 1 Hafizabad Gujranwala Narowal Sialkot Sheikhupura Nankana Punjab Potohar Zone (PPZ) The accuracy assessment of classification results of all the images, carried out based on first and second surveys of Punjab Potohar Zone is described in the following table: S# District 1 st Survey 2 st Survey Overall Accuracy (%) K-Statistics K-Statistics K-Statistics K-Statistics Overall Accuracy (%) 5.11 Extraction of Target Crop Classes K- Statistics 1 Attock Chakwal Rawalpindi Jhelum Table 7. Accuracy Assessment Punjab Potohar Zone. After completing the accuracy assessment steps and examining the classification results, the data with accuracy of more than 80 percent were accepted. In case of data with accuracy less than the above threshold level, the cross-checks were made to achieve the desired accuracy Vectorization of Target Crop Classes After extraction of target crop classes from the classified images, raster format were converted to vector format. 39

48 5.13 Cross Checking of Vectorized Data Using minimum working scale of 1:25000, the vector files generated for all the Rabi crops were cross checked with the following: Original unclassified satellite images Classified images (to check the shift and area) Land use /Land cover data of Punjab and Sindh In addition, the vector files were also overlayed on multidate satellite images for further verifications Supplementary Quality Control of Vectorized Data After cross checking of vectorized data, dedicated teams were set up to check the quality of the data. The areas where there was a likelihood of mixing of Wheat pixels with other crops were identified by the team. These errors were removed in the final outcome Merging of Polygons for Final Crop Mask After thorough cross checking of all vector data, shapefiles of Wheat crop class within a province were merged to get final zone/province wise crop mask showing spatial distribution of Wheat. Fig.8 a Thatta classified image. Fig.8b Extracted sugarcane crop class of Thatta. 40 CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

49 5.16 Rabi Crop Mask Sindh Province 41

50 Sindh Province Rabi Crop Mask N E E E E E E E E N Wheat N N N N N N N The map shows crop mask data of Sindh Province based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

51 Rabi Crop Mask Sindh Left Zone 43

52 Sindh Left Zone Rabi Crop Mask N E E E E E E E N N N N N N Wheat N The map shows crop mask data of Sindh Left Zone based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E E E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

53 E District Badin Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Badin based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

54 District Ghotki Rabi Crop Mask E E E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Ghotki based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree E E CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

55 District Hyderabad Rabi Crop Mask Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Hyderabad based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

56 District Khairpur Rabi Crop Mask E E E E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Khairpur based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

57 E District Matiari Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Matiari based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

58 District Mirpur Khas Rabi Crop Mask E E E Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Mirpur Khas based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

59 E District Naushahro Feroze Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Naushahro Feroze based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

60 District Sanghar Rabi Crop Mask E E E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Sanghar based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree E E CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

61 E E District Shaheed Benazirabad Rabi Crop Mask Wheat E E E E The map shows crop mask data of District Shaheed Benazirabad based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

62 District Sukkur Rabi Crop Mask E E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Sukkur based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

63 E District Tando Allahyar Rabi Crop Mask Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Tando Allahyar based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

64 District Tando Muhammad Khan Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Tando Muhammad Khan based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

65 E District Umar Kot Rabi Crop Mask Wheat E E E The map shows crop mask data of District Umar Kot based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

66 Sindh Province Rabi Crop Mask

67 Rabi Crop Mask Sindh Right Zone 59

68 Sindh Right Zone Rabi Crop Mask E E E E E E E E E E E E E Wheat E E E E The map shows crop mask data of Sindh Right Zone based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E E E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

69 E E District Dadu Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District Dadu based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

70 District Jacobabad Rabi Crop Mask E Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District Jacobabad based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

71 E E E District Jamshoro Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E E E E E The map shows crop mask data of District Jamshoro based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

72 District Kashmore Rabi Crop Mask E Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District Kashmore based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

73 E District Larkana Rabi Crop Mask Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Larkana based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

74 District Qambar Shahdadkot Rabi Crop Mask E E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Qambar Shahdadkot based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree E CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

75 E District Shikarpur Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Shikarpur based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

76 District Thatta Rabi Crop Mask E E E E E Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District Thatta based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

77 5.17 Rabi Crop Mask Punjab Province 69

78 Punjab Province Rabi Crop Mask E E E E E E E E E N N N N N N N N Wheat N N The map shows crop mask data of Punjab Province based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

79 Rabi Crop Mask Punjab South Zone 71

80 E E E E E Punjab South Zone Rabi Crop Mask E E E E Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of Punjab South Zone based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

81 E E E District Bahawalnagar Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E E E E E The map shows crop mask data of District Bahawainagar based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

82 District Bahawalpur Rabi Crop Mask E E E E E E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Bahawalpur based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

83 E E District Dera Ghazi Khan Rabi Crop Mask E E E E Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District DG Khan based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

84 District Khanewal Rabi Crop Mask E Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District Khanewal based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

85 E District Lodhran Rabi Crop Mask Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Lodhran based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

86 District Multan Rabi Crop Mask E E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Multan based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

87 E E E District Muzaffargarh Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E E E E E The map shows crop mask data of District Muzaffargarh based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

88 District Pakpattan Rabi Crop Mask E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Pakpattan based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

89 E E District Rahim Yar Khan Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E E E E The map shows crop mask data of District Rahim Yar Khan based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

90 District Rajanpur Rabi Crop Mask E E E E E E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Rajanpur based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

91 E E E District Sahiwal Rabi Crop Mask Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Sahiwal based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

92 District Vehari Rabi Crop Mask E E E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Vehari based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree E E CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

93 Rabi Crop Mask Punjab Central Zone 85

94 Punjab Central Zone Rabi Crop Mask E E E E E E E E Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of Punjab Central Zone based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

95 E E District Bhakkar Rabi Crop Mask N N N N Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District Bhakkar based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

96 District Chiniot Rabi Crop Mask N E N Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Chiniot based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree E CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

97 E E District Faisalabad Rabi Crop Mask N N Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District Faisalabad based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

98 District Gujrat Rabi Crop Mask N E N Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Gujrat based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree E CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

99 E E District Jhang Rabi Crop Mask N N Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District Jhang based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

100 District Kasur Rabi Crop Mask E N N Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Kasur based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

101 E District Khushab Rabi Crop Mask N N Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Khushab based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

102 District Lahore Rabi Crop Mask E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Lahore based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

103 E District Layyah Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Layyah based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

104 District Mandi Bahauddin Rabi Crop Mask Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Mandi Bahauddin based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

105 E E District Mianwali Rabi Crop Mask N N Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District Mianwali based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

106 District Okara Rabi Crop Mask E E N N Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Okara based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree E E CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

107 E District Sargodha Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Sargodha based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

108 District Toba Tek Singh Rabi Crop Mask E E N N Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Toba Tek Singh based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree E E CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

109 Rabi Crop Mask Punjab North East Zone 101

110 Punjab North East Zone Rabi Crop Mask E E E N N N N Wheat The map shows crop mask data of Punjab North East Zone based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

111 E District District Gujranwala Sialkot Rabi Crop Mask N E N Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Gujranwala based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

112 District Sheikhupura Hafizabad Rabi Crop Mask E E N N Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Hafizabad based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

113 E District Nankana Sahib Rabi Crop Mask Wheat N N E The map shows crop mask data of District Nankana Sahib based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

114 District Narowal Rabi Crop Mask E Wheat E E The map shows crop mask data of District Narowal based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

115 E District Sheikhupura Rabi Crop Mask N E N Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Sheikhupura based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

116 District Sialkot Rabi Crop Mask E E Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Sialkot based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

117 Rabi Crop Mask Punjab Potohar Zone 109

118 Punjab Potohar Zone Rabi Crop Mask E E E N N Wheat The map shows crop mask data of Punjab Potohar Zone based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad E E E Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

119 N E N District Attock Rabi Crop Mask E Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Attock based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

120 District Chakwal Rabi Crop Mask E E N N Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Chakwal based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree E E CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

121 E District Jhelum Rabi Crop Mask E N N Wheat E The map shows crop mask data of District Jhelum based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

122 District Rawalpindi Rabi Crop Mask N E N Wheat The map shows crop mask data of District Rawalpindi based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree E CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

123 6. DEVELOPMENT of Crop Mask for AUTUMN POTATO CROP ( ) Three crops of Potato are sown in Pakistan during autumn, spring and summer seasons. Autumn crop is the main Potato crop of the country. The major autumn Potato growing districts in Punjab province of Pakistan are Okara, Pakpattan, Sahiwal, Chiniot, Jhelum, Kasur and Toba Tek Singh. 6.1 Project Area The project area for Potato crop is shown in the map of the following page. 6.4 Classification of Satellite Images A survey team was assigned the responsibility to classify satellite data for the respective Potato growing areas. The supervised classification was run on multi-date satellite data. The classifiers created training samples based on digitized segments and other randomly collected data. Some other training samples were also created through visual comparison along with those collected from field survey. Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Supervised classification method was used for the images/subsets classification based on training areas. The developed mask for Sugarcane and Wheat was also used to carry out further refinement during the classification phase. measures and statistics were derived from the confusion matrix. S# District 1 st Survey 2 st Survey Overall Accuracy (%) K-Statistics Overall Accuracy (%) K- Statistics 1 Chiniot Kasur Okara Pakpattan Sahiwal TTS Jhelum Table 8. Accuracy Assessment Punjab Potato Crop Area. 6.2 Satellite Data Acquisition Maximum cloud free SPOT5 (2.5, 5 and 10 m) satellite images were acquired during November 2013-February Field Survey Prior to Classification For Potato crop of autumn , field surveys were carried out between Dec-Jan The basic principles and procedures for collection of satellite imagery, ground truthing and image classification are similar to those described in the Wheat section of this document. 6.5 Ground Validation Surveys-Sampling The stratified random sampling technique was used for ground validation of image classification data for Potato crop Sampling sites and number of points were selected based on crop density and heterogeneity. District wise ground truth data were collected for project area. 6.6 Post Classification Accuracy Assessment The Error Matrix or Confusion Matrix was calculated. The classification results were compared with ground truth information collected through sampling. Different 6.7 Extraction of Potato Class After completing the accuracy assessment steps and examining the classification results, the data with accuracy of more than 80 percent were accepted. In case of data with accuracy less than the above threshold level, the cross-checks were made to achieve the desired accuracy. 6.8 Vectorization of Potato Class After extraction of Potato crop class from all the classified images, raster format were then converted to vector format. 115

124 Pakistan: Potato Crop Mask Project Area E E E E E E Potato Growing Districts Districts Boundary The map shows zone-wise project area for development of Potato crop mask based on high resolution SPOT5 satellite data of December-March Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree N N N N N N N N N N E E E E E E 116 CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

125 6.9 Cross Checking of Vectorized Data To get more refined crop mask, using minimum working scale of 1:25000, the vector files generated for Potato class were cross checked with the following: Classified images (to check the shift and area) Original unclassified images In addition, the vector files were overlayed on satellite images of other dates to exclude other crops mixed with Potato class Additional Quality Control of Vectorized Data After cross checking of vectorized data, dedicated teams were set up to check the quality of the data. The areas where there was a likelihood of mixing of Potato pixels with other crops were identified by the team. These errors were removed in the final outcome Merging of Polygons for Final Potato Crop Mask After thorough cross checking and reviewing based on additional quality control, vector files of Potato class within project area were merged to get final crop mask showing the spatial distribution. 117

126 Potato Zone: Ground Truth Survey Potato Crop Wheat Crop Sugarcane Crop Fodder Crop Other Crops Potato Zone The map shows the location of fields that have been observed other than the selected segments during the Ground Truth Survey campaign for Potato crop crops in Punjab. Projection: UTM Zone 43 N CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

127 Ground Truth Survey Pictures A. Pind Dadan Khan: Potato Crop Condition B. Okara: Early sown Potato Crop C. Pakpattan: Healthy Potato Crop D. T.T. Singh: Potato Crop Condition E. Okara: Potato Crop Condition F. Chiniot: Potato Plants G. Sahiwal: Potato Crop Sown H. Sahiwal: Ground Truth Survey I. Kasur: Potato Crop 119

128 Ground Validation Survey Pictures A. Kasur: Harvested Potato Crop B. Sahiwal: Packed Potato after harvest C. Kasur: Potato Crop Harvested D. Chiniot: White Potato Variety E. Chiniot: Red Potato Variety F. Sahiwal: Manual Potato Harvesting G. Chiniot: Farmer interview for potato crop H. Okara: Farmer Interview for potato crop I. Pakpattan: Potato Harvesting 120 CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

129 E E E E Punjab Province Potato Crop Mask N E N N N Potato N N E E E E The map shows Potato crop mask data of districts of Punjab based on SPOT Satellite data acquired during December - March at SPARC, SUPARCO Islamabad. Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Units: Degree

130 7. Statistics of Crop Mask Data for Rabi ( ) Wheat crop statistics were extracted from the developed crop mask on a district administrative level of Punjab and Sindh provinces at different zones level. 7.1 Rabi Crop Mask ( ) Sindh Province Using high resolution SPOT5 data, masks or digital information layers were developed for Rabi crop i.e. Wheat crop varied in term of area under cultivation. Wheat was observed to be at 1.55 million hectares. Sindh province was further subdivided into two zones based on variation in cropping pattern for Rabi crops. Fig.9 Rabi crop mask area - Sindh Left Zone Sindh Left Zone (SLZ) This zone includes thirteen districts. Overall contribution of the zone to the provincial crop mask is 65.7 percent. Major Wheat growing districts at zone level are Sanghar (10.8 percent), Khairpur (8.9 percent), Naushahro Feroze (8.5 percent) and Ghotki (7.5 percent) Sindh Right Zone (SRZ) This zone includes eight districts. Overall contribution of the zone to the provincial crop mask is 34.3 percent. Major Wheat growing districts at zone level are Qambar Shahdad Kot (8.0 percent), Dadu (7.7 percent), Kashmore (5.9 percent) and Shikarpur (4.8 percent). Fig.10 Rabi crop mask area - Sindh Right Zone. 122 CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

131 Rabi Crop Mask District Wise WHEAT area of Sindh DISTRICT WISE WHEAT AREA (000 ha) Map title: Sindh_Wheat Area Distribution Map created by: SUPARCO SPARC, Islamabad Datum/projection: WGS 1984 Geographic Map Data Source: this analysis is based on Rabi satellite imagery collected by SPOT sensors at Satellite Ground Station Islamabad, Pakistan

132 7.2 Rabi Crop Mask ( ) Punjab Province Using high resolution SPOT5 data, masks or digital information layers were developed for Rabi crops Based on variation in cropping pattern, Punjab was further distributed into four zones i.e. Southern, Central, North East and Potohar Punjab South Zone (PSZ) This zone comprises of twelve districts. Overall contribution of the zone to provincial crop mask is 46.1 percent. Major Wheat growing districts in this zone are: Bahawalnagar (6.07 percent), Bahawalpur (5.3 percent), Muzaffargarh (4.9 percent) and Rahim Yar Khan (4.7 percent) Punjab Central Zone (PCZ) This zone includes fourteen districts. Overall contribution of the zone to provincial crop mask is 29.9 percent. Major Wheat growing districts in this zone are: Jhang (3.8 percent), Faisalabad (3.5 percent), Layyah (3.0 percent) and Okara (2.8 percent). Fig.11 Rabi crop mask area - Punjab Southern Zone. Fig.12 Rabi crop mask area - Punjab Central Zone Punjab North East Zone (PNEZ) This zone includes six districts. Overall contribution of the zone to provincial crop mask is 17.0 percent. Major Wheat growing districts in this zone are: Sheikhupura (21.6 percent), Gujranwala (19.9 percent), Sialkot (18.8 percent) and Narowal (15.4 percent) Punjab Potohar Zone (PPZ) This zone includes four districts. Overall contribution of the zone to provincial crop mask is 6.8 percent. Major Wheat growing districts in this zone are: Attock (2.09 percent), Rawalpindi (1.92 percent), Chakwal (1.83 percent) and Jhelum (0.98 percent). Fig.13 Rabi crop mask area - Punjab North East Zone. Fig.14 Rabi crop mask area - Punjab Potohar Zone. 124 CROP MASK DEVELOPMENT / Rabi,

133 Rabi Crop Mask District Wise WHEAT area of Punjab DISTRICT WISE WHEAT AREA (000 ha) Map title: Punjab_Wheat Area Distribution Map created by: SUPARCO SPARC, Islamabad Datum/projection: WGS 1984 Geographic Map Data Source: this analysis is based on Rabi satellite imagery collected by SPOT sensors at Satellite Ground Station Islamabad, Pakistan