Draft Documentation Report. San Jose International Airport Obstruction Clearance Study. Prepared for: City of San Jose Airport Department

Transcription

1 raft ocumentation eport an Jose nternational irport bstruction learance tudy Prepared for: ity of an Jose irport epartment Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. Jacobs onsultancy, nc. F arch 4, 27

2 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport able of ontents. ntroduction.... bstacle valuation Procedures F Part 77 valuation F bstruction valuation Processing ources for bstacle ata sed by F, irlines or ther apping ompanies bstruction hart and eronautical ata heet igital bstacle File iscellaneous ources Part 25 valuation...4. bstacle learance riteria and urfaces F Part F Part P nalysis...7. eight estriction aps...2. Findings and Policy onsiderations eed for erification of ocation of Planned evelopment mpacts of ncreasing uilding eights above the urfaces ew ircraft echnology ot ikely to esolve his ssue mplications for Future evelopment in owntown an Jose...32 ppendix...- ppendix...- ppendix...- bstacle learance tudy i arch 4, 27 F for iscussion Purposes nly

3 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport ist of ables able -: unway ndpoint oordinates and levation...8 able -2: and oordinates and levation...9 able -3: eclared istances...9 able -4: irlines erving an Jose nternational irport... able -5: irline/ircraft/arket cenarios for Part 25 nalysis...2 able -6: ritical bstacles for ne ngine noperative () Procedures...7 able -7: P bstacle learance urfaces valuated over owntown tudy rea...9 bstacle learance tudy ii arch 4, 27 F for iscussion Purposes nly

4 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport ist of xhibits xhibit -: bstacles in bstruction hart / irport ata heet ithin the tudy rea...6 xhibit -2: bstacles in the igital bstacle File ithin the tudy rea...7 xhibit -: F Part 77 maginary urfaces ontours and haracteristics... xhibit -2: ngine ut eparture Procedure learance urfaces...4 xhibit -3: ethodology for eveloping ne ngine noperative () eparture learance urfaces...5 xhibit -4: dentified bstacles ithin the tudy rea...6 xhibit -: overage reas outh of the irport...2 xhibit -2: ne ngine noperative omposite bstruction learance urface ver the tudy rea...22 xhibit -3: Part 77 omposite bstruction learance urface ver the tudy rea...23 xhibit -4: P omposite bstruction learance urface ver an Jose owntown rea..24 xhibit -5: overning bstruction learance riteria ver an Jose owntown rea...25 xhibit -6: P and ne ngine noperative omposite bstruction learance urface ver an Jose owntown rea...26 xhibit -7: overning bstruction learance riteria xcluding an Jose owntown rea...27 xhibit -8: Part 77 and ne ngine noperative omposite bstruction learance urface xcluding an Jose owntown rea...28 xhibit -9: omposite bstruction learance urfaces ver the tudy rea...29 xhibit -: omparison of ypes of urfaces...33 xhibit -2: omparison of P vs. reas of nfluence ith oise ontours...34 xhibit -3: levation ifferences etween P and urfaces...35 bstacle learance tudy iii arch 4, 27 F for iscussion Purposes nly

5 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport. ntroduction nobstructed airspace is a critical factor in determining the air service capability of an airport. bstructions in the form of tall structures, towers, or terrain dictate the ability to operate to and from the runways at an airport and the markets that can be served from it nonstop. bstructions or intrusions by new structures into airspace needed for aircraft safety erode the types of air service that can be provided to the airport. nce this critical airspace is lost, air service is lost. irspace protection around the orman. ineta - an Jose nternational irport (J) has recently become a concern as additional high-rise development in downtown an Jose is encouraged and implemented. n January 26, the consultant team of icondo & ssociates, nc. and eigh Fisher ssociates (now Jacobs onsultancy, nc.) was retained by the ity of an Jose to prepare an irport bstruction tudy to assist the ity in its interest to minimize potential compatibility problems between its goals for both downtown high-rise building development and the growth and development of the airport. he primary objective of the study has been to prepare a database of obstacle clearance surfaces within a 3-mile radius of J in order to identify potential building height limits of new development, particularly in downtown an Jose, to protect the local airspace around the irport. his report presents the consolidated documentation specified in the study workscope. his study examined three sets of obstacle clearance surfaces (s) in the airspace surrounding the irport: Part 77 surfaces ivil airport imaginary surfaces, as described in Part 77 of the ode of Federal egulations, itle 4, bjects ffecting avigable irspace; surfaces ne-engine inoperative () aircraft climb gradient surfaces, associated with aircraft certification criteria described in Part 25 of the ode of Federal egulations, itle 4; and, P surfaces bstacle clearance surfaces described in F rder 826.3, nited tates tandard for erminal nstrument Procedures. he Part 77 and surfaces were evaluated for the study area, defined as a three-mile radius around the irport. he P surfaces were evaluated just for the owntown an Jose sub-area, as defined by ity staff. he criteria and methods used for developing the in this report are based on the following regulatory documents, along with documentation provided by individual airlines regarding their procedures: Federal viation egulations (F) Part 77 F dvisory ircular () 2-9, irport bstacle nalysis nnex 6 to the onvention on nternational ivil viation, peration of ircraft, ighth dition F rder 826.3, nited tates tandard for erminal nstrument Procedures (P), hange 9, and supporting P criteria P instruction letters (s) bstacle learance tudy F arch 4, 27

6 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport F rder hange, ivil tilization of lobal Positioning ystem (P) F F-42 directives F rder 74.2, Procedures for andling irspace atters bstacle learance tudy 2 F arch 4, 27

7 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport. bstacle valuation Procedures his section identifies and documents the obstacle evaluation procedures used by the F and the airlines to comply with the regulations listed in ection. t also identifies data sources that are used as part of the evaluation and how these sources are maintained and updated. 2. F Part 77 valuation he ode of Federal egulations (F), itle 4 Federal viation egulations (F), Part 77 bjects ffecting avigable irspace establishes standards and notification requirements for objects affecting navigable airspace. he functions of F Part 77 include: dentifying structures around airports that may affect operating procedures; etermining the need for an F eronautical tudy; harting new man-made or natural objects; and, dentifying mitigating measures such as marking and lighting to enhance the safety of air navigation. 2.2 F bstruction valuation Processing he bstruction valuation / irport irspace nalysis (/) process is carried out by the F to evaluate proposed obstructions that may affect navigable airspace. For all structures outside the airport boundary, the process is administered by F s bstruction valuation ervice (), part of the ir raffic ivision, with the coordinated assistance of the Flight Procedures ffice, irway Facilities ivision and irports ivisions. Proposals for structures on airport property are evaluated in the airport airspace analysis process by the irports ivision, with assistance from Flight Procedures ffice, irway Facilities ivision and ir raffic () ivision. ee ppendix for a description of the various steps involved in conducting an for proposed construction or alteration that is outside airport boundaries. 2.3 ources for bstacle ata sed by F, irlines or ther apping ompanies number of sources for obstacle data are used by different parties, as described in this section bstruction hart and eronautical ata heet he epartment of ommerce, ational ceanic and tmospheric dministration () is contracted by the F to update official airport obstruction charts () and accompanying aeronautical data sheets (). ased on field surveys, and prior versions of the /, the latest version of an / includes geographic coordinates (latitude / longitude) and elevations for runway endpoints, runway thresholds, runway high points and intersections,, objects and terrain found to penetrate F Part 77 imaginary surfaces, and other notable objects and terrain. he / for each airport is updated approximately every 5 to years. he frequency of updates depends on a variety of factors, including changes to runway configurations, additions of significant obstacles, and other changes to an airport s environment or airspace. he / is a snapshot in time representing the day the airport was surveyed by ; therefore the data can become less accurate over time, especially with impermanent objects such as construction cranes and bstacle learance tudy 3 F arch 4, 27

8 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport telephone poles, and with trees and other vegetation that may grow taller, or may be pruned or removed. he / serves as F s base source of runway coordinate data; and can also be utilized by airlines, airports, and other vendors or consultants for use in obstacle evaluation, flight procedure design, general airport planning work, and related endeavors. For further information, see xhibit - shows the various obstacles listed on the / within the study area igital bstacle File he ational eronautical harting ffice () is part of the viation ystem tandards ivision of the F. creates, maintains, and publishes various types of aeronautical charts, including the igital bstacle File (F). he F is a repository for obstacle data from the / process and other sources. bstacle data from the / process includes data for proposed / approved structures that results from filing a Form 746-, otice of Proposed onstruction or lteration, and data for finished structures from Form 746-2, otice of ctual onstruction. he F bstacle valuation team within the ir raffic ivision tracks both Forms 746- and obtains obstacle information from the database and adds it to the F, which contains information only on man-made obstacles. he F can be used by the F for obstacle evaluation and flight procedure design, and can be purchased from by airlines, airports, and other vendors or consultants for use in obstacle evaluation, flight procedure design, general airport planning work, and related endeavors. ecause the F is updated more frequently than the /, it can contain more up-to-date information on newly approved or constructed obstacles than the /. owever, because it is not based on periodic field surveys, the F can contain obstacles that have been removed, or were approved by F but never built, or were reviewed by F at a certain height / location but constructed at a different height / location. For further information, see xhibit -2 shows the various obstacles listed on the F within the study area iscellaneous ources ifferent airlines, flight procedure designers, or planning / engineering companies use various other sources of obstacle data to complement their / and F data. hese sources include independently-commissioned professional field surveys, georegistered / orthorectified aerial photography, digital terrain models, and military data; as well as nternet sources that are increasingly prevalent, but may lack the necessary level of accuracy for aeronautical study, such as oogle arth and icrosoft s similar live.com globe model. 2.4 Part 25 valuation eparate from federal regulations governing notification and review of potential airspace obstructions, the F requires each airline to develop one-engine inoperative () emergency procedures for each aircraft type operating from each runway at each airport under F Part 25, bstacle learance tudy 4 F arch 4, 27

9 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport irworthiness tandards: ransport ategory irplanes. hese procedures, which must be reviewed and approved by the F, provide safe flight paths for an aircraft in the event of a total loss of power to one engine during a takeoff procedure. he procedures are based on the most constraining factors of aircraft performance with a single engine for the specific runway, including maximum takeoff weight (composed of airframe weight, fuel, passengers, baggage, and cargo), air temperature and pressure, wind, terrain, and obstacles. he procedures are designed such that the aircraft would gain some altitude, and follow a simple flight path over the lowest terrain and obstacles that would eventually allow a return to the nearest airport. ecause of differences in aircraft types, engine types installed on each aircraft, and other factors, each airline s procedures are somewhat different. he F does not recognize individual airline procedures as a factor in the F airspace obstruction determinations. he procedures could be adjusted by changing designated flight path, and / or the aircraft could be further weight-restricted to improve climb performance such that they would clear the new obstacles. djustments to procedures may cause a negative financial impact to the airline, sometimes such that certain markets served become physically impossible or economically infeasible, and service to those markets can be cancelled. he airspace protection surfaces considered for procedures are, in many cases, lower than the airspace protection surfaces used by the F in its airspace obstruction evaluations of tall structures. herefore, it is possible for a building to be considered not to be a hazard to air navigation by the F but limit an airline s ability to serve a market without unloading passengers and cargo (i.e., weight penalties, loss of airline revenue, and lower passenger level-of-service). iven airline profit margins on flights, small weight penalties can mean the economic difference between a profit and loss on a flight. herefore, obstructions within the surrounding airspace dictate the air service capability of each aircraft and the airport in general. ll aircraft manufacturers are required to meet F Part 25 aircraft certification requirements. he airplane flight manual is developed through the certification process, which specifies aircraft performance including climb rate with one engine inoperative (). s part of the Fs governing commercial airline operations, the airlines are required to clear all obstacles by 35 feet vertically and 3 feet laterally should an aircraft experience the loss of an engine on takeoff. his may require the development of specific flight procedures to avoid obstructions, or restrict aircraft departure weight to enable a sufficient climb rate. F Part 25 aircraft certification requirements specify minimum climb gradient requirements that are required to be met with a loss of engine on takeoff. For example, all two engine aircraft are required to meet a.6% (62.5: slope) climb gradient with on takeoff. hese climb requirements are less stringent for three and four engine aircraft. ased on discussions with the airlines aircraft performance engineering departments, it was established that departure clearance surfaces start at the shorter distance of the takeoff run available (), takeoff distance available () or the accelerate-stop distance available (). bstacle learance tudy 5 F arch 4, 27

10 X X P P J F F J ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; obstruction analysis: icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. mile F 237 X! 88!!! 68!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! F!!!!!!!!!!!!! Q PF - P P P P X Z F P P P P X F P P F J P P F P X P 237 P 237 P P P P 7 P J JFF P! P F Z P 7!( 237 X FF P P F an Jose nternational irport!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 88!!!! P P P P P P P P P 28 P F P P ' Z! P X P P P 28 P J 88 P P P P 88 P F F FX! P P P 87 Z J P!!!!!!!!!! orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport bstacles n bstruction hart niversal igital ata File ithin he tudy rea bstacle learance tudy February F F Z F FF P Z PP Q J 5 J 6! P!( 87 9 J J F P Z Z F F 23 F P P J F 28 F P FF P P 68 X FF P 34 FP 68 P X Q Z P P P F J J P P X F F P P egend!(! an Jose downtown area treet nterstate highway.. oute ighway bstacle in bstruction hart F xhibit -

11 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport X X P P J F F J ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; obstruction analysis: icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. mile F 237 X!!!!!( Q PF - P P F P P X Z F P P P P X F P P F J P P F P X P 237 P 237 P P P P 7 P J JFF P P F Z P 7 X FF P P F an Jose nternational irport P P P P P P P P P 28 P F P P ' 88 Z P X P P P! 28 P J 88 P P P P 88 P F F! FX!! P P P 87! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Z J P F F Z F FF P Z PP Q J 5 J P!( 87 9 J J F P Z Z F! F 23 F P P J F 28 F P FF P P! 68 X FF P 34 FP 68 P X Q Z P P P F J J P P X F F P P egend!(! an Jose downtown area treet nterstate highway.. oute ighway bstacle in ational eronautical harting ffice () igital bstacle File xhibit -2 bstalces n igital bstacle File ithin he tudy rea bstacle learance tudy February 27

12 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport. bstacle learance riteria and urfaces o develop the obstacle clearance surfaces in the vicinity of the irport, relevant data were obtained from published sources including irport ayout Plan, bstruction hart and irport Facilities irectory and reviewed for inconsistencies. hese data were then confirmed by field surveys conducted by ity staff in February 26, followed by additional survey information provided by the irport in July 26. able - contains runway pavement endpoint location and elevations that were used for this analysis. able -2 presents the location and elevation of the endpoints of takeoff run available () and accelerate-stop distance available () used to construct certain obstacle clearance surfaces. he endpoint of, known as the eparture nd of unway (), is the point on a departure procedure where an aircraft must become airborne. he endpoint of, known as the top nd of unway (), is the point on an aborted departure procedure where a braking aircraft must come to a halt. t J, the and for each runway heading are coincident. and are two types of declared distances, meaning portions of the runway length, less than the total pavement endpoint-to-endpoint length of the runway, that are declared available for certain procedures (see diagram). able -3 contains the published declared distances for J. able - unway Pavement ndpoint oordinates and levation unway Pavement ndpoint atitude ongitude Jacobs onsultancy nc. levation (feet ) 3 37 o o o o o o o o o o o o ource: an Jose nternational irport, 27 irport ayout Plan (P) Prepared y: icondo & ssociates, nc., Jacobs onsultancy nc. bstacle learance tudy 8 F arch 4, 27

13 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport able -2 and oordinates and levation unway eading atitude ongitude levation (feet ) 3 37 o o o o o o o o ote: he and endpoints are collocated for unways 2-3 and 2-3. eclared distances do not apply to unway -29. ource: an Jose nternational irport, 27 irport ayout Plan (P) Prepared y: icondo & ssociates, nc., Jacobs onsultancy nc. able -3 eclared istances unway eading (feet) (feet) (feet) (feet) 3,,34,34 7,587 2,,39,39 8,883 3,,5,5 7,62 2, 9,883 9,883 8, ,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 : = takeoff distance available; = takeoff run available; = accelerate-stop distance available; = landing distance available ource: an Jose nternational irport, 27 irport ayout Plan (P) Prepared y: icondo & ssociates, nc., Jacobs onsultancy nc. 3. F Part 77 s part of this study, updated Part 77 surfaces for the irport were drawn, shown on xhibit -. his exhibit was prepared by drawing primary, transitional and approach surfaces for all runways and the horizontal surface and conical surfaces for the airport as defined under F F Part 25 s part of this study, all the airlines operating at the irport were contacted to collect information regarding the various obstacle identification criteria used by these airlines to meet the departure requirements. nformation about markets that are being served as of ugust 26, or were served in the past by these airlines was also obtained, and is provided in able -4. ccording to the rules that govern commercial airlines, aircraft operators must be able to safely climb and avoid obstacles if an engine is lost during takeoff. n this respect, the minimum certification criteria under Part 25 for engine-out climb performance are related to aircraft operations and can directly affect the ability of an air carrier to economically serve a specific market. For simplicity in this report, the imaginary surfaces used by airlines to meet departure criteria are referred to as Part 25 surfaces. bstacle learance tudy 9 F arch 4, 27

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15 able -4 irlines erving an Jose nternational irport, ugust 26 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport irline ircraft irports erved laska irlines () PX, PX, -8 PX, merica est irlines (P)/ 39 PX irways () merged 32, PX 737-3, PX (esa irline) J-9 (esa irline) J-2 merican irlines () (discontinued in ctober 26) (merican agle) -4 X,, -8, F, -83 F,, ontinental irlines () 737-3, elta irlines () 737-8, (kywest irline) J-2 Fedx Frontier irlines (F9) 39 J-7 awaiian irlines () orizon irlines (QX) J-7 PX ash8-q4 Jetlue irlines (6) 32, JF exicana irlines (X) 39 X 32, orthwest irlines () 39 P 32 P outhwest irlines 737-3,, X,, PX,,, PX 737-7,, X,,, PX, PX,,, nited irlines 39,, , (nited xpress/kywest irline) J-2 X (nited xpress/kywest irline) -2 X, P F F F irport ey: : tlanta (ntl),. : ustin (ergstrom ntl), X. : oise,. : -oston (ogan ntl),. : urbank,. : enver (ntl),. F: allas/ft. orth (ntl), X. : uadalajara, exico. : onolulu,. : ashington (ulles ntl),. : ouston (. ush ntl), X. JF: ew ork (ennedy) : as egas (carran ntl),. X: os ngeles (ntl),. : hicago (idway),. : emphis,. X: exico ity (Juarez), exico. : orelia, exico. P: inneapolis/t. Paul (ntl),. : okyo (arita), Japan. -ntario,. : hicago ('are),. PX: Portland,. PX: Phoenix (ky arbor), Z. F: ockford,. : eno,. : an iego (ntl),. : anta arbara,. F: ouisville (tandiford),. : eattle/acoma (ntl),. : anta na/range ounty (John ayne),. ource: fficial irline uide (), irlines Prepared y: icondo & ssociates, nc., Jacobs onsultancy nc. bstacle learance tudy F arch 4, 27

16 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport he following criteria are used by the airlines and are shown on xhibit -2.. F dvisory ircular () 2-9, ircraft bstacle nalysis, ay 5, nnex 6 to the onvention on nternational ivil viation, peration of ircraft, ight dition, July orthwest irlines flight performance group modification of F Part 25 aircraft certification regulations, as encapsulated in the irplane Flight anual. irlines, within the guidance established by the F, have some flexibility in the design of their procedures. hen an airline develops an procedure and it is approved by the F, it is used for all aircraft for that airline. t J, some airlines have already instituted a turning procedure for departures from unways 2 and 2, in order to avoid high-rise downtown structures that are on the straight runway heading. his right turn is near the limit allowed by the F without significant additional aircraft weight and building height limitations. he right turn path takes advantage of the relatively unobstructed corridor (lower structures) west of ighway 87. his procedure is used by merican irlines with its longer range flights to okyo (this service was discontinued in ctober 26), allas/fort orth, and hicago, as well as by awaiian irlines with its flights to the awaiian slands; and it would be most likely the only path available for potential future long-range destinations (i.e. sia or urope). he right-turn procedure results in more significant height restrictions west of ighway 87, relative the downtown core. ased on consultation with ity staff, it was decided that the airline/aircraft/city service scenarios shown in able -5 provide a representative sample for evaluating airspace protection requirements for future irport growth. able -5 irline/ircraft/arket cenarios for Part 25 nalysis estination ircraft irline Procedure over owntown okyo merican irlines urn, 2-9 ong ong Foreign flag carrier urn, Paris merican irlines urn, 2-9 oston 32-2 Jetlue irlines traight, Part 25 ashington 32-2 nited irlines traight, etroit 39 orthwest irlines traight, airline-specific hicago -8 merican irlines urn, 2-9 ewark ontinental irlines traight, 2-9 altimore outhwest irlines traight, Part 25 enver J-7 Frontier irlines traight, 2-9 ource: ity of an Jose Prepared y: icondo & ssociates, nc., Jacobs onsultancy nc. he methodology of depicting the geometry of surfaces requires accurate data not only of runway endpoints and / endpoints, but also critical obstacles obstacles that are determining factors for the flattest achievable slope of segments of the surface. n order to improve the quality of obstruction information for purposes of this study, ity staff assembled the bstacle learance tudy 2 F arch 4, 27

17 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport obstruction data provided in the / and F, which formed the baseline obstruction data, and then augmented and adjusted the data in the following manner:. ity staff field-surveyed all existing runway pavement endpoints, thresholds, and / endpoints, including the newly extended unway ity staff carefully observed the areas around the airport verify the presence and approximate heights of obstacles one by one. his allowed the elimination of many trees, the crane at the dobe eadquarters complex, and other impermanent obstacles from the /; and the elimination of several buildings on the F that had been removed or had never been constructed as planned. 3. ity staff field-surveyed several structures that were deemed likely to constitute a critical obstacle for one or more procedures. 4. professional field survey of the dobe eadquarters complex, including parapets, mechanical screens, and antennas, was conducted as part of another study in 25, and was shared with the irport and several airlines. ome of the adjustments that were made are as follows:. 29 feet uilding in the database (atitude: , ongitude: ) does not exist. his point is a oute 87 freeway on-ramp from Julian t. here is no structure close to that elevation anywhere in the immediate vicinity of that point feet on uilding in database (atitude: , ongitude: ) is the same point as the arriott otel on ity building list with a 359 ft elevation, which was specifically surveyed and was retained for the analysis feet ank in the database (atitude: , ongitude: ) does not exist. his point is in the parking lot of the an Jose rena. Perhaps a tank structure was once located on site and removed when arena was constructed circa feet uilding in the database (atitude: , ongitude: ) is at least 5 feet too high. J has no data on this supposed obstruction, but field check indicates existing building is less than 2' (with a ground elevation of approx. 85'). uilding also appears shadowed by ity eights on ity building list ( of this 25' feet ). 5. he 83 feet / in database (atitude: , ongitude: ) is also almost 3 feet too high. J P identifies facility as 54 feet feet uilding in the database (atitude: , ongitude: ) does not exist. his is the incorrect 746 point submitted to F for all three dobe buildings. ppendix contains the consolidated tabulations of the obstacles identified for each runway heading. fter identification of all the obstacles within the selected obstacle identification criteria, the departure clearance surfaces were developed taking into account all the existing obstacles and using the methodology shown in xhibit -3. able -7 lists all the obstacles that were identified as critical obstacles for the departure clearance surfaces. xhibit -4 depicts the critical obstacles, as well as identifying obstacles in the study area by source. bstacle learance tudy 3 F arch 4, 27

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20 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport X X P P J F F J F 237 X! 88!!! 68!! ntenna on building (24 ft. )!!!! ( 3)!!!!!!!!!!!! orthwest irlines ( 3) F!!! - ( 3)! Part 25 ( 3) Pole (3 ft. )! ( 3)!!!!!!! Q PF - P P P P X Z F P P P ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; obstruction analysis: Jacobs onsultancy and icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. mile P X F P P F J P P F P X P 237 P 237 P P P P 7 P J JFF P! P F Z P 7!( 237 X an Jose nternational irport!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 88!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! FF P P F P P P P P P P P P 28 P F P P ' P Pavilion (22 ft. ) - 2deg. urn ( 2) dobe Phase, ntenna (35 ft. ) - ( 2/2) ( 2) orthwest irlines ( 2/2) Part 25 ( 2) Z P X P P P 28 P J 88 P P P P 88 P F F FX ransmission tower (52 ft. ) ( 3) orthwest irlines ( 3) P P P 87 Z J P F F Z F FF P Z PP Q J 5 J P!( 87 9 J J F P Z Z F! F 23 F P P J F P FF F P P! 68 X FF P FP 68 P X Q Z P P P F J J ank of merica, upola** (354 ft. ) ( 2) 34 P P X F F P dobe Phase 2/uilding 2, corner (345 ft. ) Part 25 ( 2) P egend!(!!!! an Jose downtown area treet nterstate highway.. oute ighway ritical obstacle bstacle in ational eronautical harting ffice () igital bstacle File bstacle in bstruction hart F bstacle documented by the ity of an José ** ote: he center point of the cupola lies outside of the unway 2 one engine inoperable surface. owever, a portion of the building/cupola lies within this surface and is therefore listed as a critical obstacle. xhibit -4 dentified bstacles ithin he tudy rea bstacle learance tudy February 27

21 able -6 ritical bstacles for ne ngine noperative () Procedures orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport ritical bstacle outh of irport levation (ft. ) atitude ongitude urfaces ank of merica, upola o o () dobe Phase, ntenna o o (-2-9, ) 2 (,, -2-9, Part 25) dobe Phase 2, corner o o (Part 25) P Pavilion, center roof peak o o 2 ( degree turn) orth of irport Pole 3 37 o () ntenna o ransmission ower o (,, -2-9, Part 25) 3 (,, -2-9) ources: orma. ineta an Jose nternational irport taff, icondo & ssociates, nc. and Jacobs onsultancy, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc., Jacobs onsultancy nc. 3.3 P nalysis his section details the process by which the P obstacle clearance surfaces () that can affect height restrictions over the owntown an Jose sub-area were developed. able -7 lists the P procedures that were considered as part of this analysis. ppendix contains printouts of these published instrument flight procedures. Published instrument flight procedures allow aircraft with instrument capabilities flying in low visibility conditions to arrive at and depart from airports with a certain margin of safety. s related to obstacles, the margin of safety between the published flight path and obstacles is known as equired bstacle learance or. For to be maintained, all obstacles must remain below the elevations of the s as defined for each type of procedure following the criteria in F rder 826.3, hange 9, and related rders in the 826 series covering newer types of instrument approaches. hile F Part 77 surfaces are more generic, with relatively simple geometry oriented with runways and extended runway centerlines; P surfaces are unique and specific to certain types of instrument procedures, are oriented with published flight paths, and have very complex geometry. P surfaces can be higher or lower than F Part 77 surfaces at a given area. s discussed in more detail in ppendix, the lowest P surface at a given location is often the major contributing factor for maximum allowable height for an F etermination of o azard (). ue to time and expense considerations for this study, P surfaces were only calculated and included for the defined owntown an Jose sub-area, in order to provide the ity and potential high-rise building developers information on the maximum elevations that F might find to be not a hazard. bstacle learance tudy 7 F arch 4, 27

22 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport o develop P mapping for this study, basic geometry of each was constructed. checklist of all published instrument procedures was created, and minimum and maximum elevations over the downtown area were calculated. s with minimum elevations higher than the maximum elevations of overlapping were not included. etailed geometry and elevation contours were completed for the remaining s that would contribute to the composite lowest surface. P initial climb area () departure s were modeled with origin points at both positions the F uses to evaluate obstructions: beginning at endpoint (), and beginning at physical end of pavement. ncreased climb gradient for P departure s were used for the area east of ighway 87, while the standard 4: departure, protecting for the standard minimum climb gradient of 2 feet / nautical mile, was used to for the area west of ighway 87. he use of the standard minimum climb gradient west of ighway 87 takes into account the relatively low structures in that general area and the possibility that the F could consider a new tall structure in this area as having a cumulative impact and, therefore, a hazard to air navigation. uch determinations have been made by the F in similar situations at other airports. he departure s were found to be lower in all cases than the protecting precision instrument landing system () final approaches. eyond the departure, the lowest applicable P s were those protecting non-precision final approaches, and the circling approach area as defined for both precision and non-precision approaches. bstacle learance tudy 8 F arch 4, 27

23 able -7 P bstacle learance urfaces valuated over owntown tudy rea eronautical urface unway orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport levation over owntown egment over tudy rea (feet ) ubject rea ow igh Part of the omposite owest eparture / F tandard eparture (: unway nd) F tandard eparture (: nd) F ncreased limb radient (: unway nd) F ncreased limb radient (: nd) Precision nstrument pproach nstrument anding ystem () F 25,2 on-precision nstrument pproach ocalizer-only () F rea avigation lobal Positioning ystem (-P) F mnidirectional ange () (P) F F (P) F F F F on-directional adio eacon () 3 F 4 4 otes: = bove ean ea evel; = eparture nd of unway; = bstacle learance urface; = equired bstacle learance; = akeoff un vailable; = nitial limb rea; = issed pproach; F = Final pproach; = ircling pproach rea ource: Jacobs onsultancy, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. bstacle learance tudy 9 F arch 4, 27

24 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport. eight estriction aps function of this study is to develop a tool for providing information on the height of restrictive obstacle clearance surfaces as defined by F Part 77, Part 25 and P regulations. owever it should be noted that this tool, while developed according to current F standards, does not substitute for a formal obstruction evaluation conducted by the F. evisions to P criteria are periodically issued by the F, and changes are made to published instrument flight procedures from time to time, which may also result in modifications to the surfaces as depicted for this study. irlines may also change their procedures as a result of an overall airline policy change or to reduce weight penalties for service to a new or existing market with a new or existing aircraft type. 3 wireframe drawings for all three types of obstacles clearance surfaces were developed, and then brought into by rasterization. he rasterized surfaces were then correlated with actual land parcel date obtained from anta lara ounty by using mapping. n consultation with ity staff, the height restriction maps were developed differently for areas inside and outside of the owntown an Jose sub-area. For the majority of the study area (outside the owntown an Jose sub-area), the maps show the lowest applicable F Part 77 or surface. ithin the owntown an Jose sub-area, the maps show the lowest applicable P or surface, because of the large number of existing penetrations to F Part 77 surfaces.. xhibits - shows the heights of lowest surfaces over the area south of the airport. xhibits -2, -3 and -4, respectively, show composite, Part 77, and P height restrictions over each parcel. xhibits -5 and -6 show the height restriction and governing criteria over each parcel within the owntown an Jose sub-area. xhibit -7 and -8 show the height restriction and governing criteria over each parcel in areas outside of the owntown an Jose sub-area. xhibit -9 shows the consolidated height restrictions over each parcel in the entire of study area. bstacle learance tudy 2 F arch 4, 27

25

26 X X P P J F F J ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; and analysis: Jacobs onsultancy and icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. mile F 237 X!( Q PF - P P F P P X Z F P P P P X F P P F J P P F P X P 237 P 237 P P P P 7 P J JFF P P F Z P 7 X FF P P F an Jose nternational irport P P P P P P P P P 28 P F P P ' 88 Z P X P P P 28 P J 88 P P P P 88 P F F FX P P P 87 Z J P!( 87 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport ne ngine noperative omposite bstruction learance urface ver he tudy rea bstacle learance tudy February F F Z F FF P Z PP Q J 5 J P 9 J J F P P Z Z 87 P P F F 23 F P P J F 28 F P FF P X FF P 34 FP 68 P X Q Z P P P F J J P P X F F P P egend!( an Jose downtown area treet nterstate highway.. oute ighway Parcels_(6-4) eight (in feet ) at which building/obstruction would penetrate one or more surfaces _ (minimum height = 37 ft. ) (maximum height = 46 ft. ) xhibit -2

27 Z Z P J P 88 X P P P Z 7 P P P J P 28 P X P P F P F F Q P X P J P F J P X 68 P F P 34 P P P P J F F F P 28 F X Z P X P P X FF ighway (minimum height = 37 ft. ) P.. oute eight (in feet ) at which building/obstruction would penetrate _P77 one or. more Part 77 surfaces F 87! ( 3 Z Z P F P nterstate highway Parcels_(6-4)! ( 68 FF F F J F F J J 7 F P 5 68 J P J P P P P 87 F Q treet F 28 PP P P FX 88 X Z ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; Part 77 and analysis: icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. 88 P P F an Jose downtown area P P FF P P P P P P F J F P F P P F an Jose nternational irport 88 P ' F P F P egend F J P Z X Z P P P F bstacle learance tudy P X mile P P P X P P P F Q P P 7 P F P J ! ( P 237 P P J P F F orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport P (maximum height =,9 ft. ) xhibit -3 Part 77 omposite bstruction learance urface ver he tudy rea February 27

28 F PP Z F P 28 P P P 88 P P P P P ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; P and analysis: Jacobs onsultancy and icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. 2, feet 28 P F ine tring an Jose nternational irport P P 88 P 88 P F P P P 88 P F P 88 P P P P 28 P 28 P P Q F FF Z X P P P 88 P PF P P P 3 F 87 P PZ 5 JF Z J P P FX F FF 85 P F 3 F P Z P 87 P 87 J P F P 87 J P F!( 87 2 Parcels_(6-4) eight (in feet ) at which building/obstruction would penetrate _P one or more P surfaces (minimum height = 27 ft. ) orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport (maximum height = 5 ft. ) P omposite bstruction learance urface ver an Jose owntown rea bstacle learance tudy February 27 9 J 4 J 7 P 3 8 J 4 P J F Z 5 2 P 2 P 4 P F P F 8 P P J 24 PP Q P F F P J P egend!( an Jose downtown area treet nterstate highway.. oute ighway xhibit -4

29 F PP Z F P 28 P P P 88 P P P P P ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; analysis: Jacobs onsultancy and icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. 2, feet 28 P F ine tring an Jose nternational irport P P 88 P 88 P F P P P 88 P F P P 88 P P P 28 P 28 P P Q F FF Z X P P P 88 P PF P P P 3 F 87 P PZ 5 JF Z J P P FX F FF 85 P F 3 F P F P Z P 87 P 87 J P 87 J P F!( J 4 J 7 P 3 8 J 4 P J F Z 5 2 P 2 P 4 P F P F 8 P P J 24 PP Q P F F P J P egend!( orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport an Jose downtown area treet nterstate highway.. oute ighway urface/criteria which controls height restriction over parcels unway 2 & 2 ne ngine noperative departure criteria P surface(s) xhibit -5 overning bstruction learance riteria ver an Jose owntown rea bstacle learance tudy February 27

30 F PP Z F P 28 P P P 88 P P P P P ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; P/ and analysis: Jacobs onsultancy and icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. 2, feet 28 P F ine tring an Jose nternational irport P P 88 P 88 P F P P P 88 P F P 88 P P P P 28 P 28 P P Q F FF Z X P P P 88 P PF P P P 3 F 87 P PZ 5 JF Z J P P FX F FF 85 P F 3 F P Z P 87 P 87 J P F P 87 J P F!( 87 2 Parcels_(6-4) eight (in feet ) at which building/obstruction would penetrate one or more P or surfaces _P_ (minimum height = 27 ft. ) orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport (maximum height = 5 ft. ) P and ne ngine noperative omposite bstruction learance urface ver an Jose owntown rea bstacle learance tudy February 27 9 J 4 J 7 P 3 8 J 4 P J F Z 5 2 P 2 P 4 P F P F 8 P P J 24 PP Q P F F P J P egend!( an Jose downtown area treet nterstate highway.. oute ighway xhibit -6

31 Z Z P J P 88 X P P P Z P X 28 X P P X 7 P P F F P P J Q P X J P P X P 68 P F P P 34 F J P F F P P J P F 7 68 P Z Part 77 surface(s) P FF 68 P P F F F J X F ighway.. oute ne ngine noperative departure criteria 8 P 28 nterstate highway urface/criteria which controls height restriction over parcels 68 P 87! ( 3 Z Z P F! ( FF J F F J 7 F 5 P 2 P 5 J F P 68 J 87 P P P F Q treet PP X F 28 P bstacle learance tudy P mile ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; Part 77/ and analysis: Jacobs onsultancy and icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. P FF P F 88 P Z F P P P P P P F J F P F P P F an Jose nternational irport Z P P P 88 an Jose downtown area P FX 88 P F ' F J egend F Z X P X P P P P P P X P P P F Q P P 7 P F P J ! ( P 237 P P J P F F orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport P xhibit -7 overning bstruction learance riteria xcluding an Jose owntown rea February 27

32 Z Z P J P 88 X P P P P X P Z 7 P 28 X P P P P J P F F Q P J P P X P X P F F J P P F F P P J P P 87 F 5 68 F Z X P P FF P P F F F J 28 ighway (minimum height = 37 ft. ) 87! ( Z.. oute eight (in feet ) at which building/obstruction would penetrate _P77_ one or. more Part 77 or surfaces nterstate highway Parcels_(6-4) Z P F P FF F F! ( P 9 F 3 F 6 4 J J 7 J J 5 68 X F Q P P P P P 87 treet F 28 PP X P P bstacle learance tudy FX 88 mile ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; Part 77/ and analysis: Jacobs onsultancy and icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. 88 P P F P FF Z an Jose downtown area P P P P P P P F J F P F F P P an Jose nternational irport 88 P Z P F F P ' F egend F J P X Z P X P P P P P P X P P P F Q P P 7 P F P J ! ( P 237 P P J P F F orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport P (maximum height =,9 ft. ) xhibit -8 Part 77 and ne ngine noperative omposite bstruction learance urface xcluding an Jose owntown rea February 27

33 Z Z P J P 88 X P P P P X P Z 7 P P F F Q P J P P P J X P X P P 34 F P F J P X P P X P F F F P ! ( J P F X Z F P F 2 Z P Z F FF 7 J P J 7 5 P J 2 J P 68 P 68 FF P ighway (minimum height = 37 ft. ) P.. oute one or more P,, or Part 77 surfaces** _P77_ 68 F nterstate highway Parcels_(6-4) eight (in feet ) at which building/obstruction would penetrate! ( F J F F F P P P P F treet Q PP X P bstacle learance tudy F 28 P mile FX 88 ources: asemap and parcel data: anta lara ounty; critical surfaces and analysis: Jacobs onsultancy and icondo & ssociates, nc. Prepared by: icondo & ssociates, nc. P P 88 F P FF Z F an Jose downtown area P F P P P P P J F P F an Jose nternational irport P P 88 P Z P F F P ' F egend F J P X Z P X P P P P P P X P P P F Q P P 7 P F P J ! ( P 237 P P J P F F orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport P **ote: ithin the downtown area, the composite surface represents the lower of and P. For other areas, the composite surface represents the lower of and F Part ,.,. -,5.,5. -,. (maximum height =,9 ft. ) xhibit -9 omposite bstruction learance urfaces ver he tudy rea February 27

34 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport. Findings and Policy onsiderations he primary product of this study is the tool that can be used by the ity to evaluate proposed high-rise structures in the irport vicinity in the early stages of planning and provide information to developers that could avoid delays and costs of redesigning of projects. he analyses conducted in this study to develop the tool yield the following findings and policy considerations. 5. eed for erification of ocation of Planned evelopment review of the data sources for obstacles in the vicinity of the irport has shown that much of the existing data are out of date or contain erroneous information. his study has used the best information available, including field surveys conducted by the ity. he ity should continue its efforts to coordinate with the F,,, and the airlines to improve the accuracy and completeness of obstruction databases. ialogue has been initiated with, and many of the findings of the study have been coordinated with airlines. s some of the problems with current obstruction data appear to be a result of poorly-prepared Form 746-, otice of Proposed onstruction or lteration and/or Form 746-2, submittals to the F, the ity should consider requiring the geographic coordinates and elevation data entered on those forms to be prepared by licensed surveyors or civil engineers, with copies provided to the ity as part of the project review process. dditionally, as this study discovered roof-top accessory structures on existing high-rise buildings that neither the F nor the ity had a record of reviewing, the ity should consider procedures to ensure appropriate F Form 746 review and ity permit review is conducted of such modifications that impact airspace. 5.2 mpacts of ncreasing uilding eights above the urfaces irspace safety criteria such as Part 77 and P are used by the F for obstruction evaluation determinations. ongstanding ity policy has been to not permit construction of buildings that the F determines would be a hazard to air navigation, i.e., receipt of a constituted F approval of the building height. owever, there is a common misconception that F / determinations will protect air service capability, in addition to air safety. n reality, such F evaluations protect only for the ability to operate an airport, not the air service that can be provided at that airport. o date, the F has considered protection of procedures to be an economic decision to be made by the airlines, not an F safety consideration. lthough this may change in the future, it is currently up to local land use jurisdictions to address the tradeoffs of air service capability vs. real estate development. s part of this study, the potential effects of allowing structures in the owntown an Jose sub-area to penetrate the Part 25 surfaces and to be constructed up to the P were evaluated. able - provides a summary of the impacts on various airline/aircraft/city flights currently, previously, or potentially available at J. hese calculations represent independent aircraft performance analysis as well as input directly from the performance engineering departments at a number of the airlines. s can be seen from the table, some flights would not experience any weight penalties while others primarily transoceanic (uropean and sian markets) - would be affected to the point where the service would not be economically feasible to provide (indicated in table as no service capability ). bstacle learance tudy 3 F arch 4, 27

35 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport onger-haul domestic service would also be affected, but possibly not to the point where an airline would cease service. owever, depending on the profit margins on those flights, the airline may elect to cease that service and move the aircraft to a different market or replace the aircraft type used on that route with another aircraft type if one is available in their fleet. able - irline/ircraft/arket cenarios Protecting nly for P unway 2 and 2 epartures estination ircraft irline ir ervice mpact ervice tatus okyo merican irlines o service capable Past and future oston 32-2 Jetlue irlines passenger penalty xisting ew ork 32-2 Jetlue irlines passenger penalty xisting ashington 32-2 nited irlines 9 passenger and,24 lbs. cargo penalty xisting hicago -8 merican irlines 2,2 lbs. cargo penalty xisting ouston ontinental irlines 9 passenger and,86 lbs. cargo penalty xisting tlanta elta irlines 8 passenger penalty xisting onolulu awaiian irlines 3 passenger penalty, depending on engine type xisting enver J-7 Frontier irlines o impact xisting etroit 39 orthwest irlines o impact Past and future altimore outhwest irlines o impact Past and future Paris merican irlines o service capable Past and future sia merican irlines 33-2 and other airlines o service capable Future urope merican irlines 33-2 and other airlines o service capable Future ouisville nited Parcel ervice,3 lbs. cargo xisting ockford nited Parcel ervice,9 lbs. cargo xisting ssumptions:. alculations for unway 2 and 2 departures only, which occur 5% of the time annually on average 2. omestic passenger with baggage weight of 228 pounds 3. nternational passenger with baggage weight of 248 pounds 4. ctual aircraft routing to destination airport 5. 85% reliability annual winds aloft 6. verage hot day temperature of 88F/3 for J, as reported by oeing ource: Jacobs onsultancy, nc., Flight ngineering, nc. and several airlines. Prepared by: Jacobs onsultancy, nc. bstacle learance tudy 3 F arch 4, 27

36 orman. ineta an Jose nternational irport 5.3 ew ircraft echnology ot ikely to esolve his ssue hile aircraft performance has improved over the years, further technology improvements may not solve this problem. uch aircraft performance improvements have enabled two-engine to serve markets previously served only by four-engine aircraft. lso, given increases in fuel prices, aircraft manufacturers are focusing on fuel efficiency rather than takeoff performance. he aircraft most affected by these issues are among the newest aircraft (such as the oeing 777, irbus 32 and 33) as well as some of the oldest aircraft (such as the -8). 5.4 mplications for Future evelopment in owntown an Jose he air service capability of the irport is based on () the ity's desire and ability to protect the airspace to allow air service capability to long-haul markets, and (2) the airline economics of serving markets with specific aircraft. t is important that the ity have the information and tools to make informed decisions that balance the need for high rise development with the need to protect the air service capability of the irport. he F, at this time, will not protect the ity s air service capability. nstitution of a policy to protect the air service capability of the irport by protecting for the Part 25 surface criteria will result in some areas of the downtown that will have air service height restrictions lower than what the F may grant through its normal obstruction evaluation process. t this time, this study has focused on the obstacle clearance surfaces south of the irport in the vicinity of downtown, where high rise development is most prevalent. xhibit - shows, within the coverage area south of the irport, which type of surface governs (is lowest), and which airlines utilize each type of surface. xhibit -2 shows the areas of downtown for which the surfaces are lower than the P surfaces. xhibit -3 shows the additional height restriction within these areas over downtown. hese additional height restrictions in downtown an Jose would range () up to 29 feet in the area east of ighway 87 and (2) from about 2 feet near the irport to about 9 feet near nterstate 28 in the area west of ighway 87. bstacle learance tudy 32 F arch 4, 27

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