COURSE DIARY ACADEMIC YEAR:

Transcription

1 MVJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Near Whitefield, Channasandra, Bangalore Ph: ; (An ISO Certified Institution recognized under UGC 2(f)) Fax: URL: B.E. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING COURSE DIARY ACADEMIC YEAR: IV- SEMESTER Name USN : : Semester & Section : The Mission The mission of our Institution is to provide world class education in our chosen fields and prepare people of character, caliber and vision to build the future world 1

2 INDEX S.No. Contents 1 Schedule of Events 2 Scheme 3 Engineering Mathematics-IV 4 Mechanical Measurements and Metrology 5 Applied thermodynamics 6 Kinematics of Machines 7 Element of Aeronautics 8 Fluid Mechanics 9 Mechanical Measurements and Metrology Lab 10 Machine shop lab 2

3 SCHEDULE OF EVENTS (2012) B.E. (Aero) IV Semester FOURTH SEMESTER Commencement of Even Semester ( ) 01 Feb 2012 Internal Assessment Tests Schedule First Test Second Test Third Test End of Semester Commencement of Practical Examinations Commencement of Theory Examinations Commencement of ODD Semester ( ) OTHER MAJOR EVENTS MVJ Memorial Cricket Tournament SWAYAM March 2012 Founder s Day 17 th May 3

4 Aeronautical Engineering IV Semester Scheme of Teaching and Examination Sl No Subject Code 1 10MAT ME42B 3 10ME ME AE45 Title Engineering Mathematics-IV Mechanical Measurements & metrology Applied Thermodynamics Kinematics of Machines Elements of Aeronautics Teaching Dept. Teaching Hours / week Theory Pr Duration Examination I.A Marks Theory/ Practical Total Marks Maths ME/AE ME/AE ME/AE AE AE46B Fluid Mechanics ME/AE MEL47B 8 10 MEL48B Mechanical Measurements & Metrology Lab ME/AE Machine Shop ME/AE Total

5 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IV Sub Code: 10MAT41 IA Marks: 25 Hrs/ Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hrs.: 52 Exam Marks: 100 PART-A UNIT-1 Numerical Methods- 1 Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree; Picard s method, Taylor s series method, modified Euler s method, Runge-kutta method of fourth-order. Milne s and Adams - Bashforth predictor and corrector methods (No derivations of formulae). 6 Hours UNIT-2 Numerical Methods 2 Numerical solution of simultaneous first order ordinary differential equations: Picard s method, Runge-Kutta method of fourth-order. Numerical solution of second order ordinary differential equations: Picard s method, Runge-Kutta method and Milne s method. 6 Hours UNIT-3 Complex variables 1 Function of a complex variable, Analytic functions-cauchy-riemann equations in cartesian and polar forms. Properties of analytic functions. Application to flow problems- complex potential, velocity potential, equipotential lines, stream functions, stream lines. 7 Hours UNIT-4 Complex variables 2 Conformal Transformations: Bilinear Transformations. Discussion of Transformations: w=z 2, w=e x, w= z+ (a 2 /z). Complex line integrals- Cauchy s theorem and Cauchy s integral formula. 7 Hours 5

6 PART-B UNIT-5 Special Functions Solution of Laplace equation in cylindrical and spherical systems leading Bessel s and Legendre s differential equations, Series solution of Bessel s differential equation leading to Bessel function of first kind. Orthogonal property of Bessel functions. Series solution of Legendre s differential equation leading to Legendre polynomials, Rodrigue s formula. 7 Hours UNIT-6 Probability Theory - 1 Probability of an event, empherical and axiomatic definition, probability associated with set theory, addition law, conditional probability, multiplication law, Baye s theorem. 6 Hours UNIT-7 Probability Theory- 2 Random variables (discrete and continuous), probability density function, cumulative density function. Probability distributions Binomial and Poisson distributions; Exponential and normal distributions. 7 Hours UNIT- 8 Sampling Theory Sampling, Sampling distributions, standard error, test of hypothesis for means, confidence limits for means, student s t-distribution. Chi -Square distribution as a test of goodness of fit 6 Hours TEXT BOOKS: 1. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Khanna Publishers 2. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Wiley Publications. REFERENCE BOOK: 1. B.V. Ramana, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publications. 2. Peter V. O Neil, Engineering Mathematics, CENGAGE Learning India Pvt Ltd.Publishers. 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

11 MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY Subject Code: 10ME32B /42B IA Marks: 25 Hours/Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100 PART- A UNIT-1 Standards of measurement: Definition and Objectives of metrology, Standards of Length-International prototype meter, Imperial standard yard, Wave length standard, subdivision of standards, line and end standard, calibration of end bars (Numerical), Slip gauges, Wringing phenomena, Indian Standards (M-81, M-12), Numerical problems on building of slip gauges. 06 Hours UNIT-2 System of Limits, Fits, Tolerance and Gauging: Definition of tolerance, Specification in assembly, Principle of interchangeability and selective assembly limits of size, Indian standards, concept of limits of size and tolerances, compound tolerances, accumulation of tolerances, definition of fits, types of fits and their designation (IS ), geometrical tolerance, positional-tolerances, hole basis system, shaft basis system, classification of gauges, brief concept of design of gauges (Taylor's principles), Wear allowance on gauges, Types of gauges-plain plug gauge, ring gauge, snap gauge, limit gauge and gauge materials. 07 Hours UNIT-3 Comparators and Angular measurement: Introduction to comparators, characteristics, classification of comparators, mechanical comparators-johnson Mikrokator, sigma comparators, dial indicator, optical comparators-principles, Zeiss ultra optimeter, electric and electronic comparators-principles, LVDT, pneumatic comparators, back pressure gauges, solex comparators. Angular measurements, bevel protractor, sine principle and use of sine bars, sine centre, use of angle gauges (numerical on building of angles), clinometers. 07 Hours UNIT-4: Interferometer and screw thread, gear measurement: Interferometer, interferometry, autocollimator. Optical flats. Terminology of screw threads, measurement of major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, angle and effective diameter of screw threads by 2-wire and 3-wire methods, best size wire. Tool maker's microscope, gear tooth terminology, use of gear tooth vernier caliper and micrometer. 06 Hours 11

12 PART-B UNIT-5: Measurements and measurement systems: Definition, significance of measurement, generalized measurement system, definitions and concept of accuracy, precision, calibration, threshold, sensitivity, hysterisis, repeatability, linearity, loading effect, system response-times delay. Errors in measurement, classification of errors. Transducers, transfer efficiency, primary and secondary transducers, electrical, mechanical, electronic transducers, advantages of each type transducers. 07 Hours UNIT-6 Intermediate modifying and terminating devices: Mechanical systems, inherent problems, electrical intermediate modifying devices, input circuitry, ballast circuit, electronic amplifiers and telemetry. Terminating devices, mechanical, cathode ray oscilloscope, oscillographs, X-Y plotters. 06 Hours UNIT-7 Measurement of force, torque and pressure: Principle, analytical balance, platform balance, proving ring. Torque measurement, Prony brake, hydraulic dynamometer. Pressure measurements, principle, use of elastic members, Bridgeman gauge, McLeod gauge, Pirani gauge. 06 Hours UNIT-8 Temperature and strain measurement: Resistance thermometers, thermocouple, law of thermo couple, materials used for construction, pyrometer, optical pyrometer. Strain measurements, strain gauge, preparation and mounting of strain gauges, gauge factor, methods of strain measurement. 07 Hours TEXT BOOKS: 1. Mechanical Measurements, Beckwith Marangoni and Lienhard, Pearson Education, 6th Ed., Engineering Metrology, R.K. Jain, Khanna Publishers, REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Engineering Metrology, I.C. Gupta, Dhanpat Rai Publications, Delhi. 2. Mechanical Measurements, R.K. Jain Khanna Publishers, Industrial Instrumentation, Alsutko, Jerry. D. Faulk, Cengage Asia Pvt. Ltd Measurement Systems Applications and Design, Ernest O. Doebelin, 5th Ed., McGraw Hill Book Co. 5. Metrology & Measurement, Anand K. Bewoor & Vinay A. Kulkarni, Tata McGraw Hill Pvt. Ltd., New-Delhi 12

13 13

14 14

15 QUESTION BANK Unit-1 1. Describe with neat sketch 1) imperial standard yard 2) international prototype meter. 2. Describe with neat wavelength standard. 3. Describe with neat sketch line and end standards. 4. What is metrology? State and explain the objectives of metrology. 5. Explain the following terms 1) primary standard 2) secondary standard. 6. Describe the procedure for ringing of slip gauges. Using a slip gauge set m-87, build up the following dimensions mm and 2) mm. Unit-2 1. Illustrate the principle of go and no go gauges. 2. Differentiate between the following 1) hole basis system 2) interchangeability and selective assembly. 3. Write in brief about BIS classes of fits 4. Write in brief about clearance fit, interference fit and transition fit. 5. Explain gauge tolerance Taylor s theory. 6. Write in brief about limit gauges. 7. Write in brief about plug gauges. 8. Write in brief about selection of fits. 9. Write in brief about gap gauges. 10. Write in brief about system of limits and fits. 11. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of mechanical optical comparator. 12. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of pneumatic comparators. 13. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of any one electrical comparators. 14. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of any one electronic comparators 15. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of johnson s microkrator. 16. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of brook level comparator. 17. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of sigma comparator 18. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of brook level comparator 19. Explain the method of measuring angles using clinometers 20. Explain the method of measuring angles using a bevel protractor. 21. Explain the method of measuring angles using a universal protractor. 22. Explain the method of measuring angles using a sine bar. 23. Explain the method of measuring angles using angle gauges Explain the method of measuring angles using taper gauges. 25. Explain the terms 1) wear allowance 2) gauge makers allowance 26. Give the combination of angle gauges to obtain the following angles, also sketch the arrangement of gauges (1) (2)

16 Unit-3 1. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of autocollimator 2. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of toolmakers microscope. 3. How pitch of a screw thread is is measured and what are the different types of pitch errors? 4. Explain the there wire method of measuring the effective diameter of a metric thread. Derive an expression for the best size used in the above method. 5. Write short notes on terminology of screw threads. 6. How pitch of a screw thread is is measured and what are the different types of pitch errors. 7. Explain the method of measuring 1) major dia 2) pitch dia using 2 wire method 8. Explain the method of measuring 1) major dia 2) pitch dia using 3 wire method 9. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of gear tooth vernier. 10. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of gear tooth micrometer. 11. Write in brief terminology of a gear tooth vernier. 12. Write in brief terminology of a gear tooth micrometer. 13. List out the uses of 1) gear tooth micrometer. 2) gear tooth micrometer. Unit-4 1. Explain with example the three stages of a generalized measurement system. 2. Write in brief 1) accuracy 2) precision 3) sensitivity with respect to measurements. 3. Write in brief 1) threshold 2) resolution hysterisis 3) repeatability 4. Write in brief 1) loading effect 2) input impedance 3) system response 5. Write in brief about time delay in a measurement. 6. What are errors in measurements? 7. How the errors in the measurements are classified. 8. List out the importance of measurement and measurement systems 9. What are transducers? List out advantages and disadvantages of a mechanical transducer. 10. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of an electronic transducer. 11. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of an electrical transducer 12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an electronic transducer? 13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an electrical transducer? 14. What is a pneumatic load cell? Explain. 15. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of various mechanical transducer elements. Unit-5 1. Explain about the mechanical systems used as the intermediate modifying stages. 2. Write short notes on Inherent problems. 3. Write short notes on Electronic amplifiers. 4. Write short notes on telemetry. 5. Write short notes on mechanical terminating devices. 6. Explain with neat diagram the working of hode ray oscilloscope. 7. Write short notes on Oscillograph. 8. Write short notes on X Y Plotters. 16

17 Unit Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of electrical dynamometer 2. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of proving ring. 3. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of prony brake dynamometer. 4. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of hydraulic dynamometer. 5. Write a short note on analytical balance. 6. Write a short note on platform balance. 7. Write a short note on hydraulic dynamometer. 8. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of Bridgman gauge 9. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of McLeod gauge 10. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of pirani gauge. 11. Explain how pressure can be measured with elastic transducer. 12. Write short notes on the elastic members used in the measurement of pressure. Unit-7 1. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of resistance thermometer 2. List the thermocouple laws. 3. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of radiation pyrometer. 4. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of pressure thermometer. 5. Explain the principles of thermocouples and illustrate the applications of thermocouples. 6. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of vapour, pressure thermometer with a neat sketch. 7. Write short notes on Optical Pyrometer. 8. Explain the null balance and deflection methods of strain measurements. 9. Write in brief about treatment regarding preparation & mounting of strain gauges. 10. Explain a) calibration of strain gauges b) temperature compensation 11. Write a note on strain gauge material its alloys. 12. Write short notes on Gauge Factor. 17

18 APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS Subject Code : 10ME43 IA Marks : 25 Hours/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03 Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100 PART-A UNIT - 1 Combustion thermodynamics: Theoretical (Stoichiometric) air and excess air for combustion of fuels. Mass balance, actual combustion. Exhaust gas analysis. A./ F ratio, Energy balance for a chemical reaction, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy and internal energy of combustion, Combustion efficiency, adiabatic flow temperature. 07 Hours UNIT- 2 Gas power cycle: Air Standard cycles: Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Dual and Stirling cycles, P-V and T- S diagrams, description, efficiencies and mean effective pressures, Comparison of Otto, Diesel and dual cycles. 06 Hours UNIT - 3 I.C. Engine: Testing of two stroke and four stroke SI and CI engines for performance Related numerical problems, heat balance, Motoring Method, Willian s line method, swinging field dynamometer, Morse test. 06 Hours UNIT - 4 Vapour Power Cycles: Carnot vapour power cycles, drawbacks as a reference cycle, Simple Rankine cycle, description, T- S diagram, analysis for performance, comparison of Carnot and Rankine cycles. Effects of pressure and temperature on Rankine cycle performance. Actual vapour power cycles. Ideal and practical regenerative Rankine cycle, open and closed feed water heaters, Reheat Rankine cycle. 07 Hours PART-B UNIT - 5 Reciprocating Compressors: Operation of a single stage reciprocating compressors, work input through P-V diagram and steady state steady flow analysis. Effect of clearance and volumetric efficiency. Adiabatic, isothermal and mechanical efficiencies. Multistage compressor, saving in work, optimum intermediate pressure, inter- cooling, minimum work for compression. 06 Hours 18

19 UNIT - 6 Gas turbine and Jet propulsion: Classification of Gas turbines, Analysis of open cycle gas turbine cycle. Advantages and disadvantages of closed cycle. Methods to improve thermal efficiency, Jet propulsion and Rocket propulsion. 07 Hours UNIT - 7 Refrigeration: Vapour compression refrigeration system ; description, analysis, refrigerating effect, capacity, power required, units of refrigeration, COP, Refrigerants and their desirable properties. Air cycle refrigeration; reversed Carnot cycle, reversed Brayton cycle, Vapour absorption refrigeration system, steam jet refrigeration. 06 Hours UNIT - 8 Psychometry: Atmospheric air and psychometric properties; Dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature; partial pressures, specific and relative humidities and the relation between the two enthalpy and adiabatic saturation temperature. Construction and use of psychometric chart. Analysis of various processes; heating, cooling, dehumidifying and humidifying. Adiabatic mixing of moist air. Summer and winter air conditioning. 07 Hours Data Hand Book : 1. Thermodynamic data hand book, B.T. Nijaguna. 2. Properties of Refrigerant & Psychometric (tables & Charts in SI Units), Dr. S.S. Banwait, Dr. S.C. Laroiya, Birla Pub. Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, 2008 TEXT BOOKS: 1. Basic and applied Thermodynamics, P.K. Nag, 2nd Ed., Tata McGraw Hill Pub.Co, Applied Thermodynamics, Rajput, Laxmi Publication 3. Applied Thermodynamics, B.K. Venkanna, Swati B. Wadavadagi, PHI, New Delhi, 2010 REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Thermodynamics, An engineering approach, Yunus, A. Cengel and Michael A.Boies, 6th Ed., Tata McGraw Hill pub. Co., 2002, 2. Fundamental of Classical Thermodynamics, G.J. Van Wylen and R.E. Sontang Wiley eastern. 19

20 20

21 21

22 22

23 23

24 QUESTION BANK 1. Combustion Thermodynamics: 1. What is combustion? 2. Define the terms heat of formation and heat of reaction. How are they related 3. Define adiabatic flame temperature 4. Calculate the composition when 1 [Kmol H 2 ] reacts with 1 [kmol O 2 ] and reaches equilibrium at 1 atm & 1500 K 5. Aniline is a popular rocket propellant. It has the benzene structure with one of H atoms replaced with N-H 2. The resonance energy for aniline is [ MJ/kmol] what will the standard heat of formation 6. Calculate the calorific value of ethane 7. Calculate the calorific value of a coal with composition of C= 51.3%, H 2 = 3.5 %, N 2 = 1.8 %, O 2 = 7.3 %, S= 0.7 % and rest being ash & moisture 8. A sample of gobar gas contains 55% methane and the rest is CO 2. What will be its calorific value 9. Compute the enthalpy of an exhaust gas at 1000 K with composition of CO 2 =12.3%, CO= 1.74 %, O 2 = 3%, N 2 = 76.4% and H 2 0 = 6.6 % 2. Gas Power cycles: 1. Show the efficiencies of the air standard Brayton cycle is a function of isentropic pressure ratio. 2. cycle on p-v and T-s diagrams. 3. Sketch Otto, Diesel and Dual cycle for the (a) same maximum pressure and heat input (b) same maximum pressure and temperature (c) same maximum pressure and output and compare the efficiency of the same. 4. Prove that for the same compression ratio and heat input, Otto cycle efficiency is more than Diesel cycle efficiency. 5. Derive an expression for air standard efficiency if dual combustion cycle in terms of compression ratio, explosion ratio and cut of ratio. 6. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of closed cycle gas turbine over open cycle turbine power plant. Show the processes of T-s diagram. 7. Draw the simple Gas Turbine flow diagram. Derive the thermal efficiency equation in terms of pressure ratio of the cycle. Show the cycle both on p-v and T-s diagrams. 8. Write short notes on the following a) Ram-Jet b) Turbo Jet c) Rocket propulsion d) Joule s cycle e) Turbo prop propulsion systems. 9. Obtain an expression for increase in efficiency of Gas turbine with intercooling. 10. Obtain an expression for optimum pressure in the inter cooler 11. The air enters the compressor of an open cycle constant pressure gas turbine at a pressure of 1 bar and temperature of 20 0 C.The pressure of the air after compression is 4 bar. The isentropic efficiency of compressor and turbine are 80% and 85% respectively. The air-fuel ratio is 90%, flow rate of air is 3 Kg /sec. Find a) power developed b) thermal efficiency of the cycle Take = 1.4 C p = 1kj/kg and CV= 41720kJ/kg. 12. An industrial gas turbine takes air at 1 bar and 27 0 C and compresses it to 5.5 times the original pressure. The temperature at the salient points are, compressor outlet C, turbine inlet C and turbine outlet C calculate the compressor and turbine efficiency. Compare for the ideal cycle and cycle considering component efficiency. Determine a) 24

25 thermal efficiency b) work ratio c) optimum pressure ratio for maximum out put and d) optimum pressure ratio for maximum efficiency. 13. A gas turbine plant consists of 1 turbine as a compressor drive and other to drive a generator. Each turbine has its own combustion chamber and supplied air directly from the compressor. Air enters the compressor at 1 bar and 15 0 C and compressed with isentropic efficiency of 76%. The gas inlet pressure and temperature in both the turbines are 5 bar and C respectively. The isentropic efficiency of both turbines is 86%. The mass flow rate of air entering the compressor is 23 kg./ S. The calorific value of the fuel is 42000kJ/kg. Calculate the power output of the plant and its thermal efficiency. Take C p for air as kj/kg K and = 1.4, C p for gas as 1.128kJ/kg K and = Explain the working of Striling engine and discuss its practical applications 15. Expalin the carnotization of Stirling engine 3. I C engines 1. Define the following a) Mechanical efficiency b) Brake thermal efficiency c) indicated thermal efficiency d) relative efficiency e) volumetric efficiency f) Air standard efficiency g) compression ratio h) break power I) specific fuel consumption 2. Sketch the Heat balanced curves for an SI engine at constant speed and discuss the nature of curves compare the both. 3. What is an indicator? What is an advantage of indicator diagram? 4. Define Knocking in SI engines and discuss the factors affecting knocking in SI engines 5. With the help of p- diagram explain the phenomenon of combustion is SI engines and CI engines. 6. Discuss the effect of the following engine variables on flame propagation. A) Compression ratio b) Engine load c) Size of engine d) Engine speed e) Turbulence 7. The following data refers to a four stroke diesel engine Cylinder diameter = 200mm, stroke = 300mm, Speed = 300rpm Effective brake load = 500Kg, Mean circumference of the brake drum = 400mm, Mean effective pressure = 6bar, Diesel oil consumption = 0.1m 3 /mini, Specific gravity of diesel = Kj/Kg. Find a) Break power b) indicated power, c) frictional power d) Mechanical efficiency e) Break thermal and indicated thermal efficiency. 8. A 6-cylinder four stroke Diesel engine of 34 cm bore and 38 cm stroke gave the following results during testing. BP = 142 kw; N = 350rpm; Pm =3.7bar, m f = 44kg/hr; (CV) f = 44,800 kj /Kg; m a =38Kg /min, Piston cooling oil = 35 Kg/min, C p of oil =- 2.1lJ/Kg K, Rise in cooling oil temperature = 28 0 C, Exhaust gas temperature = C, Ambient temperature = 20 0 C, Fuel contains 14% H 2 by mass and C pg = 1.05kJ/Kg K, Partial pressure of water vapour carried in exhaust gases = 0.06 bar. Draw the heat balance sheet on minute basis and percentage basis. Find the specific fuel consumption at full load assuming mechanical efficiency as A 4-stroke cycle, four cylinder petrol was tested at full throttle at constant speed. The cylinders have dia 80mm and stroke 100mm. Fuel was supplied at the rate of 5.44 Kg/hr and the plugs of four cylinders were successively short circuited without the change of speed. The power measured was as follows. With all cylinders working = 14.7 kw, With cylinder 1 cut off = 10.1kW, With cylinder 2 cut off = 10.3kW, With cylinder 3 cut off = 10. 4kW, Calorific value of petrol used was 41900kJ/kg. The clearance volume of each cylinder is 100cc. Determine a) the mechanical efficiency b) indicated thermal efficiency c) the air standard efficiency d) the relative efficiency. Take =

26 4. Vapour power cycles: 1. Explain the need for vapour cycles 2. With a neat sketch explain the working of Rankine cycle in steam power plant 3. What is the need for Regeneration and reheat in case of Rankine engines 4. A steam turbine receives steam at 15 bar and C and leaves the turbine at 0.1 bar and 4% moisture. Determine, a) Rankine cycle b) steam consumption per kw per hr, if the efficiency ratio is 0.70 c) Carnot cycle efficiency for the given temperature limits. D) Changing the Rankine efficiency and specific consumption if the condenser pressure is reduced to 0.04 bar. 5. An ideal reheat cycle has pressure at HP turbine inlet equal to 9 Mpa, reheat pressure equal to 1.6 Mpa and exhaust pressure equal to 7kPa. The useful work developed by the turbine is 1400 kj/kg. Determine the temperature of steam leaving the reheater, if thermal efficiency of the cycle is 38%. Temperature at turbine inlet is C and steam expands to dry saturated state before entering the reheater at 1.6Mpa. 6. A regenerative cycle has turbine inlet pressure of 40 bar and dry saturated. Steam expands in the condenser to a pressure of 0.04 bar. Steam is bled at optimum pressure from the turbine to heat the condensate water in the feed water heater. Neglecting pump work, determine the cycle efficiency. 7. Steam at 500 C enters from super heater into HP turbine at pressure of 150 bars. It is expanded in the HPT to a pressure of 10 bars. Calculate the work done by the turbine per kg if steam if the dryness fraction is Reciprocating compressors: 1. Explain the working principal of reciprocating compressors? 2. What are the advantages of multi-staging 3. What do your understand by intercooling? Explain its benefits 4. Write a short notes on the working principles of the following. A) Rotary compressor b) Fans c) Blowers d) Turbo-compressors and Turbo-blowers 5. A single stage reciprocating compressors takes 1 m 3 of air per minute at bar and 15 0 C and delivers it at 800 kpa. Assuming that the law of compression is pv 1.35 = constant, and that clearance is negligible, calculate the indicated power. A) IF the compressor is to be driven at 360 rpm and is single acting, single cylinder machine, Calculate the cylinder bore required assuming a stroke t bore ratio of 1.5:1. Calculate the power of the motor required to drive the compressor if the mechanical efficiency of the compressor is 90% and that of the motor transmission is 90% 6. A small single acting compressor has a bore and stroke both of 10 cm and is driven at 350rpm. The clearance volume is 75 cm 3 and the index of compression and expansion is The suction pressure is 0.95 bar and delivery is 7 bar. Calculate (i) the volume of free air at 1 bar and 20 0 C dealt with per minute, if the temperature at the start of compression is 30 0 C and (ii) mean effective pressure of the indicator diagram, assuming constant section and delivery pressure. 7. The LP cylinder of a compound air compressor draws 0.1m 3 of air at a temperature of 15 0 C and pressure 1 bar. It compresses the air adiabatically to 2 bar and then delivers in to a receiver where the air is cooled to 25 0 C. This air is drawn in to the HP cylinder and compressed adiabatically, 5 bar and delivered into the receiver. Find the power required 26

27 when the compressor makes 100 rpm. What pressure in the receiver would give the best efficiency assuming the other data as above? 8. The following particulars apply to a two-stage single acting air compressor. Stroke = 28.5cm; pressure cylinder diameter =23cm; Final pressure = 24 bar; intermediate pressure =5 bar; temperature of air leaving the intercooler = 34 0 C. If the air drawn in the compressor is at 1 bar and 14 0 C, find the power required in compressing air when running at 350 rpm. Assuming law of compression pv 1.3 = constant 6. Gas Turbines And Jet Propulsion 1.What do you mean by the term gas turbine? How are gas turbines classified? 2.Enumarate the various uses of gas turbines 3.Explain the working difference between propeller jet, turbo jet and turbo prop 4.State the fundamental differences between the jet propulsion and rocket propulsion 5.In an air standard gas turbine, air at a temperature of 15 0 C and a pressure of 1.01 bar enters the compressor, where its compressed through a pressure ratio of Air enters the turbine at a temperature of C and expands to original pressure of 1.01 bar. Determine the ratio of turbine work to compressor work and the thermal efficiency when the engine operates on ideal Brayton cycle. Take = 1.4 Cp =1.005 KJ/Kg K. 6.A Turbo Jet has a speed of 750 Km/h while flying at altitude of m.the propulsive efficiency of the jet is 50 % and overall efficiency of the turbine plant is 16%.the density of the air at m altitude is Kg/m3.the drag of plant is 6250 N.The caloric value of the fuel is KJ/Kg. Calculate i. Absolute velocity of the jet ii. Volume of air compressed per minute iii. Diameter of the jet iv. Power output of the unit in KW v. Air fuel ratio 7. Refrigeration: 1. Define the following terms a) Coefficient of performance b) one ton of refrigeration 2. With the help of p-v and T-s diagrams analyze the following cycles a) Carnot refrigerator cycle b) Bell-Coleman cycle 3. What are the advantage of vapour absorption system over vapour compression system 4. Briefly discuss the applications of Cryogenics 5. A reversed Carnot cycle Refrigerator is used to manufacture ice at 0 0 C from water at 25 0 C. Assume brine temperature used for this purpose is at-8 0 C. Find the ice formed per kw-hr. 6. A refrigerator works on Bell-Coleman cycle between the pressure limits of 100kPa and 400kPa. Air leaves the refrigerator at 6 0 C and the cooler at 32 0 C. The compression and expansion follow the law pv 1.3 =constant. Assume C p = 1.005kJ/kg K and = 1.4 for air. Determine COP of the cycle. 7. A CO 2 refrigerator is working under the temperature limits 20 C and -5 C. If the refrigerant is superheated by 5 C calculate the work done per kg flow of refrigerant 8. A refrigerator using Freon 12 has an evaporator saturation temperature of 248 K and a condenser saturation temperature of 308 K. The vapour is dry saturated before the beginning of compression and has a temperature of 338 K after compression to the condenser pressure Calculate, a) work done per kw refrigeration b) COP of the refrigerator c) compare this result when compression is isentropic. 27

28 9. Explain the Aqua-Ammonia absorption system 10. Explain steam jet refrigeration system 8. Psychrometrics: 1. Define the following terms a) dry air b) Moist air c) superheated vapour d) saturated vapour e) dry-bulb temperature f) wet-bulb temperature g) specific humidity h) relative humidity I) saturation ratio 2. Write a brief note on the following a) Comfort air conditioning b) summer and winter air conditioning system 3. Atmospheric air at 750mm Hg has a DBT of 34 0 C and WBT of 24 0 C compute a) relative humidity b) humidity ratio c) dew point temperature, d) enthalpy of atmospheric air and e) density of moist 4. As a result of adiabatic saturation in a steady state steady flow device at a constant pressure of 96kN/m 2, the temperature of an air-water vapour mixture is reduced from 32 0 C to 22 0 C. What is the relative humidity of the mixture at inlet? 5. Air at 20 0 C, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40 0 C, 40% RH in the ratio of 2 kg of the former with 3 kg of the latter. Find the final condition of air. 28

29 KINEMATICS OF MACHINES Subject Code: 10ME44 IA Marks: 25 Hours/Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100 PART A UNIT - 1 Introduction: Definitions Link or element, kinematic pairs, Degrees of freedom, Grubler's criterion (without derivation), Kinematic chain, Mechanism, Structure, Mobility of Mechanism, Inversion, Machine. Kinematic Chains and Inversions: Inversions of Four bar chain; Single slider crank chain and Double slider crank chain. 07 Hours UNIT - 2 Mechanisms: Quick return motion mechanisms-drag link mechanism, Whitworth mechanism and Crank and slotted lever Mechanism. Straight line motion mechanisms Peaucellier's mechanism and Robert's mechanism. Intermittent Motion mechanisms -Geneva wheel mechanism and Ratchet and Pawl mechanism. Toggle mechanism, Pantograph, Ackerman steering gear mechanism. 06 Hours UNIT - 3 Velocity and Acceleration Analysis of Mechanisms (Graphical Methods) Velocity and acceleration analysis of Four Bar mechanism, slider crank mechanism and Simple Mechanisms by vector polygons: Relative velocity and acceleration of particles.in a common link, relative velocity and accelerations of coincident Particles on separate links- Coriolis component of acceleration. Angular velocity and angular acceleration of links, velocity of rubbing. 07 Hours UNIT - 4 Velocity Analysis by Instantaneous Center Method: Definition, Kennedy's Theorem, Determination of linear and angular velocity using instantaneous center method Klein's Construction: Analysis of velocity and acceleration of single slider crank mechanism. 06 Hours PART B UNIT - 5 Velocity and Acceleration Analysis of Mechanisms (Analytical Methods): Analysis of four bar chain and slider crank chain using analytical expressions. (Use of complex algebra and vector algebra 06 Hours 29

30 UNIT - 6 Spur Gears: Gear terminology, law of gearing, Characteristics of involute action, Path of contact. Arc of contact, Contact ratio of spur, helical, bevel and worm gears, Interference in involute gears. Methods of avoiding interference, Back lash. Comparison of involute and cycloidal teeth. Profile Modification. 07 Hours UNIT - 7 Gear Trains: Simple gear trains, Compound gear trains for large speed. reduction, Epicyclic gear trains, Algebraic and tabular methods of finding velocity ratio of epicyclic gear trains. Tooth load and torque calculations in epicyclic gear trains 07 Hours UNIT - 8 Cams: Types of cams, Types of followers. Displacement, Velocity and, Acceleration time curves for cam profiles. Disc cam with reciprocating follower having knife-edge, roller and flat-face follower, Disc cam with oscillating roller follower. Follower motions including SHM, Uniform velocity, uniform acceleration and retardation and Cycloidal motion. 06 Hours TEXT BOOKS: 1. "Theory of Machines, Rattan S.S, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, and 3rd edition "Theory of Machines, Sadhu Singh, Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd, Indian Branch New Delhi, 2nd Edi REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Theory of Machines & Mechanisms", J.J. Uicker, G.R. Pennock, J.E. Shigley. Oxford Press 3 rd Ed Mechanism and Machine theory, Ambekar, PHI, 2007 Graphical Solutions may be obtained either on the Graph Sheets or on the Answer Book itself. 30

31 31

32 32

33 33

34 34

35 35 QUESTION BANK KINEMATIC CHAINS, INVERSIONS AND MECHANISMS 1. Explain the term kinematic link? Give the classification of kinematic link. 2. Define the fallowing:- i) Link or element ii) kinematic pair. iii) kinematic chain. iv) Inversion v) degrees of freedom 3. What is a machine? Giving examples differentiate between a machine and a structure. 4. Write notes on complete and incomplete constraints in lower and higher pairs, illustrating your answer with neat sketches. 5. Explain different kinds of kinematic pairs giving example for each one of them. 6. Explain the terms: lower pair, higher pair, kinematic chain, and inversion. 7. Sketch and explain the various inversions of a slider crank chain. 8. Sketch and describe the four bar chain mechanism. Why it is considered to be the basic chain. 9. Sketch and describe the working of two different types of quick-return mechanisms. 10 Sketch a pantograph, explain its working and show that it can be used to reproduce to an enlarged scale a given figure. 11. What are straight line mechanisms? Describe one type of exact straight line motion mechanism with help of a sketch. 12. Describe the Watt s parallel mechanism for straight line motion and derive the condition under which the straight line is traced. 13. Sketch an intermittent motion mechanism and explain its practical applications. 14. What is the condition for correct steering? Sketch and show the main types of steering gears and discuss their relative advantages. 15. Explain why two Hook s joints are used to transmit motion from the engine to the differential of an automobile. 16. Sketch and explain a. Approximate straight line motion mechanism b. Ackerman s steering gear mechanism. VELOCITY IN MECHANISMS 1. Explain how the velocities of a slider and the connecting rod are obtained in a slider crank mechanism? 2. In a slider crank mechanism, the length of crank OB and connecting rod AB are 125 mm and 500 mm respectively, the center of gravity G of the connecting rod is 275 mm from the slider A. the crank speed is 600 r.p.m. clockwise. When the crank has turned 45 from the inner dead center position, determine: (i) velocity of the slider A, (ii) velocity of the point G, and (iii) angular velocity of the connecting rod AB. ACCELERATION IN MECHANISMS 1. Draw the acceleration diagram of a slider crank mechanism. 2. Explain how the coriolis component of acceleration arises when a point is rotating about some other fixed point and at the same time its distance from the fixed point varies. 3. Derive an expression for the magnitude of coriolis component of acceleration. 4. State and prove Kennedy s theorem for three instantaneous center method 5. Using complex algebra, derive expressions for velocity and acceleration of the piston in a reciprocating engine mechanism. 6. What do you mean by an instantaneous center? Locate all the instantaneous centers for a 4-bar chain mechanism. 7. In a reciprocating engine, the length of the crank is 250mm and the length of the connecting rod is 1000 mm. The crank rotates at a uniform speed of 300 rpm. By

36 36 Klein s construction determine the velocity and acceleration of the piston when the crank is at 30 degrees from IDC. 8. Using Raven s approach, derive expressions for angular velocity ( ) and angular acceleration ( 1 ) of the 4-bar linkage shown in figure. Hence obtain 4 and 4 for the following data. r 1 =210mm, r 2 =60mm, r 3 =80mm, r 4 =80mm, 2=60 degrees, n 2 =10 rpm clock wise, 2=0 rad / sec 2. GEARS & GEAR TRAINS 1. Explain the terms: Module, Pressure angle, and Addendum. 2. State and prove the law of gearing. Show that involute profile satisfies the conditions for correct gearing. 3. Derive an expression for the velocity of sliding between a pair of involute teeth. State the advantages of involute profile as a gear tooth profile. 4. Derive an expression for the length of the arc of contact in a pair of meshed spur gears. 5. Derive an expression for the minimum number teeth required on the pinion in order to avoid interference in involute gear teeth. 6. Define interference, normal pitch, and axial pitch in gears. How do you reduce the interference? 7. Two parallel shafts are connected by spur gearing. The approximate distance between the shafts is 600 mm. If one shaft runs at 120 r.p.m and the other at 360 r.p.m, find the number of teeth on each wheel, if the module is 8 mm. Also determine the exact distance apart of the shafts. 8. The pitch circle diameter of the smaller of the two spur wheels which mesh externally and have involute teeth is 100 mm. The numbers of teeth are 16 and 32. The pressure angle is 20 and the addendum is 0.32 of the circular pitch. Find the length of the path of contact of the pair of teeth. 9. Two gears of 4 module have 24 and 33 teeth. The pressure angle is 20 and each has a standard addendum of one module. Find the length of the arc of contact and the maximum velocity of sliding if the pinion rotates at 120 r.p.m. 10. Two mating gears have 20 and 40 involute teeth of module 10 mm and 20 pressure angle. If the addendum on each wheel is such that the path of contact is maximum and interference is just avoided, find the addendum for each gear wheel, path of contact, arc of contact and contact ratio. 11. Two shafts inclined at an angle of 65 and with a least distance between them of 175 mm are to be connected by spiral gears of normal pitch 15 mm to give a reduction ratio 3:1. Find suitable diameters and numbers of teeth. Determine also the efficiency if the spiral angles are determined by the condition of maximum efficiency. The friction angle is What do you understand by gear train? Discuss the various types of gear trains. 13. Explain the difference between simple, compound and epicyclic gear trains. What are the special advantages of epicyclic gear trains? 14. How the velocity ratio is of epicyclic gear train is obtained by tabular method. 15. Explain with a neat sketch the sun and planet wheel.

37 A compound train consists of six gears. The number of teeth on the gears are as follows: Gear: A B C D E F No. of teeth The gears B and C are on one shaft while the gears D and E are on another shaft. The gear A drives gear B, gear C drives gear D and gear E drives gear F. If the gear A transmits 1.5 kw at 100 r.p.m. and the gear train has an efficiency of 80%, find the torque on gear F. 17. Two involute gears of 20 0 pressure angle are in mesh. The number of teeth on pinion is 20 and the gear ratio is 2. If the pitch expressed in module is 5mm and the pitch line speed is 1.2m/s, assuming addendum as standard and equal to one module, find: a. The angle turned through by pinion when one pair of teeth is in mesh; and b. The maximum velocity of sliding. 19. In an epicyclic gear train, an arm carries two gears A and B having 36 and 45 teeth respectively. If the arm rotates at 150 rpm in the anticlockwise direction about the centre of the gear A which is fixed, determine the speed of gear B. If the gear A instead of being fixed, makes 300rpm in the clockwise direction, what will be the speed of gear B? 20. An epicyclic train of gears is arranged as shown in fig. How many revolutions does the arm, to which the pinions B and C are attached, make: When A makes one revolution clockwise and D makes half a revolution anticlockwise, and when A makes one revolution clockwise and D is stationary? The number of teeth on the gears A and D are 40 and 90 respectively. 21. In an epicyclic gear of the sun and planet type shown in fig. The pitch circle diameter of the internally toothed ring is to be 224mm and the module 4mm. When the ring D is stationary, the spider A, which carries three planet wheels C of equal size, is to make one revolution in the same sense as the sun wheel B for every five revolutions of the driving spindle carrying the sun wheel B. determine suitable numbers of teeth for all the wheels. 22. An internal wheel B with 80 teeth is keyed to a shaft F. A fixed internal wheel C with 80 teeth is concentric with B. A compound wheel D-E gears with the two internal wheels; D has 28 teeth and gears with C while E gears with B. The compound wheels revolve freely on a pin which projects from a disc keyed to a shaft A co-axial with F. If the wheels have the same pitch and the shaft A makes 800rpm, what is the speed of shaft F? sketch the arrangement. CAMS AND FOLLOWERS: 1. Write short notes on the cams and followers. 2. Explain with sketches the different types of cams and followers. 3. What are the different types of motion with which a follower can move. 4. Define the following terms as applied to cam with a neat sketch: a) Base circle, b)pitch circle, c) Pressure angle, and d) Stroke of the follower 5. Give the expressions for velocity and acceleration during outstroke and return stroke of the follower. a) When it moves with SHM b) When it moves with Uniform acceleration and retardation

38 38 6. A cam is to be designed for a knife edge follower with the following data: Cam lift = 40 mm during 90 0 of cam rotation with simple harmonic motion. a. Dwell for the next b. During the next 60 0 of cam rotation, the follower returns to its original position with simple harmonic motion. c. Well during the remaining Draw the profile of the cam when the line of stroke of the follower passes through the axis of the cam shaft, and he line of stroke is offset 20mm from the axis of the shaft. The radius of the base circle of the cam is 40mm. Determine the maximum velocity and acceleration of the follower during its ascent and descent, if the cam rotates at 240 r.p.m. 7. A cam rotating clockwise with a uniform speed is to give the roler follower of 20mm diameter with the following motion: a) Follower to move outwards through a distance of 30mm during of cam rotation: b) Follower to dwell for 60 0 of cam rotation; c) Follower to return to its initial position during 90 0 of cam rotation; and d) Follower to dwell for the remaining 90 0 of cam rotation. The minimum radius of the cam is 45 mm and the line of stroke of the follower is offset 15mm from the axis of the cam and displacement of the follower is to take place with simple harmonic motion on both the outward and return stroke. Draw the cam profile. 8. A flat faced reciprocating follower has the motion: i) The follower moves out for 80 0 of cam rotation with uniform acceleration and retardation, the acceleration being twice the retardation. ii) The follower dwells for the next 80 0 of cam rotation. iii) It moves in for the next 12 0 of cam rotation with uniform acceleration and retardation, the retardation being twice the acceleration. iv) The follower dwells for the remaining period. The base circle diameter of the cam is 60 mm and the stroke of the follower is 20mm. The line movement of the follower passes through the cam centre. Draw the displacement diagram and the profile of the cam very neatly showing all constructional details. 9. Draw the profile of the cam when the roller follower moves with cycloidal motion as given below: a) Outstroke with maximum displacement of 44 mm during of cam rotation. b) Return stroke for the next of cam rotation. c) Dwell for the remaining 30 0 of cam rotation. The minimum radius of cam is 20 mm and the diameter of the roller is 10 mm. The axis of the roller follower passes through the cam shaft axis.

39 39 ELEMENT OF AERONAUTICS Sub Code: 10AE45 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 5 Total Hours: 3 Total Hours: 62 Exam Marks: 100 PART A Unit 1 Historical Developments In Aerospace: Early air vehicles: Balloons, Biplanes and Monoplanes, Helicopters; Developments in aerodynamics, aircraft materials, aircraft structures and aircraft propulsion over the years. 06 Hrs Unit 2 Aircraft Configurations: Different types of flight vehicles and their classifications; Components of airplane and their functions; Airfoils, wings and other shapes 06 Hrs Unit 3 Principles of Atmospheric Flight: Physical properties and structure of the atmosphere: The Standard Atmosphere, Temperature, Pressure and Altitude relationships, Mach number, Evolution of lift, drag and moment; Maneuvers, Concepts of stability and control. 08 Hrs Unit 4 Introduction to Space Flight: Introduction to basic concepts, the upper atmosphere, Differential equations, Lagrange s equation, Orbit equation, Space vehicle trajectories-some basic concepts, Kepler s Laws of planetary motion 06 Hrs PART B Unit 5 Aircraft Structures and Aircraft Materials: General types of construction, monocoque, semi-monocoque and geodesic construction, typical wing and fuselage structure. Metallic and non-metallic materials for aircraft application. 06 Hrs Unit 6 Aircraft Power Plants: Basic ideas about piston, turboprop and jet engines, Use of propeller and jets for thrust production, Comparative merits; Principles of operation of rocket, types of rockets and typical applications, Exploration into space. 08 Hrs

40 40 Unit 7 Aircraft Systems: Mechanical Description of different airplane systems and their components: Hydraulics, Pneumatic, Oxygen System, Environmental Control System, and Fuel System. 06 Hrs Unit 8 Aircraft Systems: Electrical Flight Control System, Aircraft Electrical System, Aircraft Instruments, Navigation System, Communication System. 06 Hrs Text Books: 1. Anderson, J.D., Introduction to Flight, McGraw-Hill, Lalit Gupta and Dr. O. P. Sharma: Fundamentals of Flight Vol-I to Vol-IV Himalayan Books, 2006 Reference: 1. Kermode, A.C., Flight without Formulae, McGraw-Hill, Kroes, Michael J and Rardon, James R Introduction to Aircraft Basic Science, 7 th Edition, Macmillan / McGraw Hill, Kermode, A.C., Mechanics of Flight, (Revised by RH Bernard & Dr Philpott), LPE, Pearson Education, Scheme of Examination: One Question is to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE FULL QUESTIONS out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.

41 41 Question Bank 06AE52 Elements of Aeronautics Unit 4 Introduction to Space flight: 1) Plot the variations of the following with altitude: (i) Temperature, (ii) Pressure, (iii) Density 2) Describe briefly the characteristics of upper atmosphere 3) Prove that the Newton s second law of motion and the Lagrange equation are equivalent 4) State Kepler s laws of planetary motion 5) Prove Kepler s (i) First Law, (ii) Second Law, (iii) Third Law of planetary motion 6) Plot qualitatively the path of a spacecraft when the eccentricity (e) is (i) zero; (ii) 0 < e < 1; (iii) e = 1 and e >1 and mark the salient points 7) Derive expressions for escape velocity and circular velocity of a spacecraft around a planet 8) At the end of a rocket launch a space vehicle, the burnout velocity is 9 km / s in a direction due north and 3 deg above the horizontal. The altitude above the sea level is 800 km and located at 27 th parallel (27 o ) above the equator. Calculate the path of the space vehicle. What will be its path if the altitude were to be 500 km and the burnout velocity to be 10.5 km / s. 9) Calculate the escape velocity and circular velocity from the following: (i) Earth; (ii) Earth s moon; (iii) Mars 10) Calculate the period of revolution of Mercury, Mars and Jupiter around the sun in terms of earth days Data for calculations: Universal gravitational constant G = 6.67 X m 3 / Kg s 2 Planet Mass (Kg) Radius (m) Semi major axis (m) Mercury 3.3 X X X Earth X X X Mars 6.42 X X X Jupiter X X X Earth s Moon 7.35 X X X Unit 7 Aircraft Systems Mechanical: 1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydraulic system? 2) Compare and contrast open center and closed center hydraulic system. 3) Draw a schematic of a large aircraft hydraulic system and identify the major subsystems serviced. 4) Draw a schematic of an aircraft hydraulic system servicing the primary flight control actuators 5) Write notes on the following: (i) Hydraulic reservoir, (ii) Hydraulic Pump, (iii) Variable displacement pump, (iv) Hydraulic fluid, (v) Hydraulic filter, (vi) Accumulator 6) Draw a schematic diagram of a generalized pneumatic distribution system used in aircraft and identify the services supplied by this 7) What are the subsystems using engine bleed air? 8) Write notes on: (i) Air filter, (ii) Moisture separator, (iii) Pressure reducing valve, (v) Shuttle valve

42 42 9) What are the major types of oxygen storage schemes provided in an aircraft? Briefly describe each one 10) What are the requirements of the aircraft oxygen system? 11) Describe the following types of oxygen supply systems provided in the aircraft: (i) Continuous flow oxygen system, (ii) Diluted demand oxygen system, (iii) Pressure demand oxygen system, (iv) Chemical oxygen generating system, (v) Portable oxygen system 12) Write notes on: (i) Diluter demand type regulator, (ii) Breathing devices 13) What are the salient requirements necessary for the successful function of an aircraft environmental control system? 14) Describe a bootstrap type system used in aircraft ECS 15) What are the basic requirements of an aircraft cabin pressurization system? 16) What are the sources for pressurized air? 17) Write notes on: (i) Receiver dryer, (ii) Thermal expansion valve, (iii) Cabin pressure regulator, (iv) Negative pressure relief valve, (v) Heat exchanger 18) Describe a gravity fed fuel system used in aircraft with a schematic diagram 19) Describe a pressure fed fuel system used in aircraft 20) What are the different types of fuel tanks used in aircraft? Describe each one briefly 21) What are the various types of fuel quantity indicators? 22) Write notes on: (i) Fuel jettisoning (ii) Fuel heating, (iii) Aircraft fuels 23) What are the types of fuel contaminants and how they are controlled? Unit 8 Aircraft Systems: Electrical 1) List and describe the various primary and secondary flight control surfaces incorporated in aircraft 2) Describe a hydraulically operated flight control system with a neat sketch 3) Compare and contrast push pull rod and cable pulley flight control systems 4) Draw a schematic of aileron control circuit using push pull rod system and identify the major components 5) Draw and explain a typical flap operating circuit incorporated in an aircraft 6) Describe FBW FCS with a sketch 7) Write a note on fly by light flight control system 8) List the major components of aircraft electrical power system 9) Draw a schematic of a light aircraft electrical system and briefly describe the functioning 10) Draw a schematic of a large transport aircraft electrical system and briefly describe the functioning 11) List the various categories of aircraft instruments 12) Describe the functioning of a pitot static probe with a neat sketch 13) What is the principle of operation of a mechanical spinning wheel gyroscope and how it is used to indicate the attitude of an aircraft? 14) What are the information displayed that pertain to primary fight 15) Write notes on: Mechanical accelerometer, (ii) Navigation display, (iii) Direct measuring instrument 16) What navigation and what are classification of navigation systems used in aircraft? 17) Describe briefly the radio navigation method 18) What are the frequency bands used in aircraft communication? 19) How are radio waves propagated through airspace? 20) Describe a radio communication system with a block diagram

43 Given data: 1 knot = m / sec Radius of earth = 6370 km Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m / s 2 Atmospheric pressure at SL = N / m 2 Density of air at SL (STP) = N / m 3 Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6 Assume suitable values wherever necessary. Ref: Mechanics of Flight, A C Kermode Note: Read the questions carefully before answering Q 1 First heavier than air, powered manned flight took place on 1 Nautical mile = 1852 m (approx 6076 ft) R = 287 J / kg K Speed of sound at sea level at STP conditions = 340 m / s Viscosity μ for air = X 10-6 kg / ms. a) b) c) d) Q 2 A rifle bullet is fired vertically upwards with a muzzle velocity of 700 m / s. How long will it take to reach the ground again? Assume no air resistance. Q 3 A lift is descending and is stopping at the ground floor. The direction of acceleration is a) upwards b) downwards c) lateral d) none of these Q 4 During its take-off run, a light aircraft accelerates at 1.5 m / s 2 If it starts from rest and takes 20 s to become airborne, what length of ground run is required? Q 5 The landing speed of a certain aircraft is 90 knots. If the maximum possible deceleration with full braking is 2 m / s 2 what length of landing run will be required? Q 6 An aircraft is in a state of equilibrium during steady climb a) True b) False Q 7 The work done in pulling a body along an inclined plane through a height in comparison with vertically lifting through the same height is a) more b) less c) same d) zero Q 8 An aircraft flying straight and level at a speed of 300 knots and at a height of 8000 m above ground level drops a bomb. Neglecting the effects of air resistance, with what speed will the bomb strike the ground? (Remember that the final velocity will have to be found by compounding the vertical and horizontal velocities.) Q 9 What thrust is necessary to accelerate an aircraft of 5900 kg mass from rest to a speed of 90 knots in a distance of 750 m? Q 10 A truck is standing on an incline of 1 in 80. If the frictional resistance is 50 N per tonne, how far will it travel in 15 s if released from rest? Q 11 A 9000 kg aircraft is flying straight and level at 300 knots; what thrust increase is necessary to accelerate it to 450 knots in half a minute if the average air resistance of the aircraft between these speeds is 15 kn? 43

44 44 Q 12 A mass of 50 kg travelling at km / s maintains a circular path of radius 6370 km. What is its acceleration towards the centre? Q 13 At what speed (in km / h) is a bank angle of 45 required for an aeroplane to turn on a radius of 60 m? Q 14 Find the power being used to lift a mass of 5 tonnes to a height of 30 m in 2 minutes? Q 15 A projectile of mass 1 kg is fired from a gun with a muzzle velocity of 850 m / s. What will be its velocity when the kinetic energy has fallen to kj? Q 16 Convert a pressure of 70 kn / m 2 into mm of mercury. Q 17 The time of fall of a body from 100 m on the moon s surface in comparison with the time of fall through the same height on the surface of earth is a) more b) less c) same d) zero Q 18 The ratio of time of swing of the same pendulum on the surface of the earth and on the surface of the moon is a) greater than 1 b) less than 1 c) equal to 1 Q 19 A flag is flying from a vertical flag pole mounted on the top of a large balloon. If the balloon is flying in a strong but steady east wind, in what direction will the flag point? a) east b) west c) north east d) hang down limply Q 20 With the increase in altitude the atmospheric pressure a) remains constant b) increase c) decreases Q 21 What is the total mass of air in a room 12 m long, 8 m wide and 4 m high in standard sea-level conditions? Q 22 Air speed corrected for position error is known as a) True Air Speed b) Indicated Air Speed c) Calibrated Air Speed d) Equivalent Air Speed Q 23 Bernoulli s principle is applicable in studying the lifting of hot air balloons a) True b) False Q 24 A light aircraft has a landing speed of 70 knots. A wind of25 knots is blowing over the airfield, the ground speed of the aircraft when it touches down at angle of 30 o to wind is a) 45 kt b) kt c) 57.5 kt d) 95 kt Q 25 A and B are two places 400 nautical miles apart. The total time taken by an aircraft flying at an air speed of 250 knots to fly from A to B and back to A, with wind blowing at 30 knots from A towards B, will be a) 3 hr 12 min b) 3 hr 15 min c) 3 hr 13 min

45 45 Q 26 A rough egg-shaped body with a circular cross-section 75 mm in diameter is tested in a wind tunnel at 100 knots and the air resistance is found to be 1.8 N. What is the value of the drag coefficient? Q 27 A 1 / 5 th scale model of an aeroplane is tested in a wind tunnel at a speed of 25 rn / s, and the drag is found to be 56N. What will be the drag of the full-size machine at 120 knots? (Neglect any 'scale effect', and assume that the density of the air is the same in each case.) Q 28 If the static atmospheric pressure is kn / m 2, and the air density is kg / m 3, what will be the pressure on the pitot side of the diaphragm in an air speed indicator when the forward speed of the aircraft is 100 knots? Q 29 A venturi tube is so designed that the ratio of the diameter at the throat to the diameter at the mouth is 0.6. The velocity of the airflow at the mouth is 80 knots and the static pressure there is kn / m 2. Find the static pressure at the throat assuming that the air density is kg / m 3 at both mouth and throat. Q 30 Which shape will offer least resistance to air flow i ii iii iv a) i b) ii c) iii d) iv Q 31 The centre of pressure is the point about which the moment does not vary with change in angle of attack a) True b) False Q 32 When the angle of attack is increased the pitching moment about the aerodynamic centre a) steadily increases b) steadily decreases c) remains constant d) none of the above Q 33 Greater the aspect ratio a) greater will be the induced drag b) lesser will be the induced drag c) induced drag is not affected by aspect ratio Q 34 Induced drag is a) directly proportional to the square of the speed b) directly proportional to the speed c) inversely proportional to the square of the speed d) inversely proportional to the cube of the speed

46 46 Q 35 If an aeroplane of mass 950 kg has a wing area of 20 m 2, what is the wing loading in N / m 2? Q 36 A model aerofoil section (span 0.3 m, chord 50 mm) is tested in a wind tunnel at a velocity of 60 knots. The maximum lift obtained is 11 N. Find the value of the maximum lift coefficient. Q 37 An elliptical plan form wing has a span of 12 m and a chord of 2 m. What is the induced drag coefficient when the lift coefficient is 0.8? Q 38 A fighter aircraft has a mass of 7200 kg and a wing span of 12 m. If the wing loading is kn / m 2, what is the induced drag when flying at speeds of 200 knots at sea-level? Q 39 Slip pertaining to propeller action is the difference between a) ideal pitch and practical pitch b) aircraft forward velocity and free stream velocity c) aircraft forward velocity and slipstream velocity d) propeller blade hub velocity and tip velocity Q 40 A method of providing propulsion outside the earth s atmosphere is by a) ram jet b) turbo jet c) piston engine propeller combination d) rocket Q 41 If a propeller, on a stationary mounting, blows back 36 kg of air per second at a speed of 45 knots, what thrust does it produce? Q 42 An aircraft engine is being tested on the ground before take-off. If the propeller has a diameter of 3 m, and the velocity of the slipstream is 80 knots, what thrust is being produced? (In calculating the mass flow of air past the propeller, take the 'average velocity of the air well in front of and behind the propeller, i.e. 40 knot.) Q 43 An aircraft powered by two gas turbines is flying at 600 knots. If the jet velocity is 440 m / s, and the mass flow rate is 66 kg / s for each engine, what is the total power being developed by the gas turbines in? Q 44 A rocket, the total mass of which is 25 kg, contains 10 kg of fuel. If all the fuel is burnt in 2 seconds, and is ejected with a velocity of 500 m / s, what would be the initial acceleration if the rocket were fired off vertically upwards? Q 45 The pitch of a propeller is 2.5 m. If the slip is 15%when running at 1200 rpm, what is the speed of the aeroplane to which it is fitted? Q 46 What is the torque of an engine which develops 1500 kw at 2400 rpm? Q 47 Main forces acting on an aircraft in flight are a) lift and drag b) thrust and weight c) all of them Q 48 For equilibrium of an aircraft in flight the conditions to be met are a) lift equals weight c) the aircraft must not rotate b) drag equals thrust d) all the above

47 47 Q 49 The angle of attack of an aircraft for flight at the same IAS a) remains the same with increase in altitude b) decreases with increase in altitude c) increases with increase in altitude d) increases as the square root of the altitude Q 50 In a fixed wing aircraft the lift-providing device is same as the thrust-providing device a) True b) False Q 51 In a helicopter the lift-providing device is same as the thrust-providing device a) True b) False Q 52 A helicopter can fly backwards and sideways a) True b) False Q 53 Ceiling is the altitude at which the aircraft can climb at a rate of a) 30 m / sec b) 3 m / sec c) zero m / sec d) 0.5 m /sec Q 54 When an aircraft is climbing the lift a) is equal to weight b) is 1.2 times the weight c) is less than the weight d) has no relationship with weight Q 55 The mass of an aeroplane is 2000 kg. At a certain speed in straight and level flight the ratio of lift to drag of the complete aircraft is 7.5 to 1. If there is no force on the tail plane, what are the values of the lift, thrust and drag? Q 56 In a flying boat the line of thrust is 1.6 m above the line of drag. The mass of the boat is kg. The lift / drag ratio of the complete aircraft is 5 to 1 in straight and level flight. If there is to be no force on the tail, how far must the centre of pressure of the wings be in front of the centre of gravity? Q 57 A jet aircraft with a mass of 6000 kg has its line of thrust 150 mm below the line of drag. When travelling at high speed, the thrust is 18.0 kn and the centre of pressure is 0.5 m behind the centre of gravity. What is the load on the tail plane which is 8.0 m behind the centre of gravity? Q 58 When there is no wind, a certain aeroplane can glide (engine off) a horizontal distance of 1½ nautical miles for every 1000 ft of height. What gliding angle does this represent? Q 59 A sailplane with an all-up weight of 2452 N has a lift / drag ratio of 24 to 1 when gliding for range at 40 knots. Calculate the sinking speed in ft / s. Q 60 Find the minimum landing speed in knots of an aeroplane of mass 500 kg and a wing area of 18.6 m 2. The maximum lift coefficient of the aerofoil section is 1.0 Q 61 An aeroplane of mass kg has a wing loading of 2.75 kn / m 2. At 8 angle of attack the lift coefficient is What is the speed necessary, in knots, to maintain horizontal flight at this angle of attack at sea-level?

48 48 Q 62 An aeroplane of 3000 kg mass is climbing on a path inclined at 12 to the horizontal. Assuming the thrust to be parallel to the path of flight, what is its value if the drag of the aircraft is 5.0 kn? Q 63 A jet aircraft with a wing loading of 2.4 kn / m 2, and a mass of 4500 kg, has a maximum thrust of 30 kn at sea-level. If the drag coefficient at a speed of 270 knots is 0.04, what will be the greatest angle of climb at this speed? Q 64 A jet aircraft weighing 6000 kgf has a climbing speed of 250 knots. If the rate of climb is 9000 ft / min, and the drag of the aircraft in this condition is 8.2 kn, find the thrust being delivered by the engines. Q 65 An aircraft with a mass of 1000 kg does a steady turn at 55 knots and an angle of bank of 45. Calculate the acceleration Q 66 An aeroplane of 1750 kg mass makes a horizontal turn at an angle of bank of 25 If the speed in the turn is 85 knots, what is the radius of the turn? Q 67 The motion of an aircraft about the longitudinal axis is known as a) forward velocity b) rolling c) yawing d) pitching Q 68 The motion of the aircraft along the lateral axis is called a) skidding b) pitching c) climbing d) yawing Q 69 The stability and control aspects associated with the lateral axis is called a) longitudinal stability and control b) lateral stability and control c) directional stability and control d) barrel roll control

49 Q 70 The maximum g experienced in the pullout manoeuvre shown is at point A B a) A b) B c) C d) D Q 71 The ratio of true air speed to the speed of sound is called a) Reynolds number b) Mach number c) Froude s number d) None of these Q 72 The ratio of inertia force to the viscous friction force is a) Reynolds number b) Mach number c) Froude s number d) None of these Q 73 The reduction in thickness ratio of the airfoil a) reduces the critical Mach number b) increases the critical Mach number c) the critical Mach number does not change Q 74 Sweepback of wing is one way of increasing the critical Mach number a) True b) False Q 75 Sound waves travel faster in water than in air a) True b) False Q 76 Define Mach cone Q 77 Define Mach angle Q 78 Define Mach line 49

50 Q 79 The escape velocity for a body starting on earth s surface, approximately is a) 11.2 km / s b) 10 km / s c) 10,000 km / s d) 5 Km / s Q 80 The escape velocities are same on moon s surface and on earth s surface a) True b) False Q 81 The trajectory of a body launched at the escape velocity a) circular b) elliptical c) hyperbolic d) parabolic Q 82 The eccentricity for an circle is a) zero b) = 1 c) less than 1 d) greater than 1 Q 83 The orbital period of geo stationary satellite is equal to that of the period of rotation of the earth a) True b) False Q 84 The height of geo stationary satellite from the center of the earth is a) km b) km c) km d) km Q 85 According to the law of gravitation, the force of attraction between any two masses is a) directly proportional to the distance between the two b) inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between the two c) directly proportional to the square of the distance between the two d) inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two Q 86 According to Kepler s law the square of the period of a planet in an elliptical path is proportional to the a) square of the semi minor axis of the path b) cube of the semi major axis of the path c) semi major axis of the path d) cube of the semi minor axis of the path Q 87 A planet travels faster in its path when it is at apogee than when it is at perigee a) True b) False Q 88 The normal stalling speed of an aircraft is 55 knots. At what ground speed would it stall if it were flying at low level into wind of 20 knots? Q 89 If the speed of sound is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature calculate the speed of sound in knots at sea level for a temperature of - 50 C. 50

51 Q 90 An aircraft has a critical Mach Number of If the pilot cannot control the aircraft at higher Mach Numbers than this, what is the maximum permissible speed of the aircraft at sea-level? Q 91 For a conventional aircraft to have longitudinal static stability, the centre of gravity should be a) forward of the neutral point b) aft of the neutral point c) at the neutral point Q 92 If a system is having its characteristic roots (finite values) on the imaginary axis, the amplitude response of the system will be a) diverging oscillations b) decaying oscillations c) sustained oscillations d) aperiodic Q 93 For a typical system to be stable the characteristic roots should lie a) on the left half of the S plane b) on the right half of the S plane c) in the first quadrant of the S plane d) can be any where in the S plane Q 94 An aircraft 12 m in length cruises at 150 knots at sea-level. Find its Reynolds Number under these conditions. Q 95 The average length of the chord of a wing of a certain aircraft is 3.05 m. Taking this as the length L, calculate the Reynolds Number when flying at sea-level at 200 knots. Q 96 Calculate the acceleration due to gravity at a distance of km from the centre of the earth. Q 97 Find the power required from an engine to drive a propeller which is 80% efficient when iris producing 3.6kN of thrust at 120 knots. Q 98 A spherical ball of 1 kgf weight and diameter 75 mm is dropped from an aeroplane. What will be its terminal velocity in air of density kg/m 3? (Take C D for the sphere as 0.8) Q 99 The lift produced by the wings of an aircraft travelling at 250 knots at sea level is 70 kn. At what speed must the aircraft travel at ft (relative density 0.194) to produce the same lift at the same angle of attack of the wings? Q 100 An athlete runs 100 m in 11 seconds. Assuming that he accelerates uniformly for 25 m and 51

52 then runs the remaining 75 m at constant velocity, what is his velocity at the 100 m mark? Q 101 Draw a neat sketch of a conventional fixed wing aircraft with aft tail and mark the major components Q 102 Draw a typical three view diagram of a fixed wing aircraft. Mark the three axes and the list the motion along and about these axes Q 103 Draw a typical helicopter diagram and identify major parts Mark allocation: All multiple choice questions: 1 Mark each Numerical problems: 2 Marks each Prepared by: Dr RMO Gemson, Prof, MVJCE, Bangalore 52

53 FLUID MECHANICS Subject Code : 10ME36B / 46B IA Marks : 25 Hours/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03 Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100 PART A UNIT-1 Properties of Fluids: Introduction, Types of fluid, Properties of fluids, viscosity, thermodynamic properties, surface tension, capillarity, vapour pressure and cavitation 06 Hours UNIT-2 Fluid Statistics: Fluid pressure at a point, Pascal s law, pressure variation in a static fluid, absolute, gauge, atmospheric and vacuum pressures, simple manometers and differential manometers. Total pressure and center of pressure on submerged plane surfaces; horizontal, vertical and inclined plane surfaces, curved surface submerged in liquid. 07 Hours UNIT-3 Buoyancy and Fluid Kinematics: Buoyancy, center of buoyancy, metacentre and metacentric height, conditions of equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies, determination of Metacentric height experimentally and theoretically. Kinematics: Types of fluid flow, continuity equation in 2D and 3D (Cartesian Co-ordinates only), velocity and acceleration, velocity potential function and stream function. 07 Hours UNIT-4 Fluid Dynamics: Introduction equation of motion, Euler s equation of motion, Bernoulli s equation from first principles and also from Euler s equation, limitations of Bernoulli s equation. 06 Hours PART-B UNIT-5 Fluid Flow Measurements : Venturimeter, orificemeter, pitot-tube, vertical orifice, V-Notch and rectangular notches. Dimensional Analysis : Introduction, derived quantities, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional homogeneity, Rayleigh s method, Buckingham π theorem, dimensionless numbers, similitude, types of similitudes. 07 Hours 53

54 UNIT-6 Flow through pipes : Minor losses through pipes. Darey s and Chezy s equation for loss of head due to friction in pipes. HGL and TEL. 06 Hours UNIT-7 Laminar flow and viscous effects : Reyonold s number, critical Reynold s number, laminar flow through circular pipe-hagen Poiseille s equation, laminar flow between parallel and stationary plates. 06 Hours UNIT-8 Flow past immersed bodies : Drag, Lift, expression for lift and drag, boundary layer concept, displacement, momentum and energy thickness. Introduction to compressible flow : Velocity of sound in a fluid, Mach number, Mach cone, propagation of pressure waves in a compressible fluid. 07 Hours TEXT BOOKS: 1. Fluid Mechanics, Oijush.K.Kundu, IRAM COCHEN, ELSEVIER, 3rd Ed Fluid Mechanics, Dr. Bansal, R.K.Lakshmi Publications, REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Fluid Mechanics and hydraulics, Dr.Jagadishlal: Metropolitan Book Co-Ltd., Fluid Mechanics (SI Units), Yunus A. Cengel John M.Oimbala, 2ndEd., Tata McGraw Hill, Fluid Mechanics, John F.Douglas, Janul and M.Gasiosek and john A.Swaffield, Pearson Education Asia, 5th ed., Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power Engineering, Kumar.D.S, Kataria and Sons., Fluid Mechanics -. Merle C. Potter, Elaine P.Scott. Cengage learning 54

55 55