Carbon Budget of Ecosystem in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve

Transcription

1 ENV IRONMEN TAL SCIENCE Vol 24 No 1 Jan ( E2mail : cn ; ; ) : EPPML 1995 [ NPP( ) ] t a t a t a t a - 1 ( t a - 1 ) ( t a - 1 ) 2 : t a : ; ; ; :X36 :A : (2003) Carbon Budget of Ecosystem in Changbai Zhang Na 1 Yu Guirui 2 Zhao Shidong 2 Yu Zhenliang 3 (1 College of Earth Science Graduate School CAS Beijing China E2mail : ac cn ; 2 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing China ; 3 National Natural Science Foundation of China Beijing ) Abstract :The study used EPPML a biological geochemistry cycle model that was built to simulate the carbon budget for ecosystems in Changbai The results indicated that the annual net primary productivity [ NPP (carbon) ] of the natural reserve was t a - 1 The annual NPP of mixed broad2leaved and Korean pine forest and spruce2fir forest were maximal t a - 1 and t a - 1 respectively The area and produc2 tivity of the two stands were maximal in Changbai Mountain therefore the simulating productivity of the two stands most greatly affect carbon cycle and carbon budget of the natural reserve and the veracity of the former decides the se2 curity of the latter To sum up not only did the simulations accord with routines in the relative comparisons between different vegetation belts and climate belts in the whole natural reserve but also was exact in the absolute comparisons with very disperse data from field survey Vegetations in the natural reserve had evident carbon sink functions mainly exhibiting in the increasing of carbon about t a - 1 The annual carbon of mixed broad2leaved and Korean pine forest increased greatest ( t a - 1 ) secondly spruce2fir forest ( t a - 1 ) The two stands played crucial roles in the carbon sink for Changbai Mountain others being Changbai larch forest broad2leaved forest meadow shrub alpine tundra subalpine Betula erm anii forest and alpine grass In 1995 the decomposing carbon of soil organic matter was t a - 1 higher than the littering carbon in the natural reserve There was accumula2 tion of organic matter in the meadow soil and shrub soil The decomposition and accumulation of soil organic matter was in the nearly balancing condition in the alpine tundra soil and alpine grass soil The decomposition of organic matter was : ( ) ; ( CX10 G2C002 01) : (1973) : ; : Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co Ltd All rights reserved

2 1 25 as one and a half time or double as litterfall in the arbor forest soil Keywords :carbon budget ; net primary productivity ; increase of carbon ; litterfall ; decomposition of soil organic matter ( Photinia serrulata Lindl ) [1 ] ] ( ) ( L arix olgensis) [2 ] ; ( Popul us davidiana) ( Bet ula platy phyl2 [3 ] la) ; 4 [4 ] 1 ( GIS) ( Ecosystem Productivity Process Model for Landscape EPPML) E E N N hm 2 [4 ] 112 (Net Primary Productivity NPP) : [ m ( Pinus koraiensis) ] [ m NPP : ( Picea asperata ) ( A bies 1 Fig 1 Vegetation map in Changbai NPP = B + D B + C B (1) nephrolepis) ( Bet ula erm anii ) (1) B ; D B ] ( 1800 ; C B 2100m) [ 2100m Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co Ltd All rights reserved

3 26 24 ( C) (2) A (mol (m 2 s) - 1 ) A v A j A A sun ; 1g A A shade A v A j 50 % ; 1127 : A = 45 % [5 ] 2 ( g n - g min ) 2 ( g2 n - g 2 min) + c 015 ( g n - g min ) - (2 ag n + b) d a ( TM) 4 ac - b 2 2 ag n + b + 2 a 015 d 8 a 115 ln 2 ag min + b + 2 a 015 c 015 (3) (LAI) ; (Visual C + + ) ( 3) g n [mol ( m 2 s Pa) - 1 ] ; g (EPPML ) [6 ] min [mol (m 2 s Pa) - 1 ] g min ( GPP) 010 N EP ; GIS A v a = ( K + c a ) 2 (4) b = 2 (2+ K - c a ) v m + 2 ( c a + K) R d (5) 1995 c = ( v m - R d ) 2 (6) A j a = (213+ c a ) 2 (7) (1) b = 014 (413- c a ) J + 2 ( c a + 213) R d (8) C 4 [7 C 4 ] A v A j C 3 EPPML e = ( b 2-4 ac) / (8 ( a) 3/ 2 ) (11) CO 2 (4) (11) K ( ) ( Pa) ; c a CO 2 ( Pa) ; EPPML LAI CO 2 ( Pa) ; v m ( ) Rubisco [mol ( m 2 s) - 1 ] ; R d [mol ( m 2 s) - 1 ] ; J Farquhar [mol (m 2 s) - 1 ] [8 9 ] EPPML : A canopy = A sun LAI sun + 2 A shade LAI shade (12) RuBP (1 52 (12) A ) ( canopy A j) Rubisco ( [mol (m RuBP / ribulose bis2 2 s) - 1 ] ; A sun phosphate carboxylase2oxygenase) [mol ( m 2 s) - 1 ] ; A shade ( A v) Farquhar [mol ( m 2 s) - 1 ] ; LAI sun EPPML LAI( m 2 m - 2 ) ;LAI shade LAI ( m 2 [10 ] : A = min ( A v A j) (2) m - 2 ) a Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co Ltd All rights reserved + (2 ag min + b) c a c = (012 J - R d ) 2 (9) d = ( ag n 2 + bg n + c) 1/ 2 (10) (2)

4 1 27 NPP ; C B NPP 2 % [11 ] NPP day = GPP - R a = GPP - R m - R g - R p (13) (13) NPP day [ kg ( m 2 d) - 1 ] ; EPPML GPP = A canopy DA YL (14) (14) A canopy [mol (m 2 s) - 1 ] GPP[ kg ( m 2 d) - 1 ] DA YL ( s) (g mol - 1 ) R m = R m i = R m s + R m b + R m r + R m l = ( M i r m i Q 10 ( T - T b ) / 10 ) (15) [15 ( D B ) ] (19) : GPP (kg (m 2 d) - 1 ) ; R a D B = h [ kg (m 2 d) - 1 ] ; R m ( R 2 = 01852) (19) [ kg ( m 2 d) - 1 ] ; R g [ kg(19) h (m) D B kg (m 2 d) - 1 ] ; R p [ kg (m 2 d) - 1 ] (m 2 a) - 1 [15 ] [16 ] ( ) 11324kg m kg m kg m kg m - 2 ( (15) i l b ) s r ; M i ( ) (kg m - 2 ) ; r m i 6 3 i [ kg ( d kg) - 1 ] ; Q 10 4 [17 ] (19) 2134 [12 13 ] ; T b ( 25 ) ; T (1) ( ) R g EPPML R g GPP i R g i R g r i : R g = GPP (16) 3 : R g i = r i R g (17) NPP :NPP = NPP day (18) EPPML ( C B ) NPP BEPS [12 ] : R h = a1 rsw t a3 a2 + rsw a3 + rsw a4 soil - T s % (20) 3 % [14 ] Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co Ltd All rights reserved

5 Table 1 Annual litterfall and decomposition carbon for various vegetations in Changbai Mountain (C) / kg (m 2 a) - 1 (C) / 10 6 t a (C) / 10 6 t a ( m) [16 ] (1200m 1990m ) ( m) [16 ] (740m) ( m) [16 ] (1380m) (20) Rh [mol (m 2 s) - 1 ] ; a1 10 [mol ( m 2 rsw ( %) = 100 S W / S EW (21) (21) S W (m) ; S EW N EP = day (m) rsw % m : (26) 2 rsw (m) = rsw ( %) S W (m) / S W ( %) (22) [ 19 ] mol ( m 2 s) - 1 kg ( m 2 2 NPP d) - 1 / ( R 2 = 0174 n = 13) 1 1 CO 2 NPP 3/ 5 10 % 0107 % 25 % ; 2/ % 10 % [18 ] : (3/ 5) (23) = s) - 1 ] ; a2 (m) ; a3 (2/ 5) (24) ( m) ; a4 (210) ; t soil 10cm CO 2 N EP N EP ( ) ; T s ( 10 ) ; rsw (m) N EP day = NPP - Rh = NPP ; Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co Ltd All rights reserved (25) EPPML

6 1 29 NPP ; % % % N EP t 015 % ; (3) ; NPP = NPP NEP a - 1 : : : 2 NPP : : Fig1 2 Comparison of measured and modeled annual NPP : for main vegetation types in Changbai Mountain : : [19 ] 4 : : ( 10 6 t a - 1 ) Fig1 3 Carbon budget for ecosystems in Changbai [20 ] NPP ( t 11399kg ( m 2 a) - 1 a - 1 ) % EPPML NPP % 11084kg ( m 2 a) - 1 NPP % 11355kg ( m 2 a) - 1 ; 11355kg N EP (m 2 a) t a t a EPPML NPP NPP ( t a - 1 ) % 3 (61840 hm 2 ) hm 2 NPP kg ( m 2 a) kg ( m t a - 1 GPP ta) - 1 NPP a t a - 1 R m R g t a NPP 10 6 t a - 1 NPP % NPP : Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co Ltd All rights reserved

7 NPP NPP t t a % ; t a % t a t a - 1 : NPP = NPP NEP t Fig1 4 Carbon budget for mixed broad2leaved and Korean pine forest in Changbai = NPP NEP Fig 5 Carbon budget for spruce2fir forest in Changbai NPP = NEP Fig 6 Carbon budget for Changbai larch forest in Changbai = NPP Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co Ltd All rights reserved NEP Fig 7 Carbon budget for subalpine Bet ula ermanii forest in Changbai t a a - 1 (3) t a - 1

8 = NPP NEP Fig 8 Carbon budget for broad2leaved forest in Changbai NPP = NEP ; 115 ; ; NPP = NEP Fig1 9 Carbon budget for meadow in Changbai Fig111 Carbon budget for alpine grass in Changbai = NPP NEP = NPP NEP Fig110 Carbon budget for shrub in Changbai Fig112 Carbon budget for alpine tundra in Changbai 4 (1) EPPML ( 12 ) NPP Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co Ltd All rights reserved

9 (2) species Planta : (3) (2) : 4046 ( ) ance canopy gas exchange and primary production processes : 1 Moore B Boone R D Hobbie J E et al A simple model for analysis of the role of terriestrial ecosystems in the global car2 bon budget In carbon cycle modelling ( ed Bert Bolin) SCOPE 16Chichester : John Wiley & Sons Post Wilfred M Peng T H et al The global carbon cycle American scientist : CO 2 : : ; : : (6) :9196 (NECT) C (4) : Farquhar G D von Caemmerer S Berry J A A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation in leaves of C 3 9 Chen J M Canopy architecture and remote sensing of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation in boreal conifer stands IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing : (5) : Liu J Chen J M Cihlar J et al A Process2Based Boreal E2 cosystem Productivity Simulator Using Remote Sensing In2 puts Remote Sensing of Environment : Running S W J C Coughlan General model of forest ecosys2 tem processes for regional applications Hydrologic bal2 Ecological Modelling : : : ( B ) : : (2) : : ( B ) : Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co Ltd All rights reserved