Foreign Languages and Their Teaching
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1 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching Serial 155 : (1969 ) : : ( ) : : ; ; ; Abstract :This paper deals with the guidance of cognitive linguistics in vocabulary teaching in ESL. It lays special emphasis upon such aspects as basic category terms the semantics motivation of terms the underlying link between the polysemy of terms the metaphorical meaning of terms and the theory of cognitive semantics. In conclusion this paper points out that an active bor2 rowing of cognitive linguistic theories will give rise to unexpected fruits in the vocabulary teaching of ESL. Key words :cognitive concept schema metaphor. : H319 :A : (2002 ) Rosch et al (1976) 1. (26 ) : ( Glass and Holyoak 1986 : )? ( Berlin et al. (1973) ) :73 %(19 ) : a. Unique beginner :plant ( ) animal ( ) 2 b. Life form :tree() bush( ) flower () c. Generic name :pine oak maple elm d. Specific name : Ponderosa Pine White Pine Jack Pine e. Varietal name :Northern Ponderosa Western Ponderosa (Clark & Ckark 1977 :528) Brown (1958) : Berlin ; Berlin (tightest) Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 Ogden (1930) 850 GRE GRE COBU ILD ( ) GRE % % % % % ( 1997 : 2. 3) (2000) ( ( 1000 ) ) ( ) % (2-6 ) ( 1988 :351) 20 % (1) : (Ogden & Richards 1923 :11) (2) : COBU ILD ( ) 2000 ( ) : ( ) get (Carter 1998) (core vocabulary) ; (experientialism) Heine et al. (1991) 2 ; : (Carter 1998 :41-45) (egocentrism) GRE TOEFL Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.
3 body() side (;) head () back () face () : ( ) head (head of a tiger/ ) here/ this there/ that (the head of a walking stick/ ) come go ( head of a river/ bring take heads/ ) up (head of stairs/ head of a list/ down go upstairs down to river head of a boat/ ) (head of a state/ ) : (1) ( ) (leg of a horse) (2) (foot of a mountain) (3) (leg of a table) (4) (the body of a hill) 3. (bear bank ) Talmy(1988) Sweetser (1990) (homonym) bear Langacker (1991) Sweetser ; Sweetser (1990 :49-51) Talmy The dog runs into the woods The road runs into the Talmy woods run ; in ( Herkovits 1986) (root) ( ) (4) the water in the vase/ (5) the bird in the tree/ (6) the ; bird in the field/ (7) the nail in the box/ (8) the muscles in his leg/ (9) the pears in the bowl/ (10) the chair in the corner ( Ibid :59-61) may (Lakoff 1987 :416) may magan () ( Papafragou 1998 :243) will want can (Langacker 1991 :269) : / over (11) The plane flew over. (12) The bird flew over the yard. (13) The plane flew over the hill. (vantage point) Langacker (1993 :1) (14) Hang the painting over the fireplace. (15) The power line stretches over the yard. W. Frawley (1992 : ) (16) The board is over the hole Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.
4 (17) The city is clouded over. (18) The guards were posted all over the hill. over : (1) ( (11) (12) (13) ) ; (2) ( (14) (15) ) ; (3) / ( (16) (17) (18) ) over (1) (2) (3) ( Saeed 1997 :316) (2) (3) : : ( cognitive map2 ping) Lakoff & Johnson (1980) The plane flew over. Hang the painting over the fireplace. The board is over the hole.tr (target) LM (landmark) Lakoff (1987 : ) : ( structural (hole) (yard) metaphor) (orientational metaphor) (on2 (wall) tological metaphor) (hill) (flying bird) (metonymy) (synech2 (painting on the wall) (board over the hole) doc) (plane over the hill) ( tablecloth over the table) (Sam walked over the hill) over (12) over (3) : ;(15) ( 4) : ;(18) over ( ) ( ) ( ) heart () 4. ( ) : break one s heart/ have one s heart in one s mouth/ have one s heart in/ have no heart for/ give one s heart to/ lose one s heart to/ with a light heart/ with a heavy heart heart :the heart of a city( ) the heart of a cab2 bage( ) : dear heart ( ) poor heart ( ) sweetheart ( ) ( 2001 :102) Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.
5 : ( ) : The foreign2funded enterprises flocked to Shanghai trying to secure an advantageous position. dog ( ) : [ 1 ]Berlin et al. General principles of classification and nomenclature in 5. folk biology [J ]. A merican A nthropologist [2 ] Brown R. How shall a thing be called? [J ]. Psychological Re2 view [ 3 ]Bruner J. S. et al. A St udy of Thi nki ng [ M ]. New York : Wi Bruner et al. (1956) ley [ 4 ]Carter R. Vocabulary : A pplied L i nguistic Perspectives. [ M ] Lon2 don & New York : Routledge [ 5 ]Clark H. H. & E. V. Clark. Psychology and L anguage. [ M ] New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich INC [6 ] Frawley W. L i nguistic Semantics [ M ]. Hillsdale N. J. : Lau2 rence Erlbaum Associates Publishers [ 7 ] Glass A. L. & K. J. Holyoak. Cognition [ M ]. New York : Ran2 ( dom House :241) [ 8 ] Heine B. et al. Gram maticalization : A Concept ual Framework [ M ]. Chicago : The Chicago University Press [9 ] Rosh E. et al. Basic Objects in Natural Categories[J ]. Cognitive Psychology [ 10 ] Saeed J. I. Semantics [ M ]. Oxford : Blackwell Publishers. : ( The Classic Theory) ( The Prototype Theory) [ 11 ]Sweetser E. From Etymology to Pragmatics [ M ]. Cambridge : ( The Theory2Theory) ( The Neo2Classic Cambridge University Press Theory) ( The Conceptual Atomism) [12 ] Talmy L. Force Dynamics in Language and Thought [ A ]. Pa2 pers f rom the Twenty2First Regional Meeting [ C]. Chicago Lin2 (Laurence & Margolis 1999) Jackendoff guistic Society. Chicago : University of Chicago press (1983) [ 13 ]. [ M ]. : (grammatical constraint) [14 ]. / [J ] (4) : [15 ]. [J ]. : 2000 (2) : [16 ]. [J ] (2) : [17 ]. [ M ]. : ( Preference Rule) : (1) ( (2) [ 18 ]. [ M ]. : ( ) (3) [19 ]. [J ] ( game ) (2) : ( Ibid :121) [20 ]. [J ] (1) : [ 21 ]. [M]. : Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.
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