Examples of cooperation
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1 Visibility of Physics and Mathematics workability especially in a hospital Examples of cooperation Viborg Katedralskole & he Police Force in Viborg Department of Clinical Physiology, Region Hospital Viborg allinna Reaalkool D..-.september 05 Math. & Phys. eacher & Nuclear Medical Physicist Lennart Egedal Petersen
2 Hands on Physics and Mathematics applied in practice outside the school are motivating and awareness-raising
3 Cooperation with he Police Force in Viborg Physics/mathematical level:. year (A/B-level) Concepts: Linear regression, force, speed, acceleration, mechanical energy, laser Duration: ½ hour per class Product: Common group report with all theoretical considerations and experimental calculations 3
4 Velocity-measurements LIDAR: LIght Detection And Ranging ransmitter diode (laser) (~000 pulses/sek; λ~800nm) Receiver diode (photomultiplier) 4
5 Velocity-measurements s n : n : t n : he distance between the LIDAR and the car at time n ime when pulse n is transmitted ime the pulse n take to travel the distance. s n (LIDAR CAR LIDAR) c: Velocity of light, m/s s n t n c 5
6 Velocity-measurements s n can be calculated s n t n c 6
7 Velocity-measurements he graph ( n ;s n ) shows the distance s n to the car as a function of time n 7
8 Braking distance measurement he law of Mechcanical Energy gives: ΔEmek A externalforce Car Δs braking (m car m F person braking ) v Bicycle F braking (m student m Δs bycycle braking ) v he braking distance (car) and the braking force (bicycle) can be calculated 8
9 :Cooperation with he Department of Clinical Physiology (Nuclear Medicine) Physics/mathematical level:. year (A/B-level) Concepts: Radioactive decays, Absorption of Ionizing Radiation, Dose, Doserate, Gamma Camera-scintigraphies, 99m c- 99 Mo Generator Student experiment: Law of Radioactive Decay ( 99m c 40keV) Law of Absorption of Gamma-Radiation ( 37 Cs 66keV) Distance Square Law of Radiation ( 99m c 40keV) A(t) A Duration: ½- hours common lecture by a physician for all classes at the School: 3 hours visit with Hands On Experiments at the Department one Class at a time divided in 3 groups Product: Common group report with all theoretical and experimental calculations (~30 pages written guidance) o ( ) x x t ½ ½ I(x) I o ( ) D (x) constant x 9
10 :Cooperation with he Department of Clinical Physiology (Nuclear Medicine) Physics/mathematical level: 3. year (A-level) Concepts: 99m c- 99 Mo Generators Filtration rate of the kidney s (Glomerular Filtration Rate: GFR) Compartment models, Differential equations, Calculus of integral, Optimization with least square methods, Ultrasound, Doppler-Ultrasound, X-ray Duration: 4 days to a student task ( approx. 30 pages) over an experimental / theoretical problem relevant for some equipment or an examination of data from a real patient at the department Product: All theoretical and experimental calculations/considerations (~30 pages ) 0
11 Without knowledge of Mathematics and Physics a large number of examinations can t be carried out
12 SPEC C Camera (Single Photon Emission Computed omography & Computer omography) A k N ln() ½ N
13 SPEC-C Fusion of modalities 3
14 Nuclear Isotopes reatment, Examination, Quality test Mo-c Generator 5 Cr, 57 Co, 75 Se, 99 Mo, 99m c, In, 5 I, 3 I, 53 Gd, 37 Cs Decay of nuclear isotopes (a, b -,b, g; EC) he Decay Law of Radioactive Isotopes N(t) A(t) A(t) N A o o e e -kt -kt k N(t) N A o o ( ) ( ) t/ t/ ½ ½ 4
15 Mo-c generator. Model 5
16 Mo-c generator. Model 99 Mo dn dt -k N 99m c 99 c dn f k dt f 0,876 N - k N 3 6
17 7 Mo-c generator. Activities for Mo and c k ln Mo) ( 65,94h A (t) A ½ 99 ½ t Mo,0 Mo ½ ½ t Mo,0 Mo N (t) N ½ ½ ½ t c,0 t t ½ ½ ½ Mo,0 c ) ( N ) ( ) ( N f (t) N - - ½ ½ ½ t c,0 t t ½ ½ ½ Mo,0 c ) ( A ) ( ) ( A f (t) A - - ½ 99m ½ k ln c) ( 6,0h
18 Mo-c generator. Activities for Mo and c Blue: 99 Mo activity Red: 99m c activity f=0,876 8
19 Mo-c generator. Optimal elute time Blue: 99 Mo activity Red: 99m c activity f=0,876 t* ½ ln( ) ½ ½ ln ( - ) ½ ½ ½ t* ½ ½ 65,94h 6,0h t*,9h ( ( 99 99m Mo) c) 9
20 Mo-c generator. Elute schedule Activity of 99 Mo and 99m c as a function of time for a week 0
21 hyroid- scintigraphy
22 Bone-scintigraphy Is it multiple bone metastases?
23 Bone-scintigraphy Is it multiple bone metastases? 3
24 Kidney- Renograhpy 4
25 Sentinel node /Lymphoscintigraphy 5
26 Leucocyt-scintigraphy ( In) 6
27 X-ray: DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) X-ray; Absorption of ionizing radiation 7
28 X-ray: DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) Bone mineral density Body contribution (Fat, muscle, bone) 8
29 Ultra-sound Medium Velocity of sound v (m/s) Air 330 Water (0 o C) 480 Fat 450 Blood 570 v λ f Muscle 580 Bone 3500 Soft tissue (middle) 540 Intensity ime/distance 9
30 Ultra-sound: Reflection and Refraction v Fat =450m/s > v Muscle =580m/s i r sin(i) sin(b) v v i b Refraction artifacts 30
31 Ultra-sound: Acoustic impedance Z =r. v Acoustic Impedance of a media r: Density of a media v: Velocity of sound in a media Why is gel used on the skin when we are scanning with ultrasound? It feels good. or is there a physical explanation? 3 ) ( 4 ) ( b then 0 i If Z Z Z Z i t I Z Z Z Z i r I I I I I R -
32 Ultra-sound. Acoustic impedance Z =r. v Acoustic Impedance of a media Medium Acoustic impedance Z (kg/(m s)) Liver, Kidney, Blood, Fat, Water, Air 430 Bone 6, Medium / Medium R I I Kidney/Blood 0, ,9999 Bone/Kidney 0,355 0,645 Fat/Liver 0,0 0,988 Water/Air 0,999 0,00 Fat/Bone 0,434 0,566 Blood/Air 0,999 0,000 3
33 Ultra-sound: Doppler-Ultrasound Doppler-effect for ultrasound is used to detect the movement of blood (erytrocytes) and tissue (example: the heart) otal change in frequency for transmitted and received ultrasound waves at the ultrasound transducer f Doppler v v blood cosθ Ultrasound f f Doppler - v v blood cosθ Ultrasound f 33
34 Ultra-sound: Doppler-Ultrasound. Flow velocity of blood in artery Calcification of artery Beamline for ultrasound signal Angel correction-cursor Sample Volume Colour Box Velocity spectrum for bloodflow in Sample Volume 34
35 Law of Ideal Gas: Lungs Capacity Changes in volume in the lungs = Changes in volume in the box Changes in the pressure in the lungs can be measured as changes in the pressure in the mouth V horacal Gas volume fcal ΔP ΔP Mouth box P Mouth 35
36 Blood-Pressure in toes and fingers Wheatstone Bridge with a Mercury tube and a Strain Gauge R ΔR R l ρ A Δl l A l 36
37 Visibility of Physics and Mathematics workability especially in a hospital hank You for Your Attention 37
Examples of cooperation
Visibility of Physics and Mathematicsworkabilityespeciallyin a hospital Examples of cooperation Viborg Katedralskole & he Police Force in Viborg Department of Clinical Physiology, Region Hospital Viborg
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