WORLD WAR ONE & THE UNITED STATES THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR ONE IN EUROPE
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1 WORLD WAR ONE & THE UNITED STATES THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR ONE IN EUROPE
2 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WORLD WAR ONE EVERY MAJOR EVENT AFTER 1918 CAN TRACE ITS ORIGINS BACK TO WORLD WAR ONE THE FALL OF FOUR MAJOR EMPIRES THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION THE COLD WAR BEGINS IN 1917 THE VICTORY OF FASCISM IN ITALY THE SECOND WORLD WAR A REPLAY OF WORLD WAR ONE THE DEATH, DESTRUCTION AND CARNAGE OF WORLD WAR ONE LEAVES A BITTER DESIRE FOR VENGEANCE ON ALL SIDES THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES RESOLVES NOTHING
3 EUROPE BEFORE 1871: A BALANCE OF POWER EXISTS IN EUROPE CONGRESS OF VIENNA IN 1815 DECLARES THAT: NO EUROPEAN POWER CAN BE STRONGER THAN THE NEXT TWO POWERS COMBINED AIMED AT REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE
4 United Germany in Central Europe I N : T H E R E A R E H U N D R E D S O F G E R M A N S P E A K I N G S T A T E S A F T E R C O N G R E S S O F V I E N N A : T H E R E A R E T H I R T Y N I N E W I T H P R U S S I A A N D A U S T R I A A S T H E L E A D I N G S T A T E S W H O W I L L L E A D T H E G E R M A N I C S T A T E S? : W A R B E T W E E N A U S T R I A A N D P R U S S I A S E T T L E S Q U E S T I O N : P R U S S I A D E F E A T S F R A N C E A N D U N I F I E S G E R M A N S T A T E S U N D E R T H E P R U S S I A N K I N G A S E M P E R O R O F I M P E R I A L G E R M A N Y G E R M A N Y A L S O R E T A K E S A L S A C E L O R R A I N E, T W O F R E N C H P R O V I N C E S W I T H G E R M A N S P E A K I N G P O P U L A T I O N S
5 Europe IMPERIAL GERMANY CREATES IMBALANCE IN THE SYSTEM BISMARCKIAN SYSTEM : : A SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES TO KEEP THE PEACE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO PREVENT FRANCE FROM ALIGNING WITH ANY MAJOR EUROPEAN POWER WORKS WHILE BISMARCK IS IN OFFICE
6 THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMS 1879: DUAL ALLIANCE: AUSTRO HUNGARY & IMPERIAL GERMANY PROBLEMS: AUSTRO HUNGARY HAS INTERESTS IN BALKANS WHERE GERMANY HAS NONE : REINSURANCE TREATY: IMPERIAL GERMANY & IMPERIAL RUSSIA LAPSES 1894: IMPERIAL RUSSIA & FRENCH THIRD REPUBLIC
7 Fears of Encirclement 1890: BISMARCK REMOVED FROM OFFICE, GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY BECOMES ERRATIC & AGGRESSIVE GERMANY ALLOWS NON- AGGRESSION TREATY WITH IMPERIAL RUSSIA TO LAPSE IN 1892, TWO YEARS LATER FRANCE SIGNS TREATY WITH IMPERIAL RUSSIA. POST-1890: GERMAN BEGINS PROGRAM OF BUILDING ITS NAVY, ALARMS BRITISH EMPIRE. GERMAN EMPEROR WILHELM II WANTS A PLACE IN THE SUN LIKE OTHER IMPERIALIST POWERS
8 The Entente Cordiale (1904) N A V A L A R M S R A C E B E T W E E N I M P E R I A L G E R M A N Y A N D T H E B R I T I S H E M P I R E. A F T E R H U N D R E D S O F Y E A R S O F H O S T I L I T I E S B R I T A I N S I G N S E N T E N T E C O R D I A L E ( F R I E N D L Y U N D E R S T A N D I N G ) W I T H F R A N C E ( ) I N R E S P O N S E. I N F R A N C E - B R I T A I N - I M P E R I A L R U S S I A S I G N T R I P L E E N T E N T E. T H E F E A R S O F E N C I R C L E M E N T A R E N O W R E A L I Z E D. A U S T R O - H U N G A R Y I S N O W I M P E R I A L G E R M A N Y S O N L Y A L L Y, A N D M U S T N O T B E A L L O W E D T O B E T H R E A T E N E D O R D E F E A T E D A U S T R I A - H U N G A R Y H A S B E E N W E A K E N E D B Y T H E B A L K A N W A R S O F /
9 German response G E R M A N M I L I T A R Y P L A N N E R S H A V E A L R E A D Y P R E P A R E D F O R A N E V E N T U A L I T Y W H E R E G E R M A N Y I S E N C I R C L E D. T H E S C H L I E F F E N P L A N - N A M E D A F T E R F I E L D M A R S H A L V O N S C H L I E F F E N I T E N V I S I O N S A T W O - F R O N T W A R, W H E R E G E R M A N Y L A U N C H E S A N A T T A C K O N F R A N C E B E F O R E T U R N I N G T O F A C E I M P E R I A L R U S S I A T H E P L A N D O E S N O T T A K E I N T O A C C O U N T T H E P O S S I B I L I T Y O F F R E N C H O R R U S S I A N N E U T R A L I T Y. T H E R E F O R E, I F G E R M A N Y I S A T W A R W I T H O N E P O W E R, I T M E A N S T H A T W A R W I T H T H E O T H E R I S T A K E N F O R G R A N T E D F R E N C H O F F E N S I V E P L A N X V I I
10 Short term causes S E R B I A N N A T I O N A L I S T S I N T E N T O N B R E A K I N G F R O M T H E E M P I R E A S S A S S I N A T I O N O F F R A N Z F E R D I N A N D B Y G A V R I L O P R I N C I P, A S A S S A S S I N O F T H E B L A C K H A N D, S E C R E T O R G A N I Z A T I O N, W H I C H H A P P E N S T O B E C O N T R O L L E D B Y S E R B I A N S E C R E T P O L I C E. S E R B I A R E F U S E S T O G R A N T A U S T R O - H U N G A R Y F U L L A C C E S S I N I N V E S T I G A T I O N. C R I S I S E S C A L A T E S : 2 8 J U N E 2 8 J U L Y V I E N N A T U R N S T O B E R L I N A N D B E L G R A D E T U R N S T O S T. P E T E R S B U R G F O R S U P P O R T.
11 THE ROAD TO STALEMATE S C H L I E F F E N P L A N F A I L S B E L G I A N R E S I S T A N C E H O L D S U P G E R M A N F O R C E S L O N G E R T H A N E X P E C T E D C R U C I A L D I V I S I O N S A R E R E M O V E D F R O M G E R M A N W I N G A D V A N C I N G O N P A R I S A N D S E N T T O S U P P O R T A U S T R O - H U N G A R I A N F O R C E S A G A I N S T I M P E R I A L R U S S I A P A R I S I S S A V E D B Y D E S P E R A T E E F F O R T O F F R E N C H A N D B R I T I S H F O R C E S
12 NIGHTMARE OF STALEMATE E U R O P E A N M I L I T A R Y P L A N N E R S A R E S T I L L T H I N K I N G I N T E R M S O F W A R S F O U G H T I N T H E P R E V I O U S C E N T U R Y B U T M I L I T A R Y A D V A N C E S G I V E T H E A D V A N T A G E T O T H E D E F E N S E : M A C H I N E G U N S B E T T E R C O M M U N I C A T I O N S R A I L R O A D S - S O T R O O P S C A N B E S E N T C R I S I S P O I N T S Q U I C K L Y. D E F E N S E I N D E P T H : B E T T E R T R E N C H E S, S E C O N D, T H I R D & F O U R T H T R E N C H L I N E S B E H I N D T H E F R O N T L I N E T R E N C H E S.
13 THE BLOCKADE OF IMPERIAL GERMANY BRITISH NAVY BLOCKADES THE GERMAN NORTH SEA PORTS GERMANY BEGINS TO SUFFER FROM FOOD AND ESSENTIAL SHORTAGES TURNIP WINTER OF 1916 OVER 450,000 GERMAN CIVILIANS PERISH AS A RESULT OF THE BLOCKADE IMPERIAL GERMAN SURFACE FLEET IS UNABLE TO BEAT BRITISH NAVY AND REMAINS IN ITS HOME PORT INCREASINGLY GERMANY TURNS TO ITS SUBMARINE FLEET TO BREAK THE BLOCKADE
14 THE INITIAL RESPONSE OF THE UNITED STATES 4 AUGUST, 1914: PRESIDENT WILSON ISSUES AN OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF NEUTRALITY AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION IS DEEPLY AGAINST ENTRY INTO WORLD WAR ONE ONE THIRD OF AMERICANS IN 1914 (THIRTY TWO MILLION) ARE RECENT IMMIGRANTS FROM THE LANDS OF THE CENTRAL POWERS OR FROM AREAS HOSTILE TO THE ALLIED POWERS
15 WILSON TILTS TOWARDS BRITAIN WILSON, THOUGH CLAIMING TO BE NEUTRAL, INCREASINGLY SIDES WITH BRITAIN IMPERIAL GERMAN SUBMARINES ARE TARGETING ALLIED SHIPS INTERNATIONAL LAW DID NOT GUARANTEE RIGHTS OF NEUTRALS ON BELLIGERENT SHIPS BUT WILSON ACTED AS THOUGH IT DID FALABA SUNK ON 3/28/ CIVILIANS (1 AMERICAN) KILLED LUSITANIA SUNK ON 5/7/ CIVILIANS (128 AMERICANS) KILLED BOTH CARRIED AMMUNITION FOR ALLIES
16 WILSON TILTS TOWARDS BRITAIN SECRETARY OF STATE WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN WANTS THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT TO CONDEMN BOTH THE BLOCKADE AND THE SINKING OF SHIPS BRYAN ALSO WANTS THE UNITED STATES TO BAR ITS CITIZENS FROM TRAVELLING ON BELLIGERENT SHIPS WILSON REFUSES ON BOTH ISSUES BRYAN RESIGNS AS PROTEST AGAINST DEFINITE TILT ON PART OF WILSON TOWARDS SIDING WITH THE EMPIRE OF BRITAIN
17 ECONOMIC REASONS TO SIDE WITH ALLIES : U S L O A N S T O A L L I E S : $ B I L L I O N U S L O A N S T O C E N T R A L P O W E R S : $ 2 7 M I L L I O N : H O U S E O F M O R G A N A C T S A S S O L E R E P R E S E N T A T I V E O F A L L I E D A R M A M E N T S P U R C H A S E S I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S U N I T E D S T A T E S S E L L S O V E R $ 3 B I L L I O N W O R T H O F G O O D S T O A L L I E S O N L Y $ 1 M I L L I O N W O R T H O F G O O D S S O L D T O C E N T R A L P O W E R S S E C R E T A R Y O F S T A T E B R Y A N H A D W A N T E D T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S T O R E F R A I N F R O M G I V I N G L O A N S T O E I T H E R S I D E R E S U M P T I O N O F U N R E S T R I C T E D S U B M A R I N E W A R F A R E R E S U M E S O N 1 F E B R U A R Y
18 THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM R T H U R Z I M M E R M A N, F O R E I G N S E C R E T A R Y O F I M P E R I A L G E R M A N Y P R O P O S A L T O G O V E R N M E N T O F M E X I C O T O J O I N C E N T R A L P O W E R S P R O M I S E O F R E T U R N O F A L L M E X I C A N T E R R I T O R I E S S E I Z E D B Y T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S D U R I N G W A R I N T H E E V E N T O F V I C T O R Y M E S S A G E I S I N T E R C E P T E D B Y B R I T A I N A N D G I V E N T O W I L S O N W I L S O N U S E S T E L E G R A M A S P R E T E X T T O C A L L O N C O N G R E S S F O R D E C L A R A T I O N O F W A R O N T H E S I D E O F T H E A L L I E S A
19 SELLING THE WAR DESPITE WIDESPREAD OPPOSITION WILSON IS INTENT ON FORCING THE UNITED STATES INTO THE WAR THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION FORGED PAMPHLET: THE GERMAN BOLSHEVIK CONSPIRACY PRO WAR PROPAGANDA ACROSS THE COUNTRY GEORGE CREEL 75, MINUTE MEN DESPITE CALL FOR A MILLION VOLUNTEERS ONLY 73,000 COME FORWARD CONSCRIPTION/DRAFT IS INTRODUCED
20 SUPPRESSION OF ANTI-WAR DISSENT & GERMANOPHOBIA ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1917 SEDITION ACT OF 1918 CURBING OF FREE SPEECH $10,000 FINE TWENTY YEARS IN JAIL HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE WERE JAILED FOR CRITICIZING THE WAR ANTI GERMAN HYSTERIA SWEEPS THE UNITED STATES BANNING OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE IN SCHOOLS GERMAN AMERICANS ATTACKED AND HARASSED LIBRARIES AND UNIVERSITIES DESTROY OR DISCARD GERMAN BOOKS AND LITERATURE
21 SUPPRESSION OF ANTI-WAR DISSENT & GERMANOPHOBIA O R S T I N S T A N C E O F A N T I G E R M A N W H Y S T E R I A I S B R U T A L L Y N C H I N G O F R O B E R T P R A E G E R, A N I N N O C E N T C O A L M I N E R A N D S O C I A L I S T W H O I S M U R D E R E D I N A M E R I C A N S O C I A L I S T P A R T Y A N D L A B O R U N I O N S S U C H A S T H E I N D U S T R I A L W O R K E R S O F T H E W O R L D F A C E S I M I L A R A C T I O N S A N D P U N I T I V E A C T I O N S B Y T H E F E D E R A L A N D S T A T E G O V E R N M E N T S A L L I N S T A N C E S O F A N T I G E R M A N L A W S A R E D E E M E D U N C O N S T I T U T I O N A L A N D S T R U C K D O W N B Y T H E C O U R T S A F T E R T H E E N D O F T H E W A R
22 UNITED STATES IN WORLD WAR ONE FAR MORE IMPORTANT THAN UNITED STATES MILITARY INVOLVEMENT IS THE SCALE OF AMERICAN ECONOMIC AND MATERIAL SUPPORT FOR THE ALLIED POWERS IN FRANCE
23 THE COLLAPSE OF THE GERMAN ARMY E V E R Y B E L L I G E R E N T A R M Y I N W O R L D W A R O N E E X P E R I E N C E S M U T I N I E S B Y I T S T R O O P S F R E N C H A R M Y I S O N L Y A B L E T O P U T D O W N M U T I N Y B Y S H O O T I N G T H O U S A N D S O F T R O O P S B Y F I R I N G S Q U A D S I N / O P E R A T I O N M I C H A E L F I N A L G E R M A N O F F E N S I V E M A R C H I M P E R I A L G E R M A N A R M Y I S T H E B E S T T R A I N E D A M O N G S T B E L L I G E R E N T S B U T F I N A L L Y C O L L A P S E S I N A U G U S T T H E G E R M A N M O N A R C H Y C O L L A P S E S A N D A N E W G O V E R N M E N T S I G N S A N A R M I S T I C E I N N O V E M B E R
24 Wilson at Versailles FREEDOM OF THE SEAS FREE TRADE OPEN PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION TO RESOLVE DISPUTES. UNIVERSAL SELF DETERMINATION UNIVERSAL SELF DETERMINATION IS THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL OF THE FOURTEEN BUT NOT INTENDED FOR ALL BY WILSON
25 Wilson at Versailles W I L S O N D O E S N O T I N T E N D S E L F D E T E R M I N A T I O N F O R P E O P L E S U N D E R B R I T I S H A N D F R E N C H E M P I R E S R E F U S E S T O M E E T I R I S H D E L E G A T I O N O N L Y F O R C E N T R A L E U R O P E A N G R O U P S ; C Z E C H S & POLES I M P E R I A L J A P A N ' S R E Q U E S T T O A D D E Q U A L I T Y C L A U S E ( B E T W E E N A L L R A C E S ) I S D I S M I S S E D O U T O F H A N D V I E T N A M E S E N A T I O N A L I S T H O C H I M I N H A S K S F O R S U P P O R T F O R I N D E P E N D E N C E O F S O U T H E A S T A S I A F R O M F R E N C H R U L E B U T I S I G N O R E D I R I S H E N V O Y S T O T H E V E R S A I L L E S C O N F E R E N C E A R E A L S O T U R N E D B A C K L E A G U E O F N A T I O N S I S C R E A T E D B U T I S C O N T R O L L E D B Y B R I T I S H A N D F R E N C H E M P I R E S H A R S H S E T T L E M E N T A T V E R S A I L L E S F O R E S H A D O W S C O N F L I C T I N T H E C O M I N G D E C A D E S
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