Boundaries and Borders

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1 Political Geography

2 Origins: Antecedent Boundaries and Borders Existed in prehistoric times Usually align with physical boundaries Pyrenees between France/Spain Cultural linguistic borders between Germanic and Romance Europe along Rhine River and Alps South Asia/East Asia = Himalayas

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4 Origins: Antecedent Boundaries and Borders Exist from prehistoric times Subsequent Resulting from changes brought on by conflict/culture Peace of Westphalia Post WWI and Post-WWII Europe

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6 Origins: Antecedent Boundaries and Borders Exist from prehistoric times Subsequent Resulting from changes brought on by conflict/culture Superimposed Lines laid down for political reasons disregarding cultural boundaries the Scramble for Africa Korea

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8 Origins: Antecedent Boundaries and Borders Exist from prehistoric times Subsequent Resulting from changes brought on by conflict/culture Superimposed Lines laid down for political reasons disregarding cultural boundaries Relic Former boundary that still has meaning Scotland and England after UK North and South Vietnam East and West Germany

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11 Origins: Antecedent Boundaries and Borders Exist from prehistoric times Subsequent Resulting from changes brought on by conflict/culture Superimposed Lines laid down for political reasons over cultural boundaries Relic Former boundary that still has meaning Process: (not mutually exclusive) Definition Claimed, negotiated or captured Delimitation drawn on a map Demarcation Markers placed on ground to show

12 Boundaries and Borders Types: Physical Natural geography like rivers, lakes, oceans, mountains or deserts Cultural Human features (language, religions, other) isogloss Geometric Survey lines usually along lines of latitude and longitude

13 Borders extend in a plane above and below the Earth

14 Boundaries and Borders Types: Physical Natural geography like rivers, lakes, oceans, mountains or deserts Cultural Human features (language, religions, other) isogloss Geometric Survey lines usually along lines of latitude and longitude Disputes: Definitional Treaties are interpreted two different ways. Legal dispute. Locational When the border moves (ie: a river changes course) overlaps with definitional Operational Border is recognized, but passage becomes problematic Immigration/trade Allocational When a resource lies on two sides of border

15 Water Boundaries at Sea Est. by the UN Conference on the Law of the Seas (ratified 1994) Territorial Sovereignty extends 12 nautical miles from shore All national laws apply Beyond 12 mi. = high seas, admiralty law applies Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Exclusive economic rights extend 200 nautical miles from shore Natural resources, fishing, etc. Usually beyond continental shelf Often overlap, generally split halfway, but many areas are under dispute

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17 Transition Zones Until recently many boundaries were not sharp, clearly defined lines, but were zones called marchlands Frontiers - area between two states or between inhabited and uninhabited areas Now rare since most modern govts. have technology and want to exploit all territory to the fullest Buffer state independent but weak country lying between two powerful countries Mongolia lies between Russia and China Afghanistan- lied between Russian Empire and British India Satellite state -- a buffer state that falls under the domination of one of its powerful neighbors and loses much of its independence (aka: puppet state) Eastern European countries under Soviet domination during the Cold War

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