Pacific Secular Variation A result of hot lower mantle. David Gubbins School of Earth Sciences University of Leeds
|
|
- Abigayle Glenn
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Pacific Secular Variation A result of hot lower mantle David Gubbins School of Earth Sciences University of Leeds
2 Thermal Core-Mantle Interaction (hot) (cold)
3 Lateral variations in heat flux boundary condition on spherical rotating convection can: Drive thermal winds lock core convection and delay drift of convection rolls Produce resonance of length scales and secondary resonances Force a lateral scale on the convection Indirectly produce similar scales on the magnetic field
4 The effect of lateral variations is weakened by: Low Prandtl number (inertia) Disparity of length scales between convection and boundary conditions High Rayleigh number (time dependence)
5 Geophysical Input for Core Heat Flux Mantle convection studies suggest large variations in lateral heat flow (100%) and thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle (D ) Seismology suggests a boundary layer 250 km thick with temperature variations of 500 K
6 Observational Evidence of Lateral Variations Modern geomagnetic field Time-average of paleomagnetic field Persistent reversal paths Non-axisymmetric variations in secular variation Low secular variation in Pacific
7
8 OVERVIEW Evidence for low secular variation in the Pacific - historical and paleomagnetic Lateral heat variations on the core-mantle boundary Simple thermal convection influenced by the boundary Relationship with numerical dynamo simulations and application to the Earth s core Implications for the thermal state of the core
9 Declination AD 1650
10 Declination AD 1990
11 Declination at Hawaii and Greenwich Meridian
12 Inclination Hawaii and Greenwich meridian
13
14 Looking for weak Secular Variation Historical record shows little SV in Pacific 400 years is not long enough to be definitive We need 5-50 kyr Big Island, Hawaii, offers 35 kyr with dating
15
16 Volcanoes of Big Island, Hawaii
17
18
19 Mean residual -2.8o +/- 0.3o
20
21 D from flows dated by C 14, Big Island, Hawaii
22 I from flows dated by C 14, Big Island, Hawaii
23 Kilauea East Rift Zone Drilling
24 Hawaiian data last 50 kyr from borehole data and surface flows
25 The Τανγεντ Cylinder
26
27
28 Convection with laterally varying heat flux depends on 3 important parameters 1. Ekman number ν E = 2Ωd 2 2. Vertical Rayleigh number where h is the mean surface heat flux αghd kκν 5 R v = 3. Horizontal Rayleigh number where q is the lateral variation of heat flux, average zero αgqd kκν 5 R h =
29 3 LIMITING CASES R v =0: thermal wind R h =0: convection with uniform boundaries R h =0.3R v : convection heated from below and influenced by the boundary variations
30 Thermal Wind, Rv=0, E=2x10-4
31 Uniform boundaries E=2x10-4, R h =0, R v =1.1 R v c
32 Uniform boundaries, equatorial slice
33 Inhomogeneous boundary conditions (periodic solution) surface flow and temperature R h =0.3 R v, E=2x10-4, R v =1.1 R v c
34 Inhomogeneous boundary conditions R h =0.3 R v, E=2x10-4, R v =1.1 R v c
35 SUMMARY Boundary heat flux based on shear wave anomalies can inhibit convection at the top of the core below the hot region corresponding to the Pacific because the anomaly there is longitudinally broader than in the Atlantic/Africa This convective flow does not generate a magnetic field
36 COMPARISON WITH A GEODYNAMO SIMULATION This convective flow does not generate a magnetic field Bloxham s geodynamo simulation exhibits a time average that reflects the boundary conditions but does not give low Pacific SV or a field that resembles the time average at any instant of time The principle difference is not the magnetic field It is probably the higher R v in the dynamo simulation
37 APPLICATION TO THE EARTH Resonance with the boundary arises because of similarity in length scales of convection and boundary anomalies Small E (10-9 ) in the core implies a small scale but magnetic forces increase it A higher supercritical R v is needed for dynamo action, but this produces magnetic fields that are too complex, both spatially and temporally Again, the in the low E regime dynamo action may occur at lower supercritical R v because of its organising effect on the flow
38 IMPLICATIONS FOR CORE HEAT FLUX high heat flux low heat flux fast D slow Difference in V s implies temperature difference 500 K in 250 km
39 HORIZONTAL VS VERTICAL HEAT FLUX Lateral temperature difference 500 K Within D thickness 200 km Thermal conductivity 10 W/m/K Gives heat flux variation 1 TW = 20% of conventional estimate of vertical heat flux May be larger locally
40 CONCLUSIONS The evidence for weak secular variation in the Pacific is quite strong Simple thermal convection calculations show this can come about from lateral variations in heat flux through the boundary These flows are too simple to generate a magnetic field, and numerical dynamo simulations give magnetic fields that appear more complex than is observed Lateral heat flux variations in D appear to be large enough to cause this effect, provided large scale flow is maintained in the core
The time-averaged magnetic field in numerical dynamos with non-uniform boundary heat flow
Geophys. J. Int. (2002) 151, 809 823 The time-averaged magnetic field in numerical dynamos with non-uniform boundary heat flow Peter Olson 1 and U. R. Christensen 2 1 Department of Earth and Planetary
More informationThis article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
More informationOn dynamo action produced by boundary thermal coupling
On dynamo action produced by boundary thermal coupling Binod Sreenivasan To cite this version: Binod Sreenivasan. On dynamo action produced by boundary thermal coupling. Physics of the Earth and Planetary
More informationEarth s Interior: Big Ideas. Structure of the Earth
Earth s Interior: Big Ideas Earth science investigations take many different forms. Earth scientists do reproducible experiments and collect multiple lines of evidence. Our understanding of Earth is continuously
More informationThe Geodynamo and Paleomagnetism Brown and Mussett (1993) ch. 6; Fowler p
In this lecture: The Core The Geodynamo and Paleomagnetism Brown and Mussett (1993) ch. 6; Fowler p. 32-50 Problems Outer core Physical state Composition Inner core Physical state Composition Paleomagnetism
More informationPlate Tectonics. 1)The plate tectonic system 2)A theory is born 3) Early evidence for continental drift 4) Continental drift and paleomagnetism
Plate Tectonics Plate boundaries 1)The plate tectonic system 2)A theory is born 3) Early evidence for continental drift 4) Continental drift and paleomagnetism 6)History and future of plate motions system
More informationSimulation Study on the Generation and Distortion Process of the Geomagnetic Field in Earth-like Conditions
Chapter 1 Earth Science Simulation Study on the Generation and Distortion Process of the Geomagnetic Field in Earth-like Conditions Project Representative Yozo Hamano Authors Ataru Sakuraba Yusuke Oishi
More informationRotating dynamo turbulence: theoretical and numerical insights
Rotating dynamo turbulence: theoretical and numerical insights Nathanaël Schaeffer 1, H.-C. Nataf 1, A. Fournier 2, J. Aubert 2, D. Jault 1, F. Plunian 1, P. Zitzke 1 1: ISTerre / CNRS /Université Joseph
More informationThe Magnetic Field of the Earth
The Magnetic Field of the Earth Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle RONALD T. MERRILL Department of Geophysics University of Washington Seattle, Washington MICHAEL W. McELHINNY Gondwana Consultants
More informationHydromagnetic dynamos in rotating spherical fluid shells in dependence on the Prandtl number and stratification
Hydromagnetic dynamos in rotating spherical fluid shells in dependence on the Prandtl number and stratification Ján Šimkanin and Pavel Hejda Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of CR, Prague,
More informationPower Requirements for Earth s Magnetic Field
Power Requirements for Earth s Magnetic Field QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Bruce Buffett University of Chicago Structure of the Earth Origin of Inner
More informationThe geodynamo. Previously The Earth s magnetic field. Reading: Fowler Ch 8, p Glatzmaier et al. Nature 401,
The geodynamo Reading: Fowler Ch 8, p373-381 Glatzmaier et al. Nature 401, 885-890 1999 Previously The Earth s magnetic field TODAY: how is the Earth s field generated? 1 Generating the Earth s magnetic
More informationUNIT 11 PLATE TECTONICS
UNIT 11 PLATE TECTONICS A. ALFRED WEGENER 1. Continental drift hypothesis Single supercontinent called Pangaea 200 million years ago Pangaea (all land) began to break up and started drifting to their present
More informationPlanetary Interiors. Earth s Interior Structure Hydrostatic Equilibrium Heating Constituent Relations Gravitational Fields Isostasy Magnetism
Planetary Interiors Earth s Interior Structure Hydrostatic Equilibrium Heating Constituent Relations Gravitational Fields Isostasy Magnetism Hydrostatic Equilibrium First order for a spherical body: Internal
More informationConvection-driven dynamos in the limit of rapid rotation
Convection-driven dynamos in the limit of rapid rotation Michael A. Calkins Jonathan M. Aurnou (UCLA), Keith Julien (CU), Louie Long (CU), Philippe Marti (CU), Steven M. Tobias (Leeds) *Department of Physics,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
DOI: 1.138/NGEO1521 Possible links between long-term geomagnetic variations and whole-mantle convection processes Biggin, A.J., Steinberger, B., Aubert, J., Suttie, N., Holme, R., Torsvik, T.H., van der
More informationPSc 201 Chapter 3 Homework. Critical Thinking Questions
PSc 201 Chapter 3 Homework Critical Thinking Questions 1. (adapted from text) Seawater is denser than fresh water. A ship moving from the Atlantic Ocean into the Great Lakes goes from seawater to fresh
More informationGeomagnetic dipole moment collapse by convective mixing in the core
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 36, L10305, doi:10.1029/2009gl038130, 2009 Geomagnetic dipole moment collapse by convective mixing in the core Lijun Liu 1 and Peter Olson
More informationTime-average and time-dependent parts of core flow
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 155 (2006) 120 139 Time-average and time-dependent parts of core flow Hagay Amit, Peter Olson Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University,
More informationPlate Tectonics AGS 371
Name(s) Date Period Instructions Plate Tectonics AGS 371 This lab utilizes the CD The Theory of Plate Tectonics (Advanced). The lab consists of a number of questions and diagrams regarding the development
More information2. Magnetic Mixing Flows LXXXXX
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 36, LXXXXX, doi:10.1029/2009gl038130, 2009 2 Geomagnetic dipole moment collapse by convective mixing in the core 3 Lijun Liu 1 and Peter Olson
More informationUnit 11: Plate Tectonics
Unit 11: Plate Tectonics A. Alfred Wegner 1. Continental drift hypothesis a. single supercontinent called Pangaea b. 200 million years ago Pangaea (all land) began to break up and started drifting to their
More informationAnnouncements. Manganese nodule distribution
Announcements Lithospheric plates not as brittle as previously thought ESCI 322 Meet in Env. Studies Bldg Rm 60 at 1 PM on Tuesday One week (Thursday): Quiz on Booth 1994 and discussion. (Lots of odd terms
More informationNew and revised 14 C dates for Hawaiian surface lava flows: Paleomagnetic and geomagnetic implications
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 36, L11306, doi:10.1029/2009gl037792, 2009 New and revised 14 C dates for Hawaiian surface lava flows: Paleomagnetic and geomagnetic implications N. Pressling, 1 F. A.
More informationGeodynamo Simulations and Electromagnetic Induction Studies
Chapter 2 Solid Earth Simulation Geodynamo Simulations and Electromagnetic Induction Studies Project Representative Yozo Hamano Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Authors Yozo Hamano
More informationA numerical study of dynamo action as a function of spherical shell geometry
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 236 (2005) 542 557 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl A numerical study of dynamo action as a function of spherical shell geometry M.H. Heimpel a, *, J.M. Aurnou b, F.M. Al-Shamali
More informationThe Magnetic Field of the Earth. Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle
The Magnetic Field of the Earth Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle This is Volume 63 in the INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICS SERIES A series of monographs and textbooks Edited by RENATA DMOWSKA and
More informationGEODYNAMO SIMULATIONS HOW REALISTIC ARE THEY?
Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2002. 30:237 57 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.140817 Copyright c 2002 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved GEODYNAMO SIMULATIONS HOW REALISTIC ARE THEY? Gary A. Glatzmaier
More informationChapter Overview. Evidence for Continental Drift. Plate Tectonics. Evidence for Continental Drift. Evidence for Continental Drift 9/28/2010
Chapter Overview CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Much evidence supports plate tectonics theory. Different plate boundaries have different features. Tectonic plates continue to move today.
More informationLarge scale magnetic fields and Dynamo theory. Roman Shcherbakov, Turbulence Discussion Group 14 Apr 2008
Large scale magnetic fields and Dynamo theory Roman Shcherbakov, Turbulence Discussion Group 14 Apr 2008 The Earth Mainly dipolar magnetic field Would decay in 20kyr if not regenerated Declination of the
More informationGeology of the Hawaiian Islands
Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 3 20 January 2004 Any Questions? IMPORTANT Big Island Field Trip We need a firm commitment PLUS $164 payment for airfare BEFORE January 29th Plate Tectonics Fundamental
More information1. I can describe evidence for continental drift theory (e.g., fossil evidence, mountain belts, paleoglaciation)
Science 10 Review Earth Science Vocabulary asthenosphere continental drift theory converging plates diverging plates earthquakes epicentre fault hot spot inner core lithosphere mantle mantle convection
More informationMagnetic field nomenclature
Magnetic field nomenclature Declination trend angle between horizontal projection of F and true North Inclination plunge angle between horizontal and F Magnetic equator location on surface where field
More informationGlobal Models of the Magnetic Field in Historical Times: Augmenting Declination Observations with Archeo- and Paleo- Magnetic Data D.
J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 38, 715-720, 1986 Global Models of the Magnetic Field in Historical Times: Augmenting Declination Observations with Archeo- and Paleo- Magnetic Data D. GUBBINS Bullard Laboratories,
More informationChapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor
Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Chapter Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics theory. The plate tectonics model describes features and processes on Earth. Plate tectonic science
More information10. Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering Curves.
Map of ocean floor Evidence in Support of the Theory of Plate Tectonics 10. Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering Curves. The Earth's magnetic field behaves as if there were a bar magnet in the center of
More informationWhat Forces Drive Plate Tectonics?
What Forces Drive Plate Tectonics? The tectonic plates are moving, but with varying rates and directions. What hypotheses have been proposed to explain the plate motion? Convection Cells in the Mantle
More informationA dynamo model for axisymmetrizing Saturn s magnetic field
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 37,, doi:10.1029/2009gl041752, 2010 A dynamo model for axisymmetrizing Saturn s magnetic field S. Stanley 1 Received 11 November 2009; revised
More informationPowering Ganymede s dynamo
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 117,, doi:10.1029/2012je004052, 2012 Powering Ganymede s dynamo X. Zhan 1 and G. Schubert 1 Received 12 January 2012; revised 3 July 2012; accepted 6 July 2012; published
More informationSeafloor Spreading and Paleomagnetism Activity
Name: PART A: Ocean Bottom Profile Background: Seafloor spreading is the hypothesis that the sea floor moves sideways away from the crest of the mid- ocean ridge. It is estimated that 20 volcanic eruptions
More informationDiffusive magnetic images of upwelling patterns in the core
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. B12, 2348, doi:10.1029/2001jb000384, 2002 Diffusive magnetic images of upwelling patterns in the core Peter Olson, Ikuro Sumita, 1 and Jonathan Aurnou 2 Department
More informationLecture 4.1 Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics Chapter 4 California Science Content Standards Covered: Big Ideas 3A: Students know the features of the ocean floor that provide evidence of plate tectonics Mid Ocean Ridges (ex. Mid Atlantic
More informationAzimuthal flows in the Earth s core and changes in length of day at millennial timescales
Geophys. J. Int. (6) 165, 3 46 doi: 1.1111/j.1365-46X.6.93.x GJI Geomagnetism, rock magnetism and palaeomagnetism Azimuthal flows in the Earth s core and changes in length of day at millennial timescales
More informationPlate Tectonics. Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Boundaries
Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Boundaries Continental Drift 1915, Alfred Wegener - Pangea hypothesis: suggested Earth s continents were part of a large super-continent 200
More informationTalks. December 2011.
Talks Oliveira, J.S., Langlais, B., Amit, H., Pais, M.A., Modeling the magnetic field of Mercury using the Time Dependent Equivalent Source Dipole method. European Geosciences Union, Vienna, Austria, April
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi:10.1038/nature12574 1 Parameter space exploration and rationale for parameter choices Here we give a detailed account of the parameter space exploration (Extended Data Table 1) carried out in support
More informationPLATE TECTONICS. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift- Wegener s Evidence
Continental Drift PLATE TECTONICS E.B. Taylor (1910) and Alfred Wegener (1915) published on Continental Drift. Continental Drift Wegener s evidence 1. Fit of the Continents 2. Fossil Evidence 3. Rock Type
More informationOriginally published as:
Originally published as: Mandea, M., Olsen, N. (2009): Geomagnetic and Archeomagnetic Jerks: Where Do We Stand?. - Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 90, 24, 208-208 From geomagnetic jerks
More informationIntroduction to Oceanography. Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Overview
Introduction to Oceanography Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics theory. The plate tectonics model describes features and processes on Earth. Plate tectonic science
More informationPlanetary interiors: Magnetic fields, Convection and Dynamo Theory 1. Observational background to planetary structure
Planetary interiors: Magnetic fields, Convection and Dynamo Theory 1. Observational background to planetary structure Chris Jones, Department of Applied Mathematics University of Leeds UK FDEPS Lecture
More informationCHAPTER X. Second Half Review 2017
CHAPTER X Second Half Review 217 Here is a quick overview of what we covered in the second half of the class. Remember that the final covers the whole course but there will naturally be a bias towards
More informationLecture Outline Friday January 12 Friday January 19, 2018
Lecture Outline Friday January 12 Friday January 19, 2018 Questions?? Key Points for today The structure of the Earth Introduction to Plate Tectonic Theory and Convection Chapter 2 Development of the Plate
More informationSIO 226: Introduction to Marine Geophysics
SIO 226: Introduction to Marine Geophysics Plate Tectonics Dave Chadwell Plate Tectonics, Sea-Floor Spreading and Continental Drift Main Parody Plate Geography Lineated Magnetic Anomalies in the Oceanic
More informationGlobal geophysics and wave propagation
Global geophysics and wave propagation Reading: Fowler p76 83 Remote sensing Geophysical methods Seismology Gravity and bathymetry Magnetics Heat flow Seismology: Directly samples the physical properties
More informationPlate Tectonic Vocabulary Chapter 10 Pages
Name: Period: Plate Tectonic Vocabulary Chapter 10 Pages 239-260 Vocabulary Word What is this? What are some examples? What does it look like? (draw a picture or diagram) Continental drift Mid-ocean ridge
More informationAlfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later...
CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Plate Tectonics: summary in haiku form Alfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later... Words Chapter Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics
More informationDYNAMO THEORY: THE PROBLEM OF THE GEODYNAMO PRESENTED BY: RAMANDEEP GILL
DYNAMO THEORY: THE PROBLEM OF THE GEODYNAMO PRESENTED BY: RAMANDEEP GILL MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE EARTH DIPOLE Field Structure Permanent magnetization of Core? 80% of field is dipole 20 % is non dipole 2)
More informationEarth and Space Science Semester 2 Exam Review. Part 1. - Convection currents circulate in the Asthenosphere located in the Upper Mantle.
Earth and Space Science 2015 Semester 2 Exam Review Part 1 Convection -A form of heat transfer. - Convection currents circulate in the Asthenosphere located in the Upper Mantle. - Source of heat is from
More informationCivilization exists by geologic consent, subject to change without notice William Durant
89.325 Geology for Engineers Plate Tectonics Civilization exists by geologic consent, subject to change without notice William Durant Properties of the Planets Size Density Distance from sun Chemistry
More informationRotating thermal convection experiments in a hemispherical shell with heterogeneous boundary heat flux: Implications for the Earth s core
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. B8, 2169, 10.1029/2001JB000548, 2002 Rotating thermal convection experiments in a hemispherical shell with heterogeneous boundary heat flux: Implications
More informationGlobal Tectonics. Kearey, Philip. Table of Contents ISBN-13: Historical perspective. 2. The interior of the Earth.
Global Tectonics Kearey, Philip ISBN-13: 9781405107778 Table of Contents Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Historical perspective. 1.1 Continental drift. 1.2 Sea floor spreading and the birth of plate tectonics.
More informationEssentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition
Chapter Chapter 1 2 Clickers Lecture Essentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Alan P. Trujillo Harold V. Thurman Chapter Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics 9.1 Continental Drift An Idea Before Its Time Wegener s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics 9.1 Continental Drift An Idea Before Its Time Wegener s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined
More informationGeneration of magnetic fields by large-scale vortices in rotating convection
Generation of magnetic fields by large-scale vortices in rotating convection Céline Guervilly, David Hughes & Chris Jones School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, UK Generation of the geomagnetic field
More information1. The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as
Sample questions 1. The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as b. continental drift c. subduction d. conduction 2. The transfer of thermal
More informationIn 1912 Alfred Wegener proposed Continental Drift the continents have moved over time the continents were part of one giant landmass named Pangaea.
Plate Tectonics In 1912 Alfred Wegener proposed Continental Drift the continents have moved over time the continents were part of one giant landmass named Pangaea. Pangaea Landmass movements over millions
More informationThe role of the Earth s mantle in controlling the frequency of geomagnetic reversals
The role of the Earth s mantle in controlling the frequency of geomagnetic reversals Gary A. Glatzmaier*, Robert. Coe*, Lionel Hongre* & Paul H. Roberts * Earth ciences Department, University of California,
More informationTheory of Plate Tectonics:
Theory of Plate Tectonics: Combined Seafloor Spreading and Subduction Lithosphere created at spreading ridges and consumed at subduction zones Continents are along for the ride! Mechanisms? Three types
More informationPlate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds
Chapter 2 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Tarbuck and Lutgens From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics Prior to the
More informationTHE EARTH S MAGNETIC FIELD AND ITS DYNAMO ORIGIN
ARTICLE THE EARTH S MAGNETIC FIELD AND ITS DYNAMO ORIGIN BINOD SREENIVASAN* The Earth s magnetic field is powered by convection occurring in its fluid outer core. Variations in the intensity of core convection
More informationName Test Date Hour. the interior of the Earth to the surface. younger less dense plate.
Name Test Date Hour Earth Processes#2 - Notebook Plate Tectonics LEARNING TARGETS I can identify and describe the three main layers of Earth. I can explain the difference between an oceanic and a continental
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors xxx (2010) xxx xxx
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors xxx (2010) xxx xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pepi Geodynamo
More informationCore. Crust. Mesosphere. Asthenosphere. Mantle. Inner core. Lithosphere. Outer core
Potter Name: Date: Hour: Score: /21 Learning Check 4.1 LT 4.1 Earth s Interior: I can draw and interpret models of the interior of the earth. Draw the following models (put the words in the right order)
More informationGravity Tectonics Volcanism Atmosphere Water Winds Chemistry. Planetary Surfaces
Gravity Tectonics Volcanism Atmosphere Water Winds Chemistry Planetary Surfaces Gravity & Rotation Polar flattening caused by rotation is the largest deviation from a sphere for a planet sized object (as
More informationMoho (Mohorovicic discontinuity) - boundary between crust and mantle
Earth Layers Dynamic Crust Unit Notes Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust Continental Crust Thicker Less Dense Made of Granite Oceanic Crust Thinner More Dense Made of Basalt Moho (Mohorovicic
More informationPlate Tectonics A Geologic Revolution
Plate Tectonics A Geologic Revolution Earth s Structure Iron-nickel core Silicate Mantle Mohorovicic Discontinuity Asthenosphere Lithosphere Continental Drift the Great Debate Date Topic or Event Scientist
More informationLETTERS. Thermochemical flows couple the Earth s inner core growth to mantle heterogeneity
Vol 454 7 August 28 doi:1.138/nature719 Thermochemical flows couple the Earth s inner core growth to mantle heterogeneity Julien Aubert 1, Hagay Amit 2, Gauthier Hulot 2 & Peter Olson 3 Seismic waves sampling
More informationTheoretical Geomagnetism. Lecture 3. Core Dynamics I: Rotating Convection in Spherical Geometry
Theoretical Geomagnetism Lecture 3 Core Dynamics I: Rotating Convection in Spherical Geometry 1 3.0 Ingredients of core dynamics Rotation places constraints on motions. Thermal (and chemical buoyancy)
More informationCHAPTER 2 THE WAY THE EARTH WORKS: EXAMINING PLATE TECTONICS
CHAPTER 2 THE WAY THE EARTH WORKS: EXAMINING PLATE TECTONICS Coverage of plate tectonics is required early in introductory Geology as context for the mineralogy, petrology, structure, internal processes,
More informationTHE RELIABILITY OF EARTH S MAGNETIC POLES IN THE MODERN, HISTORICAL AND ANCIENT MODELS. T.I. Zvereva, S.V. Starchenko
THE RELIABILITY OF EARTH S MAGNETIC POLES IN THE MODERN, HISTORICAL AND ANCIENT MODELS T.I. Zvereva, S.V. Starchenko Pushkov institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, ionosphere and Radio wave Propagation (IZMIRAN),
More informationQuestions and Topics
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Questions and Topics 1. What are the theories of Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift? 2. What is the evidence that Continents move? 3. What are the forces that
More informationPlate Tectonics. Essentials of Geology, 11 th edition Chapter 15
1 Plate Tectonics Essentials of Geology, 11 th edition Chapter 15 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Plate Tectonics: summary in haiku form Alfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later...
More informationB.A. Geophysics Columbia University (1986) at the. September, 1992
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS OF THE EARTH'S CORE 1) STEADY, ROTATING MAGNETOCONVECTION 2) MAGNETIC ROSSBY WAVES by MICHAEL I. BERGMAN B.A. Geophysics Columbia University (1986) Submitted to the Department of Earth,
More informationTilts and Obliquities!
Fran Bagenal! University of Colorado! Tilts and Obliquities! Offset Tilted Dipole Approximation Earth Stanley & Bloxham 2006 Jupiter Saturn B radial @ surface Uranus Neptune Magnetic Potential 3-D harmonics
More informationPlate Tectonics: The New Paradigm
Earth s major plates Plate Tectonics: The New Paradigm Associated with Earth's strong, rigid outer layer: Known as the lithosphere Consists of uppermost mantle and overlying crust Overlies a weaker region
More informationFeatures of Tectonic Plates
Features of Tectonic Plates PowerPoint 12.2 The Earth s Layers Crust Brittle Continental crust composed mainly of granite Oceanic crust composed mainly of basalt Mantle Denser than the crust Upper is molten
More informationMagnetic reversals from planetary dynamo waves
Letter doi:1.138/nature19842 Magnetic reversals from planetary dynamo waves Andrey Sheyko 1, Christopher C. Finlay 2 & Andrew Jackson 1 A striking feature of many natural dynamos is their ability to undergo
More informationChapter. Graphics by Tasa Graphic Arts. Inc.
Earth Chapter Plate Science 9 Tectonics Graphics by Tasa Graphic Arts. Inc. 1 I. Earth s surface is made up of lithospheric plates. A. Lithospheric plates are composed of the crust and part of the upper
More informationIntroduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark
Introduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Effusive: lavas (e.g., Kilauea) Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Explosive: pyroclastic rocks (e.g., Krakatau) Factors Governing
More informationPlate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory
Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory What is Plate Tectonics? - 7 large tectonic plates and many smaller ones that break up the lithosphere - Plates are brittle and float on asthenosphere and glide past
More informationPractice Questions: Plate Tectonics
Practice Questions: Plate Tectonics 1. Base your answer to the following question on The block diagram below shows the boundary between two tectonic plates. Which type of plate boundary is shown? A) divergent
More informationFoundations of Earth Science Seventh Edition
Chapter 5 Lecture Outline Foundations of Earth Science Seventh Edition Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Natalie Bursztyn Utah State University From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics
More informationThe Earth's Magnetism
Roberto Lanza Antonio Meloni The Earth's Magnetism An Introduction for Geologists With 167 Figures and 6 Tables 4y Springer Contents 1 The Earth's Magnetic Field 1 1.1 Observations and Geomagnetic Measurements
More informationSir Francis Bacon, 1620, noted that the continental coasts on opposites sides of the Atlantic fit together like puzzle pieces.
Plate Tectonics Sir Francis Bacon, 1620, noted that the continental coasts on opposites sides of the Atlantic fit together like puzzle pieces. Could North and South America once have been joined to Europe
More informationHelical core flow from geomagnetic secular variation
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 147 (2004) 1 25 Helical core flow from geomagnetic secular variation Hagay Amit, Peter Olson Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University,
More informationScaling properties of convection-driven dynamos in rotating spherical shells and application to planetary magnetic fields
Geophys. J. Int. (006) 66, 97 4 doi: 0./j.365-46X.006.03009.x Scaling properties of convection-driven dynamos in rotating spherical shells and application to planetary magnetic fields U. R. Christensen
More informationEvidence for a Geodynamo Driven by Thermal Energy in the Outermost Core and by Precession Deeper in the Outer Core
Research Article: Open Access Fuller. Int J Earth Sci Geophys 2017, 3:012 Evidence for a Geodynamo Driven by Thermal Energy in the Outermost Core and by Precession Deeper in the Outer Core Michael D Fuller*
More informationThe Theory of Continental Drift. Continental Drift Discovery
The Theory of Continental Drift Continental Drift Discovery The World ALFRED WEGENER THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT Found evidence for PANGAEA and proposed the theory of continental drift. Continental Drift
More informationSudden termination of Martian dynamo?: Implications from subcritical dynamo simulations
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L14204, doi:10.1029/2008gl034183, 2008 Sudden termination of Martian dynamo?: Implications from subcritical dynamo simulations W. Kuang, 1 W. Jiang, 2 and T. Wang
More information