Lost Valleys and Hidden Mountains
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1 DEM of the Top of The Bedrock of Northern Switzerland Lost Valleys and Hidden Mountains The Origins: Civil Engineers Interest in the Bedrock. The Age of Disvovery: Early Compilations of "Overdeep" Valleys. The Industrial Revoultion: the DEM Project: - Initiation and Concept - Methods evaluated and used - Results and Quality control The Near Future: Application and further development of the DEM. Peter Jordan, Böhringer AG Oberwil and Basel University (Switzerland) Lenk,
2 The Origins land surface loose rock groundwater bedrock bedrock surface The position of bedrock and it's spatial (3D) distribution is essential in - groundwater engineering: capture well construction, transmissivity - civil engineering: foundation and stability of buildings, costs - underground engineering: portal zone, crossing valleys - geophysical engineering: seismic sounding travel time calculations - hazard engineering: seismic site effects - mining engineering: overburden Generallz local and specific data acquisition and assessment
3 The Age of Discoveries Impetus bedrock - Understanding of complex, hardly predictable bed rock surface - Search of changes in erosion regime (Neotectonics) - Explanation of unexpected depth of bed rock below valleys?? Regional Compilations - maps of loose and bedrock characteristics ("Baugrund"; city scale) - maps of groundwater basins (small region scale) - maps of presumably tectonically active zones (small region scale) - maps of the "over deepened valleys" (regional scale)?
4 The Age of Discoveries Impetus - complex bedrock surface - Neotectonics - deep old valleys Wildi (1984) Regional Compilations - maps of loose and bedrock characteristics ("Baugrund"; city scale) - maps of groundwater basins (small region scale) - maps of presumably tectonically active zones (small region scale) - maps of the "overdeep" valleys ("übertiefte Täler", regional scale)
5 The Age of Discoveries Database - Boreholes - Outcrop evidence - Seismic sounding Techniques - hand made isoline sketch 10 km Pugin (1986)
6 The Industrial Revolution glacial depressions "glacial mills" Early purely technocratic approaches based on borehole-database interpolation of point data by computer codes (Spline, IWD, Kriging, Nat.N.) But what might be good for weather, hydraulic heads or pollution is definitively not appropriate to bedrock surface (even with dense database) due to the lack of genetic input concerning fluvial or glacial erosion.
7 The Industrial Revolution - The DEM Project Initiation Concept - Integral view of the bedrock surface including lost or over deep valleys and hidden elevations but also the fringe regions and the outcrop areas - accurate data base in a 1:25'000 scale for GIS-evaluation - Compilation of all existing regional and local maps - Collecting of all accessible bore hole information (about 15'000) - Integration of all published geological maps (outcrop) - compatible with Swiss survey land surface elevation model DHM25 and DEM of geological surfaces an discontinuities.
8 The Industrial Revolution - The DEM Project Methods evaluated - TIN vs. DEM - Interpolation codes: (Spline, IWD, Kriging, NatN, ANUDEM) The Workflow - Hand design of Isolines using all GIS facilities Slartibartfast, designer of planets, awarded for having created the Norvegian coast line DEM - Definition of valley axes Topo-to-Raster
9 The Industrial Revolution - The DEM Project Methods evaluated - TIN vs. DEM - Interpolation codes: (Spline, IWD, Kriging, NatN, ANUDEM) Slartibartfast, The bedrock surface is designer the result of planets, multiple awarded phases of for fluvial having and created glacial erosion. the Norvegian coast line The Workflow - Hand design of Isolines using all GIS facilities - Definition of valley axes - ANUDEM / Topo-to-Raster - Postprocessing
10 The Industrial Revolution - The DEM Project Drillholes Surface of Landscape Surface of Bedrock Methods evaluated - TIN vs. DEM - Interpolation codes: (Spline, IWD, Kriging, NatN, ANUDEM) The Workflow - Hand design of Isolines - Definition of valley axes - ANUDEM / Topo-to-Raster - Postprocessing
11 Surface of Landscape The Industrial Revolution - The DEM Project discontinuous isolines Methods evaluated - TIN vs. DEM - Interpolation codes: and The Workflow - area-wide design of continuous isolines continuous isolines - Definition of valley axes - ANUDEM / Topo-to-Raster - Postprocessing
12 The Industrial Revolution - The DEM Project Landscape Surface Designing bedrock surface has some affinities to forensic plastic surgery in a reversed way, i.e., from skin to skull. Bedrock Surface (Base of Quaternary Loose Rock)
13 Collecting and placing information bedrock reached not reached outcrop
14 Filling gaps between data points Typical equidistance 10 to 15 m additional lines when needed or when borehole data are dense Defining valley axis
15 Interpolating the surface Modellisation using only isolines and axes (i.e. NO borehole data)
16 Consideration of outcrop area Isolines Talweg Axe additional isolines CON
17 Quality control using bore hole data (Visualisation of differences between DEM and borehole evidence) borehole data used / not used in interpolation model vs. reality
18 Würm-Glacification Interstadium (50'000 years ago, before LGM) (Graf, 2003) Ancient Rhine-Valley abandoned Formation of the today "Old Rhine Valley" River Rhein swapt to ancient Glatt-Valley Abandoned Glatt-Valley River Thur is going to swop to ist actual bed. Quality control Furttal by comparison with landscape history concepts River Töss has swopped to actual Töss-Valley
19 The final DEM (with actual water courses) 1 km
20 Digital Elevation Model DEM Precision: 0.1 m Raster / Pixel: 25 m x 25 m Concordant with Swiss Coordinates and Landsurface DHM of Swisstopo actually 8126 x 4776 Pixel Lake Bodan National Boundary Basle Zurich Berne Lucerne ca. 200 km
21 The Near Future Applications (Examples) - Visualisation of Landscape Development - Distribution of Loose Rock Thickness - Calculation of Loose Rock Volume - Element of geological / geomorphic 3D-Simulations Conclusions Further Development
22 Actual Surface (DEM 25 swisstopo, hillshade) Schaffhausen Munot Rheinfall
23 Bedrock surface DEM (Isolines and Hillshade) Former Rhine Valleys Rheinfall Other Old Channels
24 Thickness of Loose Material in meter (classes >25, > 50, > 100, > 150 m etc.) Schaffhausen Munot Klettgau
25 ancient water courses actual water courses Crossing Valleys near Urdorf now filled with up to 400 m loose rock. The Limmat - Reuss Connection Visualisation of curiosities on the west bank of Lake Zurich
26 Comparison of "overdeep" valleys and swell levels
27 Loose Rock Volume Calculation Biel-Bienne Lake Bienne Lake Neuchâtel Lake Murten Total Test Area: km 2 Berne Volume of Loose Rock: km 3
28 The DEM Bedrock Surface as a base for 3D Visualisations Fence Diagramm along Seismic Lines Block Diagramm
29 The Near Future Conclusions - Successful attempt to Model the Bedrock Surface of N Switzerland - Results justify Time Consuming Elaboration - Multiple Application Possibilities from Visualization to Calculation - Quantification replaces Estimations, e.g., Regional Loose Rock Volume Further Development A Norway-like "Coast Line" near Berne:my Homage to Slartibartfast
30 The Near Future Further Development - Continuous "Inner Improvement" within the actual Model Area - Extension in the Berne Area by Berne University - Open to Further Work in accordance with the Owners: the Swiss Office of Topography and our customer, which does not want to be mentioned here, but to which we owe great thank for generous support. A Norway-like "Coast Line" near Berne:my Homage to Slartibartfast
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