Paper One Living with the Physical Environment. SECTION C Physical Landscapes in UK

Transcription

1 GCSE GEOGRAPHY Revision Questions Paper One Living with the Physical Environment SECTION C Physical Landscapes in UK RIVERS Note: questions get progressively more demanding as you move through. Mark schemes for each question can be found at the back of the booklet.

2 Q1. Study the figure below, a cross profile of a river. Mark with an arrow and label: one part of the cross profile where vertical erosion takes place one part of the cross profile where lateral erosion takes place. (Total 2 marks) Q2. River channels are affected by different erosion processes. Draw a line to link each of the statements to the correct erosion process. Erosion process Hydraulic action Statement occurs when some types of rock are dissolved in the river Abrasion occurs when material carried by the river knocks into other pieces of load Attrition occurs when the force of the water hits the bed and banks Solution occurs when the load carried by the river hits the bed and banks (Total 3 marks)

3 Q3. The figure below shows four ways in which a river transports its load. On the figure above, label each process in the space provided. Choose the correct labels from the following list. saltation suspension solution abrasion attrition traction (Total 4 marks) Q4. Explain why a river deposits its load. (Total 2 marks)

4 Q5. Study the figure, a diagram showing the long and two cross profiles of a river. (a) Describe the shape of the river s long profile. (1) (b) Suggest one reason why the cross profile of the river valley changes between A and B. (1) (c) State one reason why the size of sediment carried by the river decreases downstream. (1) (Total 3 marks)

5 Q6. Study the figure below which shows a long profile and cross profiles of a typical river. (a) Are the following statements about the long profile and cross profiles true or false? Tick the correct boxes. True False The steepest part of the long profile is near the source. The cross profile shows the shape of the valley from one side to the other. The cross profile is narrower and deeper near the mouth. Most lateral erosion occurs near the source. (4) (b) Complete the paragraph below to explain why deposition occurs along the course of a river. Choose the correct words from this list. energy increases transports decreases sediment leaves behind Deposition occurs when the river material. This happens when the speed of the river and the river has less (3) (Total 7 marks)

6 Q7. Tick the correct box to show whether or not each of the following is a process of river transport. True False Traction Corrosion Suspension (Total 3 marks)

7 Q8. (i) Study Figure 1 below, a photograph of the River Tees in its middle course. Figure 1 John Farmer / Ecoscene Figure 2 is a black and white copy of Figure 1. Label Figure 2 to show three characteristics of the channel and the valley. Figure 2

8 (3) (ii) Draw a labelled cross-section to show how the inside bend of a meander is different from the outside bend of a meander. (4) (iii) Complete the paragraph below to explain the formation of an ox-bow lake. Circle the correct answer in each set of brackets. The fastest flow of water is on the [inside / outside ] bend of the river. This results in [erosion / deposition]. The outside bends move closer together as the meander neck becomes narrower. When there is a very [high / low] discharge, the river cuts across the neck and takes a straight course. The former meander is left as a [long straight / horseshoe shaped] ox-bow lake. (4) (Total 11 marks)

9 Q9. (a) Study Figure 1 below, a photograph of the Rio Grande Gorge. Figure 2 is a black and white copy of Figure 1. Figure 1 On Figure 2, label the characteristics of the river and the valley shown at X, Y and Z. Figure 2 (3)

10 (b) Figure 3 shows the formation of a gorge. Add a sentence to each box to explain the formation of a gorge. Figure 3 (4) (Total 7 marks)

11 Q10. Study the figure below, a 1: Ordnance Survey map extract of part of the River Ouse. (a) State one characteristic of the course of the River Ouse in grid square (1) (b) Give the difference in height between the river flood plain at and the spot height at (1) (Total 2 marks)

12 Q11. (a) What is river flooding? (2) (b) There are a number of reasons why rivers flood. Draw a line to link each explanation to the correct cause. Relief Cause Explanation The growth of towns leads to impermeable surfaces. Deforestation Long periods of drizzle lead to saturated ground. Building houses Steep slopes cause rapid runoff. Prolonged rain Chopping down trees reduces interception. (3) (Total 5 marks)

13 Q12. (a) Study the figure below, a sketch hydrograph of a river flowing through a forest after a period of rain. A hydrograph shows the link between rainfall and discharge in a river. On the figure, draw a sketch hydrograph for a river flowing through an area without vegetation after the same period of rain. (2) (b) Explain the factors affecting river discharge. Extra space (6) (Total 8 marks)

14 Q13. (i) Study the figure below, newspaper cuttings about the causes of flooding. Using the figure above, give one physical cause and one human cause of flooding. Physical Human (2) (ii) Explain how snowmelt can cause rivers to flood. (3) (Total 5 marks)

15 Q14. Below is a sketch-map of part of Ross-on-Wye. (i) On the figure above, mark with an arrow and label the following: meander tributary flood plain (3) (ii) What is a levée? (1)

16 (iii) Complete the sentences below to explain how a flood plain is formed. Choose the correct words from this list. migrate corrosion outside flows attrition inside flood retreat Hydraulic power and erode the bend of a meander. The meanders also downstream. When the river, silt and sand are deposited which build up the flood plain. (4) (Total 8 marks) Q15. Describe how a river erodes. (Total 3 marks) Q16. Describe how a river transports its load. (Total 3 marks)

17 Q17. Study the figure below which shows a long profile and cross profiles of a typical river. Describe how the cross profile changes downstream. (Total 3 marks)

18 Q18. (a) Study the figure below, a photograph of a waterfall in the Glens of Antrim, Northern Ireland. Describe the features of the waterfall shown in the figure above. (3) (b) Draw a labelled diagram(s) to explain the formation of a waterfall. (4) (Total 7 marks)

19 Q19. Study the image above, a block diagram showing how river landforms change downstream. (a) Use the diagram to complete the table below to identify an upper and middle course landform. A lower course landform has been identified for you. Course Upper Middle Lower Landform Leve (2) (b) With the help of the diagram above, describe how the shape of a river valley changes downstream. (4)

20 (c) A levée is shown in the diagram above. What are levées? (2) (d) Explain the formation of a levée. Use the key words below in your answer. deposition floods build-up of layers loss of energy Extra space (4) (Total 12 marks)

21 Q20. Explain the formation of a flood plain. Extra space (Total 4 marks) Q21. (a) What is river flooding? (2) (b) Outline one physical cause of flooding. (2) (Total 4 marks)

22 Q22. Study the photograph showing the effects of river flooding in Somerset in Explain the likely economic effects of river flooding on the area shown in the photograph. (Total 4 marks)

23 Q23. Study the photograph above of an information board describing flood management in Boscastle, Cornwall.

24 (a) Give one example of hard engineering and one example of soft engineering shown in the photograph. Hard engineering Soft engineering (2) (b) With the help of the photograph, explain how different responses have reduced the risk of flooding in areas such as Boscastle. Extra space (6) (Total 8 marks)

25 Q24. Study the photograph showing the waterfall at High Force on the River Tees. Using the photograph, explain the processes involved in the formation of the landforms shown. (Total 6 marks)

26 Q25. (a) Study the image below, a block diagram showing how river landforms change downstream. A levée is labelled on the diagram. Mark with an arrow and label three other different landforms one found in each of the upper, middle and lower course of the river. (3) (b) With the help of the diagram, describe how the shape of a river valley changes downstream. Extra space (4)

27 (c) A levée is shown in the diagram above. What are levées? (2) (d) Explain the formation of levées. Extra space (4) (Total 13 marks)

28 Q26. (a) Study Figure 1 below, a photograph of the Rio Grande Gorge. Figure 2 is a black and white copy of Figure 1. Figure 1 On Figure 2, mark with an arrow and label three characteristics of the channel and valley. Figure 2 (3)

29 (b) Explain the formation of a gorge. Extra space (4) (Total 7 marks)

30 Q27. (i) Study Figure 1, a photograph of the River Tees in its middle course. Figure 1 John Farmer / Ecoscene Figure 2 is a black and white copy of Figure 1. Label Figure 2 to show three characteristics of the channel and the valley. Figure 2 (3)

31 (ii) Draw a labelled cross-section to show how the inside bend of a meander is different from the outside bend of a meander. (4) (iii) Explain the formation of an ox-bow lake. Extra space (4) (Total 11 marks)

32 Q28. Study the figure below which shows some features of the lower course of a river. (i) (ii) On the figure above, mark with an arrow and label three features of the lower course of a river. Explain, with the aid of a diagram(s), how levées are formed. (3) (6) (Total 9 marks)

33 Q29. (a) Study the figure below, a sketch hydrograph of a river flowing through a forest after a period of rain. A hydrograph shows the link between rainfall and discharge in a river. On the figure, draw a sketch hydrograph for a river flowing through an area without vegetation after the same period of rain. (2) (b) Explain the factors affecting river discharge. Extra space (6) (Total 8 marks)

34 Q30. (i) Study the figure below, newspaper cuttings about the causes of flooding. Use the figure above to explain why rivers flood. (3)

35 (ii) Hard and soft engineering strategies are used to manage flooding. Choose either hard engineering or soft engineering and explain why it is the better strategy. Chosen strategy Extra space (8) (Total 11 marks)

36 Q31. Study the image above, a photograph of an information board describing flood management in Boscastle, Cornwall.

37 With the help of the photograph, explain how hard and soft engineering strategies help to manage the risk of flooding in areas such as Boscastle. Extra space (Total 8 marks)

38 Q32. Study the figure below, which shows the locations of flood events in England between 2000 and (a) Describe the locations of the flood events shown in the figure above. (4)

39 (b) Use a case study to describe responses to river flooding. Extra space (8) (Total 12 marks)

40 Mark schemes Q1. Correct positioning of label for vertical erosion on river bed and lateral erosion at sides / banks. If both arrows don t connect 1 mark 2 1 AO1 2 [2] Q2. Hydraulic action occurs when the force of the water hits the bed and banks (1 st process 3 rd statement). Abrasion occurs when the load carried by the river hits the bed and banks (2 nd process 4 th statement). Attrition occurs when material carried by the river knocks into other pieces of load (3 rd process 2 nd statement). Solution occurs when some types of rock are dissolved in the river (4 th process 1 st statement). All correct = 3; 2 correct = 2; 1 correct = 1. 3 AO1 3 [3] Q3. From top left clockwise suspension, solution, saltation, traction. Accept first answer only when 2 or more are given. 4 1

41 AO1 2 AO2 1 AO3 1 [4] Q4. Deposition occurs because there is a reduction in speed (1) and so the river has less energy (1). A reduction in the amount of water is also valid (1). There may be reference to where this may occur, e.g. where there is a change in gradient (1) or where the river flows into a lake / sea (1). 2 1 AO1 2 [2] Q5. (a) One mark for statements which show understanding of the gradient of the river, e.g. concave shape/steep in the upper course (1), gentler slope in lower course (1). No credit for statements about the cross profile, e.g. steep banks at the beginning, flatter in the lower course. AO4 = 1 (b) Answers must suggest one reason for the decrease in slope angle of valley sides, based on an interpretation of the information provided, e.g. the valley sides become less steep because of the effects of mass wasting and weathering (1) near the source the river cuts downwards, but further downstream it is eroding laterally (1). No credit for description of changes in valley profile between A and B. AO3 = 1 (c) One mark for showing the general idea of attrition, e.g. particles in the river may collide with each other (attrition) (1) gradually become smaller in size (1). No credit for answers that do not explain the mechanism, e.g. rocks break up. AO1 = 1 [3] Q6. (a) The steepest part of the long profile is nesar the source True The cross profile shows the shape of the valley from one side to the other True The cross profile is narrower and deeper near the mouth False Most lateral erosion occurs near the source False

42 4 1 AO1 3 AO3 1 4 (b) Deposition occurs when the river leaves behind material. This happens when the speed of the river decreases and the river has less energy. 3 1 AO1 3 3 [7] Q7. True False True [3] Q8. (i) Any valid label, e.g. meander, narrow neck of meander / swan s neck meander, contrast in how exaggerated meanders are, possible ox-bow lake / flat valley floor / flood plain AO1 1 AO2 1 AO3 1 (ii) Cross-section should show asymmetrical profile and label the inside bend and the outside bend. The following characteristics are likely to be noted gentle slip-off slope on the inside bend, where the water is shallow. There is deeper water on the outside bend. A steep slope in the form of a river cliff, which is often undercut by the river is found here. NB There is no credit for process here. Level 1 (Basic) 1-2 marks Simple diagram may be a sketch or plan. Simple labels e.g. steep slope, material left. Some confusion between inside and outside bend. CMI annotation L1 Simple diagram and labels L1 Partly correct L1 One part of bend only Level 2 (Clear) 3-4 marks Clear cross-section that shows asymmetrical shape. Cross-section has clear labels e.g. river cliff, deposited material on inside bend. Contrast between inside and outside bend is clear. CMI annotation L2 Clear diagram, differences clear via labels 4 AO1 1

43 AO2 1 AO3 2 (iii) The fastest flow of water is on the inside / bend of the river. This results in / deposition. The outside bends move closer together as the meander neck becomes narrower. When there is a very / low discharge, the river cuts across the neck and takes a straight course. The former meander is left as a long straight / ox-bow lake AO1 2 AO2 2 [11] Q9. (a) X steep, almost vertical valley sides, stepped, cliff, bare rock, scar, v-shaped Y straight channel, slight bend, river in deep valley, narrow, smooth flow, deep channel Z rapids, white water / fast flowing 3 1 AO1 1 AO2 1 AO3 1 3 (b) Any valid statement that relates to individual diagrams, e.g. first diagram horizontal layers of hard and soft rock; hard rock layer on top of soft rock. second diagram soft rock is eroded faster than hard rock; undercutting occurs; an overhang of hard rock develops.

44 third diagram overhang collapses; waterfall retreats; process starts again. fourth diagram overhang collapses repeatedly; waterfall retreats leaving gorge where the waterfall used to be. Must refer to gorge for 4 marks. Some possible answers are interchangeable across diagrams. 4 1 AO1 3 AO2 1 4 [7] Q10. (a) One mark for identifying appropriate characteristic evident in grid square 4754, e.g. the river meanders (1) the river flows from south west to north east across the area of the grid square (1). No credit for features of the river banks, e.g. levées, or the surrounding floodplain. AO4 = 1 (b) One mark for the correct answer: 32 metres (m). Must include units. AO4 = 1 [2] Q11. (a) River flooding occurs when the volume of water present in the channel is too great to remain there / to be contained by the channel and so the river overflows / bursts its banks / spills out onto land that is not normally covered by the river / spills onto the floodplain 2 1 for basic statements; for a statement that is elaborated. AO1 2 2 (b) 3 1 AO1 3 3 [5] Q12.

45 (a) Hydrograph should have a higher peak and a shorter time lag. 2 1 AO1 1 AO3 1 2 (b) The amount of water fluctuates due to a variety of factors. The specification refers to amount and type of rainfall, temperature, previous weather conditions, relief, rock type (impermeable, permeable, porous and pervious) and land use. There should be reference to some of these. There is a need to explain so answer should focus on this, e.g. the recognition that rivers in areas of impermeable rock will have more water in them than those with permeable as they do not allow water to soak in, so water flows quickly over the surface to the channel. In contrast, rocks like limestone have joints and bedding planes that provide pathways for water to enter and go through, so water is removed from the surface and takes a slower route to the river, so there is less water present in the channel. Level 1 (Basic) (1 4 marks) Simple, separate statements, perhaps list-like identification at lower end. Will begin to explain at top end. Some rivers are in areas where there are lots of trees. Some have steep slopes. Water gets to the river fast where slopes are steep. Level 2 (Clear (5 6 marks) Develops and links statements. Will refer to more than one reason. Clear, purposeful explanation. The amount of water will be high if the river is in an area with steep slopes. This will cause the water to run quickly over the surface due to gravity, before it has time to soak in. It will reach the river quickly and the amount of water will increase. The previous weather can also cause changes. If it has been dry, rain will soak into the ground and will be slow to reach the river. However, if it has been wet, the water will flow over the surface reaching the river quickly. AO1 3 AO2 3 6 [8] Q13. (i) Physical cause heavy rain, wettest June, saturation of ground, frozen ground. Human cause building on flood plain, deforestation AO1 1 AO3 1 (ii) Snowmelt this gives a lot of extra water quickly, infiltration cannot take place at the same pace (especially when ground saturated due to previous rain) so water runs over surface to rivers quickly and results in flooding. 3 AO1 1 AO2 1 AO3 1 [5]

46 Q14. (i) Correct labelling. Flood plain between 30m contour lines. Meander any with a bend on a river Tributary any small stream (don t confuse with contour line of floodplain) 3 (ii) A (high) bank (of silt) on the river bank. 1 (iii) Corrasion; outside; migrate; floods. 4 [8] Q15. Four processes are relevant hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. There should be reference to how these work e.g. hydraulic action is the force of the water against the bed and banks, this is most effective when the river is in high flow. Abrasion occurs when the load being carried hits the bed and the banks, whilst attrition is the reduction in size of the load itself as it knocks into other items of material. Solution occurs when certain rock types, such as limestone or chalk are dissolved by the slightly acidic rainwater. May also refer to vertical, lateral and headward erosion. Maximum 1 for list of 2 or more processes AO1 3 [3] Q16. A river transports large boulders (1) via traction where material is rolled / dragged along the bed (1). Smaller pebbles (1) are carried by saltation a hopping / leapfrogging motion (1). Fine material is carried within the water itself (1) this is suspension. Some rocks are soluble and will dissolve (1) such as limestone (1) and these are carried in solution. Allow 1 mark for a list. 2 terms or more. Allow up to 2 marks on any one process. 3 1 AO1 3 [3] Q17. Near the source, the cross profile is narrow, steep sided and relatively deep valley (1). As movement occurs downstream, the cross profile becomes wider, less deep and the valley sides are less steep (1). Nearest the mouth, the valley is especially broad, the sides are a long way from the river and these are gentle and very low lying. (1) There should be 3 statements that convey change downstream. The above is one strategy going site by site, other approaches may refer to stages or the characteristic of an individual change that takes place downstream. Accept river channel changes as well as valley. 3 1 per stage or overall change from source to mouth. AO1 3 [3]

47 Q18. (a) Any valid point relating to landform, e.g. steep/vertical drop; descends in two steps / falls; plunge pool visible at base; white water; covers width of valley; gorge visible in foreground/steep sides 3 1 / 1+(1 + 1) AO2 1 AO3 2 3 (b) Diagrams likely to be drawn probably two to show horizontal band of hard rock over underlying band of soft rock; erosion of softer rock at a faster rate causes an overhang to develop; abrasion and hydraulic action are particularly important erosion processes; material from overhang collapsing increases rate of erosion and waterfall which plunges over steep drop to retreat (leaving a gorge). Level 1 (Basic) (1 2 marks) Simple diagram(s) probably partial. Simple labels. Order not correct jumps about. Sequence may be incomplete. Level 2 (Clear) (3 4 marks) Complete, clear, diagram(s). Diagrams illustrate clear labels that are developed and linked. Sequence and formation of waterfall is clear. AO1 1 AO2 1 AO3 2 4 [7] Q19. (a) Any valid upper course and middle course landform. Upper course interlocking spurs, gorge, rapids, waterfall, v-shaped valley. Middle course meander, flood plain, oxbow lake, levée. 2 1 AO2 1 AO3 1 2 (b) There must be reference to the river valley and not the channel here. Statements should refer to the width, depth and the overall shape of the valley. There is no need to refer to all three aspects and the overall shape will include elements of the first two. There should be a recognition that the valley is becoming wider, with a flat valley floor in contrast to the river taking up most of the valley floor near the source. The steep valley sides that characterise the upper course reduce in height and steepness as the profile becomes an open U from a V-shape and with an absence of clear valley sides in the lower course. Level 1 (Basic) (1 2 marks) Describes a part or parts of the river valley. Statements are simple and separate. The river valley is steep near the start. It is wide at the end. Near the beginning it has a V shape. Level 2 (Clear) (3 4 marks) Changes in the shape of the river valley downstream are clear. Statements are developed and linked.

48 The river valley changes from a V-shape near the source to a broad, flat U in the middle to being flat and very wide near the mouth. It has steep sides at the start and a narrow valley floor which the river occupies. Further down, the valley has lower, gentler sides and a wider floor which gets even wider near the mouth and the river takes up only a part of the valley floor. AO1 1 AO2 2 AO3 1 4 (c) Levées are raised banks / embankments that follow the course of the river winding along the channel in the diagram. They are made of material that has been transported by the river. 2 1 for basic statements; for a statement that is elaborated. AO2 1 AO3 1 2 (d) Credit is given for statements that use the key terms appropriately. E.g. When the river floods, it bursts its banks and as a result there is a loss of energy. This means that the river can no longer carry the material it was transporting and so deposition occurs. This happens a number of times and there is a build-up of layers and so the levée get bigger 4 1 AO1 4 4 [12] Q20. Flood plains form due to both erosion and deposition. Erosion widens the valley taking away the interlocking spurs present nearer the source and creating wide, flat area next to the river. Lateral erosion may be named (perhaps linked to meander migration) as may some erosion processes. Deposition is also partly responsible for the formation of a flood plain. When the river overflows, material being carried is dropped as speed / energy is lost. Over time, this sediment forms layers on the flood plain, building it up. Level 1 (Basic) 1 2 marks Simple statements. Order may jump about. Sequence may be incomplete. The river floods and leaves material on the flood plain. This is wide near the mouth. Meanders are found on the flood plain. Level 2 (Clear) 3 4 marks Statements are developed and linked. Sequence and formation of flood plain is clear. May focus on just deposition or erosion. The narrow valley is widened as the river begins to erode sideways. The meanders create a wide, flat valley floor which is the flood plain. As the river floods, sediment is deposited on this wide area and its level is built up to form the flat area on either side of the river. AO1 3 AO2 1 [4] Q21. (a) River flooding occurs when the volume of water present in the channel is too great to remain there / to be contained by the channel and so the river overflows / bursts

49 its banks / spills out onto land that is not normally covered by the river / spills onto floodplain. 2 1 for basic statements; for a statement that is elaborated. AO1 2 2 (b) Any physical cause prolonged rain, heavy rain, snowmelt and relief are given in specification. E.g. prolonged rain rain for a long period of time means that the ground will be saturated and infiltration will not be able to occur, causing rapid surface runoff. 1 for basic statement; for a statement that is elaborated. AO1 1 AO2 1 2 [4] Q22. Level Marks Description 2 (Clear) 3 4 AO2 Shows clear understanding of how river flooding has economic effects. AO3 Demonstrates application of knowledge and understanding to make full interpretation of the photograph, suggesting likely economic effects in the area shown. 1 (Basic) 1 2 AO2 Shows limited understanding of how river flooding has economic effects. AO3 Demonstrates application of knowledge and understanding to make limited interpretation of the photograph, suggesting possible economic effect(s) in the area shown. 0 No relevant content. Indicative content The focus of the question must be on the economic effects of river flooding. Direct interpretation of the photograph is required. Damage to property, which may be very costly to repair. High costs of temporary rehousing and additional travel. Decline in the local economy as businesses are unable to operate without power or road connections. Unemployment may increase if businesses are unable to fully recover from a flood. Disruption to agriculture as fields are flooded, crops submerged under water and livestock stranded or drowned. Communities are cut off from normal supplies-people are unable to travel to shops and services, or to reach work. Closure of roads may mean extensive detours for other traffic, which is expensive and time consuming. Huge cost of floods to insurers, resulting in rising premiums. No credit for effects that cannot be reasonably deduced from the photograph, or for social and environmental effects, unless there is a related economic impact. AO2 = 2

50 AO3 = 2 [4] Q23. (a) (b) Any valid example of hard engineering such as river bank widened, river wall, exisiting car park raised, River Jordan flood relief culvert, River Valency widened and lowered and soft engineering such as tree management, the positioning of the car park next to the river (flood plain zoning), car park with permeable surface, gauging station to measure speed and flow if linking to preparation area for river to deposit sediment. 2 1 AO1 1 AO2 1 2 There is a need to explain how the strategies identified on the photograph lead to a reduction in the flood risk. There should be reference to more than one response. E.g widening the river means that the capacity is increased as more water can be held within the banks and so there is less of a risk of flooding. The river wall and raising the car park level will again mean that more water can be held in the channel as the height of the banks is being increased. Tree management planting of trees will increase interception and reduce runoff and allow infiltration to occur. Chopping down dead trees will mean that they are not swept away in the river to create a dam. Level 1 (Basic) (1 4 marks) Simple, separate statements descriptive emphasis. Will begin to explain at the top end. There is a river wall on the left bank of the river Valency and the car park there has been raised. The river bank has been widened and the river itself lower down. This increases the capacity in the river. Level 2 (Clear) (5 6 marks) Develops and links statements. Refers to more than one response. Clear purposeful explanation links response to reducing flood risk. Widening and lowering the river means that the river itself can hold more water and so flooding is less likely. The car park has been raised and so this is a barrier against the flood water while the car park at the top has been built with a permeable surface meaning that water can soak into the ground and not run straight into the river and so reduces the risk of flooding. AO1 2 AO2 2 AO3 2 6 [8] Q24. Level Marks Description 3 (Detailed) 5 6 AO3 Demonstrates thorough application of knowledge and understanding to analyse geographical information, giving detailed explanation of formation of the features shown AO3 Makes full analysis of the resource, using evidence to support response.

51 2 (Clear) 3 4 AO1 Demonstrates specific and accurate knowledge of river processes and environments. AO2 Shows thorough geographical understanding of the interrelationships between river environments and processes. 1 (Basic) 1 2 AO1 Demonstrates some knowledge of river processes and environments. AO2 Shows limited geographical understanding of the interrelationships between environments and processes. 0 No relevant content. Indicative content Responses should analyse the photograph, finding connections and providing a logical chain of reasoning. The question implies knowledge of fluvial processes, and their interrelationship with the landform(s) created. Emphasis is on explanation, so processes should be outlined as well as the sequence of formation. Processes include the erosional processes of hydraulic action and abrasion or corrasion. Erosion is most rapid during powerful flood events. Credit transportation processes such as traction and saltation as well as processes of deposition as evidenced in the large debris to the right of the channel in the foreground. Mass movement processes may be relevant in the context of valley formation. A waterfall with plunge pool, and a steep sided valley or gorge is clearly visible. Credit reference to the more gently sided valley in the background, above the waterfall. Explanation will refer to geology where horizontal bands of hard and soft rock are crossed by the river as it flows down the long profile. The hard rock is on top the cap rock. This leads to differential erosion as the underlying soft rock is eroded faster than the overlying hard rock via abrasion and hydraulic action. Over time, the soft rock is gouged out to leave an overhang as the profile is steepened. This will be unable to support its weight and will collapse into the plunge pool providing further material for erosion and the deepening of the waterfall. Over many centuries, the waterfall may retreat to form a gorge of recession. AO1 = 2 AO2 = 2 AO3 = 2 [6] Q25. (a) (b) Any valid landform that must touch the feature described and be relevant to each part of the river such as V-shaped valley, interlocking spurs, waterfall, gorge in upper course; meander, oxbow lake or flood plain in middle course; meander, flood plain or delta in lower course. Meander and flood plain can be used in either middle or lower course but landform given must be different. 3 1 AO2 2 AO3 1 3 There must be reference to the river valley and not the channel here. Statements should refer to the width, depth and the overall shape of the valley. There is no need to refer to all three aspects and the overall shape will

52 include elements of the first two. There should be a recognition that the valley is becoming wider, with a flat valley floor in contrast to the river taking up most of the valley floor near the source. The steep valley sides that characterise the upper course reduce in height and steepness as the profile becomes an open U from a V shape and with an absence of clear valley sides in the lower course. Level 1 (Basic) (1 2 marks) Describes a part or parts of the river valley. Statements are simple and separate. The river valley is steep near the start. It is wide at the end. Near the beginning it has a V-shape. Level 2 (Clear) (3 4 marks) Changes in the shape of the river valley downstream are clear. Statements are developed and linked. The river valley changes from a V-shape near the source to a broad, flat U in the middle to being flat and very wide near the mouth. It has steep sides at the start and a narrow valley floor which the river occupies. Further down, the valley has lower, gentler sides and a wider floor which gets even wider near the mouth and the river takes up only a part of the valley floor. AO1 1 AO2 2 AO3 1 4 (c) Levées are raised banks / embankment that follow the course of the river winding along the channel in the diagram. Made up of material that has been transported by the river. 2 1 for basic statements; for a statement that is elaborated. AO2 1 AO3 1 2 (d) There should be reference to the importance of flooding the fact that the river bursts its banks and as a result there is a loss of energy. This means that the river can no longer carry the material it was transporting and so deposition occurs the largest material carried is left behind first. It is this material that begins to build up the banks at the side. This happens a number of times and there is a build-up of layers of material and so the levées get bigger and become more apparent and formed. Level 1 (Basic) (1 2 marks) Simple points. Order not correct jumps about. Sequence may be incomplete. Material is deposited at the side of the river. This happens many times and the levees are built up next to the river channel. Level 2 (Clear) (3 4 marks) Complete, clear statements. Statements are developed and linked. Sequence and formation of levées is complete and clear. There is too much water in the river, so it bursts its banks. The flood means that it loses energy and material being carried within the channel can no longer be transported. It is dropped next to the river. This occurs on many occasions causing the levees to build up along the course of the channel. AO1 4 4 [13]

53 Q26. (a) (b) Any 3 valid characteristics arrow must make contact with feature for mark and refer to river valley or channel only Maximum 2 on either valley or channel. AO2 1 AO3 2 3 There is likely to be reference to horizontal layers of hard and soft rock, with the hard rock forming the cap rock. Erosion of the underlying softer rock at a faster rate causes an overhang to develop; abrasion and hydraulic action are particularly important erosion processes; material from overhang collapses causing waterfall to retreat. The process begins again and repeats, subsequent collapses lead to the formation of a gorge the narrow steep sided valley in front of the waterfall. Any valid explanation of a gorge is permissible. Level 1 (Basic) (1 2 marks) Simple points. Order not correct jumps about. Sequence may be incomplete. Erosion occurs at the bottom of a waterfall. An overhang develops. Over time this cannot be supported and it collapses. The same thing happens again. Level 2 (Clear) (3 4 marks) Complete, clear statements. Statements are developed and linked. Sequence and formation of a gorge is complete and clear. Hard rock is underlain by soft rock. This erodes faster as a result of abrasion and hydraulic action. An overhang forms. This eventually collapses and the waterfall retreats upstream. This is how a gorge is formed, as the sequence repeats, a narrow, steep-sided valley is left where the waterfall used to be. AO1 3 AO2 1 4 [7] Q27. (i) (ii) Any valid label e.g. meander, narrow neck of meander/ swan s neck meander, contrast in how exaggerated meanders are, possible ox bow lake, flat valley floor/flood plain. 1 mark for channel 1 mark for valley. 3 1 Cross-section should show asymmetrical profile and label the inside bend and the outside bend. The following characteristics are likely to be noted gentle slip off slope on the inside bend, where the water is shallow. There is deeper water on the outside bend. A steep slope in the form of a river cliff, which is often undercut by the river is found here. NB There is no credit for processes here. Level 1 Basic (1-2 marks) Simple diagram may be a sketch or plan. Simple labels. 3 AO1 1 AO2 1 AO3 1

54 Some confusion between inside and outside bend. CMI annotation L1 Simple diagram and labels L1 Partly correct L1 One part of bend only Level 2 Clear (3-4 marks) Clear cross section that shows asymmetrical shape. Cross section has clear labels. Contrast between inside and outside bend is clear. CMI annotation L2 Clear diagram, differences clear via labels 4 AO1 1 AO2 1 AO3 2 (iii) There should be reference to meanders and a focus on the outside bend where the fastest flow of water is found. This results in erosion here. As a result, the outside bends move closer together as the meander neck becomes narrower. This is a swan s neck meander and as the process continues, the meanders move closer and closer together. When there is a very high discharge, the river cuts across the neck and takes a straight course. The role of subsequent deposition. The former meander is left as a horseshoe shaped ox-bow lake. Level 1 Basic (1-2 marks) Simple points. Order not correct jumps about. Sequence may be incomplete. CMI annotation L1 Simple points, incomplete sequence Level 2 Clear (3-4 marks) Complete, clear, statements. Statements are developed and linked. Sequence and formation of ox bow lakes is complete and clear. CMI annotation L2 Clear and complete sequence/explanation 4 AO1 3 AO2 1 [11] Q28. (i) Any three clear labels, e.g. delta, ox bow lake, flood plain, meander, slip-off slope, river cliff, line of cliffs/bluffs, distributary,

55 marshland, lagoon/lake, meander scar, mouth, channel (not alluvium). Arrows, lines, dots acceptable if clear or label on feature is clear. 3 (ii) Level marking Level 1 (1-2 marks) Basic statements, limited sequence, e.g. the river floods and lays down silt that builds up into levées. May not be a diagram or if there is it is likely to be of limited use in the answer. Level 2 (3-4 marks) Clear statements and more idea of sequence and vocabulary, e.g. when the river floods onto its flood plain, the speed is reduced and silt is deposited. More is deposited on the river banks and after several floods it builds up into high banks called Levées. Diagrams likely to be clear but with perfunctory labels that do not add significantly to the account. (Max Level 2 if no diagram(s)). Level 3 (5-6 marks) Answer may consist of heavily annotated diagrams only or a combination. Account is detailed and in the correct sequence. Candidate recognises the finer details, e.g. the reasons for greater deposition on the river banks, rather than further away; the importance of coarse material being deposited first, the need for a river carrying a large load and for repeated flooding for their formation. 6 [9] Q29. (a) Hydrograph should have a higher peak and a shorter time lag. 2 1 AO1 1 AO3 1 2 (b) The amount of water fluctuates due to a variety of factors. The specification refers to amount and type of rainfall, temperature, previous weather conditions, relief, rock type (impermeable, permeable, porous and pervious) and land use. There should be reference to some of these. There is a need to explain so answer should focus on this, e.g. the recognition that rivers in areas of impermeable rock will have more water in them than those with permeable as they do not allow water to soak in, so water flows quickly over the surface to the channel. In contrast, rocks like limestone have joints and bedding planes that provide pathways for water to enter and go through, so water is removed from the surface and takes a slower route to the river, so there is less water present in the channel. Level 1 (Basic) (1 4 marks) Simple, separate statements, perhaps list-like identification at lower end. Will begin to explain at top end. Some rivers are in areas where there are lots of trees. Some have steep slopes. Water gets to the river fast where slopes are steep. Level 2 (Clear) (5 6 marks) Develops and links statements.

56 Will refer to more than one reason. Clear, purposeful explanation. The amount of water will be high if the river is in an area with steep slopes. This will cause the water to run quickly over the surface due to gravity, before it has time to soak in. It will reach the river quickly and the amount of water will increase. The previous weather can also cause changes. If it has been dry, rain will soak into the ground and will be slow to reach the river. However, if it has been wet, the water will flow over the surface reaching the river quickly. AO1 3 AO2 3 6 [8] Q30. (i) (ii) There may be reference to what flooding is that rivers flood when they burst their banks. Allow 1 for this, but emphasis should be on underlying causes such as building towns on floodplains and creating an impermeable surface so that water cannot infiltrate and thus flows quickly over surface to river, reducing lag time. There should be recognition of the factor from the information and this then needs using to explain the sequence of events that cause flooding. May refer to only one cause or two or more. Actual content will depend on strategies selected. Can refer to advantages of selected strategy or disadvantages of one that is rejected. For example if hard engineering is selected, likely to note the effectiveness of dams holding back water to control flooding. (Three Gorges Dam has reduced risk from 1 in 10 years to 1 in 100 years), may refer to the fact that many dams and reservoirs are multi-purpose projects and so there are other advantages such as hep and water supply. This approach means that something is being done to control flooding and that people s lives and their property should be safe. It means that people do not have to live in fear of flooding or face the consequences of cleaning up or losing family and friends. It is more immediate than strategies like planting trees that take a long time to grow. Warning systems may save people s lives, but their property is damaged and their possessions and so this is not good way of managing floods. They will be able to prepare but will suffer much more than if a dam had been built. Level 1 Basic (1-4 marks) Describes 1 or 2 strategies. Simple statements, may be in a random order. Certain things are built in certain places. Next to the river, there are playing fields and car parks, housing is further away. In some areas, building is not allowed. Trees are planted to slow down to flow of water. CMI annotation L1 Describes strategy. Simple points 3 AO2 1 AO3 2

57 L1 Describes strategies. Some development Level 2 Clear (5-6 marks) Begins to consider why the strategy selected is better option. Advantages of option clear and/or disadvantages of alternative are included. Statements are developed and linked. Land use zoning means that land next to the river may be used as farmland or recreational use, but buildings are not allowed. This reduces the impact of flooding. It costs nothing and does not have any negative impact on the environment the river floods in a natural way. Planting trees slows down the speed of the water and reduces flooding. It can improve the environment, but works with the natural environment. CMI annotation L2 Begins to explain reasons for chosen option. Statements begin to be developed and linked Level 3 Detailed (7-8 marks) Clearly focused on why the strategy selected is better option. Advantages of option clear and/or disadvantages of alternative in a discussion. Statements are developed and linked. Land use zoning means that land next to the river may be used as farmland or recreational use, but buildings are not allowed. This reduces the impact of flooding. It costs little, just the need to plan and does not have any negative impact on the environment the river floods in a natural way. This is a much cheaper option than building up banks and creating dams and reservoirs, which have a bad effect on the environment. They interfere with the rivers natural processes, causing erosion after a dam. Over time, the lake behind the dam will silt up as the water is not flowing as it would in the river. Planting trees slows down the speed of the water and reduces flooding. This tries to help slow down the water cycle in a natural way, rather than controlling a river with a dam which is also very expensive. It works with the natural environment. Warning people of floods is useful as they can prepare, taking their possessions to higher floors floods can still happen with dams and people may not be prepared if they are not warned. CMI annotation L3 Clear focus on why strategy selected. Explains clearly why it is better option 8 AO1 4 AO2 4 [11] Q31. There should be reference to at least one hard and one soft engineering strategy such as those used in Boscastle. Credit also for strategies that are not present in Boscastle. Hard

58 engineering includes river bank widened, the River Jordan flood relief culvert, river wall, exisiting car park raised. Soft engineering includes tree management, the positioning of the car park next to the river (flood plain zoning) and environmentally friendly aspects such as the salmon spawning grounds having improved access via the creation of riffles and pools. There is a need to explain how both hard and soft engineering have contributed to managing the risk of flooding and so a link needs to be made between the strategy and the flood risk e.g. how widening the river increases the amount of water the river channel can hold and therefore reduces the risk of flooding; the positioning of the car park next to the river can be seen as soft engineering as this land use is less of an issue than housing cars can be moved and the land left empty so the risks from flooding are lessened. Level 1 (Basic) (1 4 marks) Describes a hard and / or soft engineering strategy. Statements are simple and separate. The car parks are next to the river; one is made from permeable material and the other is raised above the river channel. The river has been widened and lowered and the road on the left has been placed nearer to the level of the river. Level 2 (Clear) (5 6 marks) Begins to explain how hard and soft engineering strategies reduce the flood risk or clearly explains hard or soft engineering strategy. Statements are developed and linked. Specific reference to the photograph and / or own knowledge. The widening of the river bank near the car park and the visitor centre means that the river will be able to hold more water and so there will be less likelihood of flooding. The River Jordan flood relief culvert will take the water away from where the two rivers join more efficiently and so this will stop the water backing up and the flood risk will be less. Level 3 (Detailed) (7 8 marks) Clearly explains how hard and soft engineering strategies reduce the flood risk. Identifies which strategies are hard and which are soft. Statements are linked and detailed. Specific reference to the photograph and / or own knowledge. The widening of the river bank (a hard engineering strategy) near the car park and the visitor centre means that the river will be able to hold more water and so there will be less likelihood of flooding. The river wall and the raising of the car park and the lowering of the road next to the river means that there are barriers or areas where the water can spill, reducing the flood risk. Soft engineering is also present. The car parks next to the river are an example of flood plain zoning where less important land uses are placed next to the river and so it is less significant if these areas flood. AO1 3 AO2 3 AO3 2 [8] Q32. (a) Points likely to refer to the clustering of flood events in certain areas in certain years e.g. the area around the Derwent and Ouse in 2000 showing a tight cluster versus clustering around the Severn in However, flooding was widespread then with areas further north being affected and also areas further east with Sheffield and Oxford amongst places affected. Boscastle and Carlisle seem to be outliers as they occurred at similar times but were isolated in location. Level marking Level 1 (Basic) 1 2 marks

59 Simple, separate listed points. Some reference to the map. There were floods in York and Calder Valley in In 2007 there was widespread flooding. Level 2 (Clear) 3 4 marks Points are developed and linked. Locations / pattern can be visualised. Specific reference to the map. Flooding concentrated in the north around York in It was more widespread in 2007 with areas around Sheffield. Doncaster flooded as well as Lincoln further south. There was a large area around Tewkesbury and Oxford also. AO1 1 AO2 1 AO3 2 4 (b) Response will depend on case study selected and whether it relates to a rich or poor part of the world. Examples likely to refer to various areas in England 2007, Cumbria 2010, Bangladesh, Pakistan. Responses likely to refer to preparation warnings, evacuation, immediate responses such as rescuing people, treating injured, distributing water, food, medicines, providing shelter, seeking to restore water supply, receipt of international emergency aid and longer term responses such as repairing damage to homes, businesses, considering how flood risk may be reduced, identifying and implementing strategies. Level marking Level 1 (basic) 1 4 marks Describes some responses to flooding, may be list like at lower end. Likely to drift into effects. Statements may be in a random order and/or separate. Generic statements. People were rescued from floodwaters. Food and water were shared out. Roads and bridges were repaired. Aid came from abroad. Doctors were sent in to help. Level 2 (Clear) 5 6 marks Clear description of a range of responses to flooding. Statements are developed and linked. Clear, specific reference to case study. In Bangladesh, supplies of food, medicines and blankets were handed out to survivors. Local people began to rebuild their homes. An emergency appeal was launched and poster displayed the risks of drinking flood water. In the longer term, ways of warning people were looked at so that there would be fewer deaths and the provision of flood shelters. Level 3 (Detailed) 7 8 marks Statements are linked and detailed. A wider range of responses to flooding likely to consider immediate and long term. Detailed reference to case study. In Bangladesh, immediate responses were to supply food, medicines and blankets to survivors. Local people began to rebuild their homes. An emergency appeal was launched for $74million by UN. WaterAid had posters displaying the risks of drinking flood water and they tried to supply water purification tablets. In the longer term, ways of warning people were looked at so that there would be fewer deaths and the provision of flood shelters. Here,