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5 i l.gs EN 136 [3 J 1 Seismic Reflection and Seismic Refraction Surveying in Northeastern Illinois Paul c. ^Heigold ILUNOIS GEOLOGIC ' SURVEY LIBRAE ;ai r rtimfqi ENVIRONMtENTAL GEOLOGY 136 Department of Energy arid Natural FResources ILLINOIS ST )GICAL SU 3VEY ATE GEOLC

6 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

7 Seismic Reflection and Seismic Refraction Surveying in Northeastern Illinois Paul C. Heigold ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LIBRARY ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY 136 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Morris W. Leighton, Chief Natural Resources Building 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820

8 Acknowledgment Funding for this study was provided by the Department of Energy and Natural Resources (Contract ENR-5). Printed by authority of the State of Illinois/1990/750

9 NTENTS Abstract Preface v vi Part I Seismic Reflection Profiling Introduction 3 Geologic Setting 3 Field Techniques and Instrumentation 6 Data Processing 7 Interpretation 9 Dauberman Road Seismic Reflection Line 1 Fermilab Seismic Reflection Line 21 Bristol Seismic Reflection Line 22 Lily Lake Seismic Reflection Line 23 Conclusions 24 References 25 Appendixes 26 A Recording Parameters and Processing Sequence of Dauberman Road Seismic Reflection Line 26 B Recording Parameters and Processing Sequence of Fermilab Seismic Reflection Line 27 C Recording Parameters and Processing Sequence of Bristol Seismic Reflection Line 29 D Recording Parameters and Processing Sequence of Lily Lake Seismic Reflection Line 30 Figures 1 Location of seismic reflection lines 2 2 Stratigraphic column of bedrock units in Northern Illinois 4 3 Regional geologic setting 6 4 Drift thickness map of the study area 7 5 Geologic map of the study area 8 6 Location of key drillholes used to constrain interpretation of seismic reflection sections 9 7 Stratigraphic column and interval velocities from test hole SSC Stratigraphic column and interval velocities from test hole SSC Stratigraphic column and interval velocities from test hole SSC Synthetic seismogram constructed from sonic and density logs 1 1 Interval velocities from deep hole in Du Page County Dauberman Road seismic reflection sections 1 Fermilab seismic reflection sections 1 1 Bristol seismic reflection sections 1 15 Lily Lake seismic reflection section 20 Part II Seismic Refraction Profiling Introduction 33 Seismic Refraction Method 34 Equipment 35 Field Procedures 35 Processing of Seismic Refraction Data 36 Results 36 Summary 37 References 39 Appendix A Results of Seismic Refraction Profiling 40

10 Figures 1 Index map-location of seismic refraction profiles 33 2 Shot and geophone arrays used with FRAC and SIPT programs 35 3 Bedrock topography map of study area 38 Table 1 Cable length and geophone intervals for estimated depth to bedrock in the study area 34

11 Abstract As part of the Illinois State Geological Survey's comprehensive investigations to locate the most suitable site for construction of the proposed Superconducting Super Collider, approximately 17 miles of high resolution seismic reflection profiling and approximately 80 miles of seismic refraction profiling were performed. Seismic reflection profiling was used to define the stratigraphy and structural geology of the proposed SSC site. The primary target of this profiling was the dolomite of the Ordovician Galena and Platteville Groups, since the tunnel that would have housed the proposed SSC would have been located in these rocks. In addition, the seismic reflection profiling provides a view of continuous sections of rocks to considerable depths, and thus, detailed information about the rocks of northeastern Illinois unavailable from discrete drill holes. Seismic refraction profiling was used to examine the geologic framework of near-surface deposits at the proposed SSC site to aid in the construction of the SSC tunnel and the location of its attendant vertical service shafts. The kinds of information provided by this profiling-depth to bedrock (drift thickness) and lithology of both the drift and the bedrock surface-are relevant in many other areas: for example, in other types of construction, evaluation of groundwater, aggregates (crushed stone), and sand and gravel resources, and location of waste disposal sites.

12 Preface The seismic exploration, conducted as part of the Illinois State Geological Survey's comprehensive investigation to locate the most suitable site for the construction of the Superconducting Super Collider, was carried out in two parts. The first part consisted of approximately 17 miles of high-resolution seismic reflection profiling. The results of this profiling, together with information gathered from available discrete drill holes, were used to define the stratigraphy and structural geology of the site proposed for the SSC. The primary target of the seismic reflection profiling was the dolomite of the Ordovician Galena and Platteville Groups, since the tunnel housing the proposed SSC would have been located in these strata. The second part consisted of approximately 80 miles of seismic refraction profiling to examine the depth and configuration of the bedrock surface, and the velocities of both the bedrock surface and the superjacent glacial drift from which inferences can be made about the nature of these rocks. These kinds of information were relevant not only to the construction of the SSC tunnel, but also to the location of its attendant vertical service shafts. The information gathered from the seismic exploration, although particularly relevant to the proposed SSC, was beneficial for all of northeastern Illinois. The seismic reflection profiling provided information applicable to the overall understanding of the stratigraphic and structural relationships in northeastern Illinois. The seismic refraction profiling provided data that were used to improve existing maps of depth to bedrock and bedrock geology, which are used in construction, evaluation of groundwater, aggregate (crushed stone), and sand and gravel resources, and location of waste disposal sites in this part of Illinois. VI

13 I Seismic Reflection Profiling

14 I f T 41 N R6E 'r- 80 j j 180 R7E R8E R9E Cook Co. _ DuPage Co. Lily Lake ; 280 T 40 I N ( I T 39 j N 38 N Dauberman No. 1 Dauberman j No. 2 Dauberman No. 3 SSC-1 L205 j f-k: 375 j ff : L«395 T--510 j~ 610 { =^ L1610 SSC-3 i NAL 1 190^- 110^ 210 -J 310D 410 NAL 2 J NAL 3 SSC-2»f+-5io 590^ I Kane Co. Du Page Co. T 37, N Bristol No. 3 Bristol No. 1 J " Kendall Co. Will Co. 12 mi. 18 km. Figure 1 Location of seismic reflection lines.

15 Introduction The Illinois State Geological Survey's comprehensive investigations to locate the most suitable site for the construction of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), a proton accelerator, included approximately 17 miles of high-resolution seismic reflection profiling at four discrete locations around the proposed ring (fig. 1). Since it was proposed that the SSC be place in a 10-foot diameter tunnel in dolomites of the Ordovician Galena and Platteville Groups underlying the site, these strata were the primary target of the seismic reflection profiling (fig. 2). In addition to information on Ordovician strata, seismic reflection sections generated at three of the locations contain information about sediments as old as Late Cambrian (Mt. Simon); a section generated at a fourth location contains information about Precambrian-age rocks (fig. 2). Two of the locations where seismic reflection profiling was done, along Dauberman Road in T38 and 39N, R6E, Kane County and near the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in T39N, R9E, Du Page County (fig. 1), were chosen because experimental chambers associated with the SSC were to be sited there. The other two locations, near the town of Bristol in T39N, R7E, Kendall County, and near the town of Lily Lake in T40 and 41 N, R7E, Kane County (fig. 1), were chosen to investigate the possibility of faulting. At the Bristol location, small-scale faulting was suspected from the results of previous test drilling and geologic mapping in the area. At the Lily Lake location, large-scale basement faulting had been suggested by McGinnis (1966), on the basis of mainly gravity and magnetic data. The high-resolution seismic reflection data, gathered by Walker Geophysical Company of Essex, Iowa, proved to be a viable way to address specific stratigraphic and geological structure problems associated with the proposed location of the SSC, and also a way to obtain information about the rocks of northeastern Illinois, unavailable from discrete drill holes. Geologic Setting The geologic setting of the area in northeastern Illinois where the high-resolution seismic reflection work was done has been discussed at length in previous geological-geotechnical studies for siting the SSC in Illinois (Kempton et al. 1985; Vaiden et al. 1988). Geologic aspects from these studies pertinent to the acquisition, reduction, and interpretation of the seismic reflection data are discussed briefly in this report. The study area is located on the Kankakee Arch, a broad positive structure that separates the Michigan and Illinois Basins and connects the Wisconsin Arch to the Cincinnati and Findlay Arches (fig. 3). In the study area the Kankakee Arch plunges gently to the southeast. Along the four seismic reflection lines, the elevation of the earth's surface varies from about 650 feet to just beyond 1,000 feet above mean sea level. Glacial drift, ranging in thickness from 25 to more than 200 feet (fig. 4) overlies the Paleozoic bedrock surface (fig. 5). At some places the bedrock surface is dissected by valleys that commonly contain thick, coarse-grained sediments that serve as excellent conduits for shallow groundwater supplies. The presence of these valleys and the contained groundwater were important factors to be considered in the location and construction of the proposed SSC tunnel and attendant structures. strata that have a com- Bedrock in the study area consists of Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian bined thickness of approximately 4,000 feet (fig. 2). The oldest sedimentary rocks in the area belong to the Mt. Simon Sandstone (Upper Cambrian). This poorly sorted, coarse-grained sandstone, which ranges in thickness from 1,400 to 2,600 feet in northeastern Illinois, rests unconformably on Precambrian basement. Other major unconformities occur at the bases of the Ancell Group (Ordovician) and the Silurian, and the bedrock surface (fig. 2). The Upper Ordovician and Silurian formations in northeastern Illinois dip gently eastward into the Michigan Basin, but the Cambrian and older Ordovician formations dip gently and thicken southward toward the Illinois Basin (Buschbach 1964). The bedrock surface of the study area (fig. 5) comprises Silurian carbonates and shales and minor amounts of dolomite of the Maquoketa Group (Upper Ordovician).

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18 Elevation (ft) of the top of Trenton Ls. or equivalents j Outcrop of strata below top of Trenton ] Paleozoic rock overlapped by Mesozoic and younger strata in Mississippi Embayment Figure 3 Regional geologic setting. Field Techniques and Instrumentation Field parameters for the high-resolution seismic reflection profiling were chosen on the basis of calculation, experience, and testing. Since detailed structural and stratigraphic information was required for the construction of the proposed SSC tunnel, close-source and receiver spacing, high common depth- point (CDP) fold, and a fast sample rate for wide-band recording were necessary to obtain good quality data in noisy suburban areas. One line crossed an interstate highway, and all lines ran along heavily traveled roads. The actual field parameters used are summarized in appendixes A, B, C, and D.

19 R 8 E R 9 E 100 R 4 E R 5 E contour interval 50 feet; datum is mean sea level.25- contour of 25 feet also shown 18 km. Figure 4 Drift thickness map of the study area. The recording instrument was a Texas Instrument DFSV. Single hydrophone receivers (Mark Products P-44 1 Hz) were placed in shot holes about 1 feet below the water table, generally 1 to 25 feet below the ground surface. The energy source used on three of the lines (Dauberman Road, Bristol, and Fermilab) was a downhole air gun (Bolt Model DHSS 550) equipped with a chamber, 10 3 in., operated at a nominal pressure of 1,800 lbs/in. 2. The optimum locations for firing the air gun were at the top of the water table or a few feet deeper. On the fourth seismic reflection line (Lily Lake), where information about Precambrian rocks was required, the energy source was 0.33 to 1.00 lbs. of dynamite. Data Processing Data processing sequences began with an amplitude spectrum analysis. Since frequencies more than 400 Hz were at least -40dB, the data were resampled from 0.5 to 1.0 milliseconds. Record length was 1.0 second, but on all lines except the Lily Lake line only 0.5 or 0.6 second were processed. On the Lily Lake line, 1.0 second was processed. Initial stacking velocities were derived from available sonic logs. Subsequent stacking velocities were obtained from velocity analysis of the seismic data. The seismic sections were not migrated. Additional information on the data processing is given in appendixes A, B, C, and D.

20 10 mi 20 km PENNSYLVANIAN (shale, sandstone, limestone) DEVONIAN (shale, sandstone, limestone) SILURIAN (undiff.; dolomite) ORDOVICIAN T-] Maquoketa (shale) 2H Galena (dolomite) E:::::i Platteville (dolomite) Figure 5 Geologic map of the study area. Ijjjjjiij Ancell (sandstone) fjgijgijj Prairie du Chien (sandstone and dolomite) 1 CAMBRIAN (undiff.; sandstone and dolomite) 8

21 I I R 7 E R 9 E DE KALB KANE OK >o r D C? A 27A >0 ssdw) ' 30 O? A 26 25A 23 17D D11 KENDALL 08 dl 16 A20 WILL A 21 A18 A19 R 4 E R 5 E R 8 E R 9 E O 1984 Test Hole D 1985 Test Hole A 1986 Test Hole 4t 8 in. Test Hole, 1986 Figure 6 Location of key drillholes used to constrain interpretation of seismic reflection sections. Interpretation A considerable amount of geologic information is available for the region in which these seismic reflection lines were run. This information includes reports on local and regional studies conducted by the ISGS, graduate student theses, logs and samples of water wells and engineering borings in the ISGS files, and records of subsurface drilling and sampling programs conducted for water resource studies of northeastern Illinois (Kempton et al. 1985; Vaiden et al. 1988). Studies by Buschbach (1964), Willman (1973), Willman and Kolata (1978), Willman et al. (1975), Willman and Frye (1970), Willman (1971), Horberg (1950), Kolata and Graese (1983), Lineback (1979), Piskin and Bergstrom (1967, 1975), and Willman et al. (1967) were particularly useful in interpretation of the seismic reflection sections. Three 8-inch diameter holes near the Dauberman Road and Fermilab seismic reflection line were included in the test drilling and coring program conducted for siting the SSC in Illinois (fig. 6). The 8-inch diameter was chosen to accommodate sondes used in downhole geophysical logging. Sonic and density logs were particularly important to the interpretation of the seismic reflection sections. Sonic logs from the three 8-inch holes were used to calculate interval velocities (figs. 7,

22 i i. Depth (ft) Elevation above MSL (ft) Velocity (ft/sec) / 841 / Clay, poor samples Gravel, coarse (1??-140 ft) 900- /-/-/- -/-/ ~ 701 Dolomite, argillaceous, gray blue; shale, dolomitic ( ft) Shale, dark olive gray ( ft) 300 I 7~ ~Z 7, Dolomite, pale yellow brown, fine to medium grained ( ft) 600" ^E 7a / /T/ /, /, / ZZZ ^77^ 331 Bo _230 S o o 5 to c -a Sandstone, fine to medium-grained ( ft) Dolomite, light brown, fine grained ( ft), bluish ( ft), grayer ( ft) 77". X.7". 157 Sandstone, fine to medium grained, rounded; chert ( ft); cemented sand; shale partings (684 ft, ft) A A 'A A A AA A A A A A A A A A AA A :d 994 TD 99 Chert, white; sandstone, white, cemented; dolomite, pink; shale, gray; ( ft) Kress Mbr L Chert, oolitic, gray; siltstone, brown, red; shale tan, brown, gray green ( ft) -144 Eminence Fm Dolomite, light pinkish tan, sandy ( ft) Figure 7 Stratigraphic column and interval velocities from test hole SSC-1 10

23 8, and 9). The sonic and density logs run in test hole SSC-2 near the Fermilab line were used to construct a synthetic seismogram (fig. 10). All the large-diameter test holes bottomed out just below the base of the Ancell Group. Holes SSC-1 and SSC-3, near the Dauberman Road line, bottomed out in the Eminence Formation (Upper Cambrian) and Oneota Formation (Lower Ordovician), respectively; SSC-2, near the Fermilab line, bottomed out in the Shakopee Formation (figs. 7, 8, and 9). Because proposed experimental chambers were to be located along Dauberman Road and near Fermilab, the large diameter holes were drilled only to depths necessary to provide information about the tunnel and the experimental chambers. Velocity and density information useful in interpreting the portions of the seismic reflection sections deeper than the base of the Ancell came from sonic and density logs. These logs were run in 1986 in a deep hole that penetrated basement in Section 9, T39N, R9E, in Du Page County, just a few miles from the north end of the Fermilab seismic reflection line (fig. 1 1). As mentioned above, the Dauberman Road, Bristol, and Fermilab sections provided information about the rock to the depth of the Mt. Simon Formation (Upper Cambrian), whereas the Lily Lake section provided information to the depth of Precambrian rocks. On the seismic reflection sections shown in this report (figs. 12, 13, 14, and 15), several reflections were associated with geologic interfaces where large acoustic impedance contrasts are known to exist. The strength, coherence, and continuity of these reflections can vary appreciably for several reasons, many of which are geologically significant. However, given the proximity of the seismic reflection lines in this study, enough of these reflections can be consistently traced across these sections to interpret confidently the salient stratigraphic and structural nature of the geologic formations. Dauberman Road Seismic Reflection Line The seismic reflection line along Dauberman Road in T38 and 39, R6E, Kane County, Illinois (figs. 1 and 1 2) was shot from north to south in three segments, D1, D2, and D3; their lengths were 1.47, 1.82, and 4.68 miles, respectively. Because parts of the segments overlapped, the total line was approximately 7.5 miles long. Field parameters and the processing sequence for each segment of the Dauberman Road line are given in appendix A. Although the record length for each segment was 1.0 second, only 0.5 second was processed for the segments D1 and D2, and only 0.6 second was processed for segment D3. These section lengths were adequate given the purpose of this line, which was to examine the Ordovician strata in which the experimental chambers were to be constructed. These sections do not contain information about the lower Mt. Simon Formation (Upper Cambrian) or subjacent Precambrian rocks. Topographic elevation of the earth's surface along the Dauberman Road line, although somewhat irregular, generally decreases from a high of approximately 840 feet above mean sea level near the north end of segment D1 to a low of approximately 700 feet above sea level near the south end of segment D3. The glacial drift along this line varies in thickness from more than 100 feet to as much as 200 feet (Piskin and Bergstrom 1975). Test holes SSC-1 and SSC-3 near the north and south ends of this line showed glacial drift thicknesses of 140 and 133 feet, respectively. Greater drift thicknesses may be associated with bedrock valleys, which are common in northeastern Illinois. The bedrock surface along this line is, for the most part, composed of rocks of the Maquoketa Group (Upper Ordovician) and Silurian outliers (Willman et al. 1967); therefore, shales and carbonates can be expected at the bedrock surface. Test holes SSC-1 and SSC-3 encountered Maquoketa dolomite, probably the Ft. Atkinson, at the bedrock surface (Vaiden et al. 1988). On the Dauberman Road sections, reflections have been identified at the following geologic interfaces, in descending order: bedrock surface, top of the Galena Group (Middle to Upper Ordovician), top of the Ancell Group (Middle Ordovician), base of the Ancell Group, top of the 11

24 i I Depth (ft) Elevation above MSL (ft) Velocity (ft/sec) >. o/ ^ S - o o o o ~r r zfz z5^^ ^753 Q o J5 O -672 I Clay, gray, coarse, sandy silty, with sand seams (0-46 ft, ft) Sand, coarse gravel (46-52 ft) Clay, brown, sandy silty, with sand and gravel (68-81 ft) Dolomite ( ft), light gray brown, fine grained, speckled black ( ft) glauconitic ( ft); clay present (gray and blue green), browner near base ( ft), particularly ( ft) zs /~7 Z~Z *Ez SX2Z ^"^ S ZZZ Z^ 388 CD -183 Q. D o O re Q_ 67 Dolomite, light medium gray to blue gray, fine grained, argillaceous ( ft) Dolomite, dark olive brown gray, very argillaceous; shale, similar color, dolomitic ( ft) Shale, dark olive gray, dolomitic ( ft) Dolomite, pale yellow brown, fine grained; shale partings, blue green common, black brown partings less common ( ft) Dolomite, pale yellow brown, some shale partings, blue green; chert, white ( ft) 800> c o to Q- o 3 c o 8 0) c Q- < Sand, fine to medium grained; rounded dolomite, some rare ( ft) 1000 TH~ ZSZZZ zv S^/ ^-^- / 1080 TD -144 Kress Mbr "-167 $5> - p j* p re o sa New Richmond Sandstone re <i> c <» c So O o Q Dolomite, light brown, fine grained; shale, blue green ( ft) Dolomite, light brown, fine grained; chert, white; pyrite rare ( ft) Sand, fine to medium grained, rounded, floating grains, some cemented with calcite ( ft) Dolomite, light brown; chert, white (rare to common); sand present in some horizons ( ft) Figure 8 Stratigraphic column and interval velocities from test hole SSC-2. 12

25 I Depth (ft) Elevation above MSL (ft) Velocity (ft/sec) :o : "o -.v ;;. ; * ;.. o o.o.. o!;: «TT O V* O \ O 555 Clay, brown gray, sandy, silty (0-42 ft) Sand, gravel, fine to coarse ( ft) Clay, brown gray, sandy ( ft) 300 fi t Sl 1~L T ElL & T^ 7^T z * ' ' A' 469 CD O 253 B o «<5 a 144 O O g to C "D 0) C 58 o Dolomite, very argillaceous; shale, dolomitic, gray brown ( ft) Shale, dolomitic, brown to olive brown ( ft) Dolomite, pale yellow brown, fine to medium grained ( ft) ; blue green, gray shale partings, calcareous ( ft) Dolomite, light brown ( ft), occasionally bluish, dark brown ( ft, ft) fine grained Sandstone, fine to medium grained, rounded ( ft) T^- ZIZZ = '.A A. -ar\ A"." 'A'. '. Sandstone, fine to medium grained, rounded; chert ( ft) Shale partings, light gray ( ft), green blue ( ft) Dolomite, deep pink brown, fine grained, thin horizons ( ft) / A / / /, /A / 903 TD O F a> b c o O o Q Dolomite, light pink-gray-brown, fine to medium grained; chert, white, rare ( ft); glauconite ( ft) Figure 9 Stratigraphic column and interval velocities from test hole SSC-3. 13

26 i i i ' i 1 i i 1 ' i 1 ' i ' 0.0 J: 'i i i. ' -^ 1 r Sec. ZERO-PHRSE HZ ZERO-PHRSE HZ ZERO-PHRSE HZ ZERO-PHRSE HZ Figure 10 Synthetic seismogram constructed from sonic and density logs. Franconia Formation (Upper Cambrian), and top of the Lombard Member of the Eau Claire Formation (figs. 1 and 12). No discernible reflections were below 0.4 second. This two-way travel time would correspond to a reflection emanating from a surface below the top of the Mt. Simon Formation (Upper Cambrian). The absence of reflections below 0.4 second possibly was due to a lack of energy provided by the air-gun energy source or, more likely, it was the result of an absence of appreciable vertical impedance contrasts in the Mt. Simon. The shallow reflection corresponding to the drift-bedrock contact can be traced intermittently across sections D1, D2, and D3. The quality of this reflection is dependent not only on the lithology of the bedrock surface (carbonates and elastics), but also on the amount of weathering on this surface. Between shot points 355 on section D1 and shot point 105 on section D2 (figs. 1 and 14

27 I Velocity (ft/sec) I Ground surface Silurian 500 Maquoketa Galena Platteville 0- Glenwood-St. Peter Potosi Franconia I ronton Galesville Eau Claire Mt. Simon </> o Precambrian Figure 1 1 Interval velocities from deep hole in Du Page County. 15

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31 Murst property? Maquoketa Galena Ancell Shakopee Franconia Lombard Bristol No. 1 Sec.?<e?3e j?b?ia aee 19B iee pb i6b isb hb Maquoketa Galena Ancell Shakopee Franconia Lombard Bristol No. 3 Figure 1 4 Bristol seismic reflection sections. 12) was evidence of a channel cut into the bedrock, although this evidence was disturbed by muting associated with undershooting where the line crossed the East-West Tollway. The reflection associated with the Maquoketa-Galena contact was consistently the strongest, most coherent, and most continuous of all reflections on sections D1, D2, and D3. This was a result of the sharp contrast between the relatively low acoustic impedance Maquoketa elastics that rest on the relatively high acoustic impedance Galena carbonates. The Maquoketa-Galena contact and Platteville-Ancell Group contact were the two most important targets for the SSC project, because the SSC tunnel was to be constructed in the Galena and Platteville Groups. The reflection associated with the Platteville-Ancell contact could be followed easily across sections D1 D2, and D3 even, though it had reverse polarity from, and less strength than, the reflection at the Maquoketa-Galena contact because of a downward decrease in acoustic impedance with less contrast than at the Maquoketa-Galena surface. 19

32 O E "<D co CD ^. ro w _ nj J3 en * 8 o E to c o o es < a. _i o CL 3 20

33 Examination of sections D1, D2, and D3 (fig. 12) indicate that the combined thicknesses of the Galena and Platteville Groups do not vary appreciably along the entire length of the Dauberman Road line. This fact is corroborated by the combined thicknesses (332 and 325 feet, respectively) of these groups in test holes SSC-1 and SSC-3 near the ends of this line. A southern component of dip appears to be on the rocks comprising of these groups along the Dauberman Road line. The dip is corroborated by the elevations of the tops (562 and 469 feet above mean sea level, respectively) and bottoms (230 and 144 feet above mean sea level, respectively) of these Groups in test holes SSC-1 and SSC-3. Some of the decrease in elevation of the rocks of the Galena and Platteville Groups between the north and south ends of the Dauberman Road line is the result of a small normal fault, downthrown to the south between shot points 840 and 850 on section D2 (figs. 1 and 12). The next reflection on sections D1, D2, and D3, in order of increasing two-way travel time, corresponds to the unconformity at the base of the Ancell Group (fig. 2). In the study area, the St. Peter Sandstone may rest unconformably on rocks as young as the Shakopee Dolomite of the Prairie du Chien Group (Lower Ordovician) and as old as the Franconia Sandstone Formation (Upper Cambrian) (Buschbach 1964). Test holes SSC-1 and SSC-3 at the north and south ends of the Dauberman Road line encountered the Eminence Dolomite (Lower Cambrian) and the Oneota Dolomite, respectively, below the St. Peter. The quality of the reflection emanating from this unconformity is inconsistent. In some places, the reflection is strong and coherent, indicating a sharply defined surface where the St. Peter, resting on unweathered carbonates, provides a sizeable acoustic impedance contrast. In other places, where the reflection becomes weak and incoherent, the St. Peter may be resting on rubble and/or formations with similar acoustic properties. Along the Dauberman Road line, the exact location where rocks of the Prairie du Chien Group terminate on the subjacent Eminence Formation is difficult to determine. However, the northerly dipping reflection at shot point 1350 on section D3 (figs. 1 and 12), which apparently corresponds to the top of the Oneota Formation, together with cycle terminations farther north at shot points 1050 and 920, are indicative of the northernmost extent of the Prairie du Chien Group. Due to the unconformity at its base, the thickness of the Ancell Group in the study area varies. This is also the case along the Dauberman Road line. Below the sub-st. Peter unconformity were several significant reflections in Cambrian strata. Near second at the north end of section D1 (figs. 1 and 12) is a reflection corresponding to the contact between the Potosi Dolomite and the Franconian Sandstone. This reflection, which exhibits negative polarity, can be followed to the south well into section D3 (fig. 12), where it becomes discontinuous. At approximately second at the north end of section D1 is a strong reflection that corresponds to the top of the Lombard Dolomite Member of the Eau Claire Formation. This reflection could be followed easily on most of sections D1, D2, and D3, although it diminished in strength near the south end of the section D3 (fig. 1 2). The top of the Lombard along the Dauberman Road line dips slightly to the south. In addition to the previously mentioned small normal fault near shot point 850 in section D2 (figs. 1 and 12), a second small normal fault that cuts strata older than the St. Peter appears to be near shot point 610 on section D3 (figs. 1 and 12). The only other structure of significance along the Dauberman Road line occurs between shot point 55 and 155 on Section D2 near the East-West Tollway (figs. 1 and 12), where strata older than the St. Peter appear to have been downwarped significantly prior to deposition of the St. Peter. Fermilab Seismic Reflection Line The seismic reflection line at Fermilab in T39N R9E, Du Page County, Illinois (figs. 1 and 13) was shot from north to south in three segments, NAL-1, NAL-2, and NAL-3; lengths were 0.64, 0.43, and 2.08 miles, respectively. Because some segments overlapped, the total length of the line was approximately 3.1 miles. 21

34 Field parameters and the processing sequence for each segment of the Fermilab line are given in appendix B. Although the recorded length for each segment was 1.0 second, only 0.5 second was processed for segments NAL-1 and NAL-2 and only 0.6 second for segment NAL-3 (fig. 13). Like section 1 of the Dauberman Road seismic reflection line, the recorded lengths of the Fermilab sections were adequate for the intended purpose of this line, which was to examine the Ordovician strata in which the SSC experimental chambers were to be constructed. Like the Dauberman Road sections, the Fermilab sections do not contain information about the lower Mt. Simon and Precambrian rocks. Surface elevations along the Fermilab seismic reflection line range from 730 to 750 feet above mean sea level with no discernible trend. Glacial drift thickness varies from 50 to 100 feet (Piskin and Bergstrom 1975). The bedrock surface is composed entirely of Silurian age-rocks (Willman et al. 1975; fig. 5). The general quality of the seismic reflection data along the Fermilab line is fair. The quality is poor where noise levels from large pumps and compressors in the experimental area of Fermilab adversely affected the data. Reflections from the bedrock surface generally are inconsistent and difficult to follow. Test hole SSC-2 (fig. 6) near the south end of the Fermilab line shows that Silurian dolomite rests directly on Maquoketa Dolomite, and gradually changes to shale at the base of the Maquoketa. With no sharp lithologic break between the Silurian and Ordovician strata and a gradual decrease in seismic velocity through the transition from dolomite to shale within the Maquoketa (fig. 8), a strong reflection is not possible from the top of or within the Maquoketa Group. The reflection corresponding to the Maquoketa-Galena contact, although generally weak, can be followed across sections NAL-1, NAL-2, and NAL-3 (fig. 13). The reflection from the top of the Ancell Group is, for the most part, coherent and consistent. On the basis of information collected from test hole SSC-2, the Fermilab section NAL-3 shows St. Peter resting on Shakopee at the south end of the Fermilab line. The tops of the Franconia, Proviso, and Lombard Dolomite are easy to follow for a short distance, but farther to the south, although strong and coherent for short distances, they become discontinuous and difficult to follow. On section NAL-1 a noteworthy reflection emanates from the contact between the Galesville Sandstone Formation and the Proviso Siltstone Member of the Eau Claire Formation (the top of the Eau Claire). The upper part of the Proviso can be dolomitic (Buschbach 1964). This would be the case along section NAL-1, where a strong acoustic impedance contrast suggests a clastic-carbonate interface between the Galesville Sandstone and the Proviso Siltstone Member. Along the Fermilab line most of the rocks show a slight southern component of dip. The thickness of the Galena-Platteville Groups, 221 feet in test hole SSC-2 near the south end of segment NAL- 3, remains almost constant. Between shot points 150 and 160 on section NAL-1 (figs. 1 and 13), the reflections associated with the Prairie du Chien Group and the Franconia Formation exhibit evidence of a small reverse fault upthrown on the north. Faulting cannot be traced into the overlying Ancell Group, nor can it be traced into the Franconia Formation for a significant distance. Deeper reflections exhibit evidence of upwarping in the lower strata south of the fault, indicative of a different, but nevertheless, consistent reaction to lateral compressive stresses. Bristol Seismic Refraction Line The Bristol seismic reflection line in T37N, R7E, Kendall County, Illinois (figs. 1 and 14) was shot in a north-south direction in two segments, BR-1 and BR-3. The segments are 0.96 and 0.60 mile long, respectively, for a total of 1.56 miles. Field parameters and the processing sequence for each segment of the Bristol line are given in appendix C. The recorded length for each segment was 1.0 second, but only 0.5 second was processed for segment BR-1 and only 0.6 second for segment BR-3. The Bristol line was used to examine the continuity of the Galena-Platteville rocks in this area. Small-scale faulting in the Galena-Platteville was suspected on the basis of drilling and sampling in nearby test holes. Like the Dauberman Road and Fermilab seismic sections, the Bristol sections only provided informa- 22

35 tion about strata as deep as the upper part ot the Mt. Simon. Although the same datum and subweathering velocity were used in processing the data of seismic sections BR-1 and BR-3 (fig. 14), a correction factor of second was added to the datum correction of section BR-1. Thus reflections indicated on the BR-1 section will have two-way travel times, apparently second greater than their counterparts in section BR-3. Topographic relief on the earth's surface is small along the Bristol line, ranging from just over 660 feet to just below 650 feet above mean sea level. The thickness of the glacial drift along the Bristol line varies between 25 and 100 feet (Piskin and Bergstrom 1975). The bedrock surface is composed of carbonates of the Maquoketa Group at the north end of segment BR-1 and shales and carbonates of the Maquoketa Group elsewhere on this line (Willman et al. 1967) (fig. 5). At a two-way travel time of approximately second on seismic reflection section BR-1 (fig. 14), a reflection is interpreted as the top of the Maquoketa. This reflection becomes more coherent and continuous on section BR-3 (fig. 14) to the south where rocks of the Maquoketa Group form the bedrock surface. Between this reflection and the strong reflection associated with the top of the Galena (at about second on section BR-1), short, discontinuous reflections, likely associated with the Ft. Atkinson Limestone (Maquoketa Group), can be seen. The reflection associated with the top of the Ancell Group is of lesser quality, but continuous and traceable. The reflection associated with the top of the Ancell Group occurs at about second on section BR-1. At about second on BR-1 is a reflection corresponding to the top of the Prairie du Chien Group (Ordovician). Rocks as young as the Shakopee Dolomite may form the surface of the unconformity at the top of this group (Buschbach 1964). Other notable reflections on BR-1 are associated with the tops of the Franconia Sandstone (0.330 second) and the Lombard Dolomite Member of the Eau Claire Formation (0.410 second). The reflection seen at about second on the section BR-3 may correspond with the top of the Proviso Siltstone Member of the Eau Claire. All reflections noted above generally are parallel, which is indicative of little or no thickening of strata along this short line. Evidence of a slight southern component of dip is on much of the strata along the Bristol line, but no evidence of faulting exists along the line. Lily Lake Seismic Reflection Line The Lily Lake seismic reflection line in T40 and 41 N, R7E, Kane County, Illinois was shot in a north-south direction along Highway 47 through the town of Lily Lake (figs. 1 and 15). The line was approximately 4.22 miles long. Field parameters and the processing sequence for this line are given in appendix D. Significant changes made on the Lily Lake line included dynamite (0.33 to 1.00 lb.) as the energy source and a recorded length of 2.0 seconds. Processing length was 1.0 second, enough time to include information about Precambrian rocks. This line was shot to examine the shallow Ordovician targets associated with the construction of the SSC tunnel and to determine the presence or absence of large-scale basement faulting in this region, which had been suggested by McGinnis (1966) primarily on the basis of interpretations of potential field data. The 1.0-second length of the seismic reflection section LL-1 (fig. 1 5) was adequate for both purposes. Surface elevations on the Lily Lake line range from just over 1,010 feet above mean sea level at the northern end to about 880 feet above mean sea level near its southern end. The thickness of the glacial drift under the Lily Lake line is approximately 200 feet (Piskin and Bergstrom 1975). The bedrock surface along this line is composed entirely of rocks belonging to the Maquoketa Group (Willman et al. 1967; fig. 5). The quality of the seismic reflection data on the Lily Lake line generally is good. Near the top of the LL-1 section (fig. 15), a strong reflection between and second likely corresponds to the Ft. Atkinson Limestone of the Maquoketa Group (Ordovician). In some places, the Ft. Atkinson Limestone appears to form the bedrock surface. Where it does not, a shallower reflection above it appears to be associated with the bedrock surface, perhaps composed of younger Brainard Formation shales. At second is a strong reflection associated with the top of the 23

36 Galena. At to 0.40 second below the top of the Galena reflection is a weaker but continuous reflection corresponding to the top of the Ancell Group. The parallelism of these latter two reflections indicates the uniform thickness of the Galena-Platteville Group along LL-1. A slight southern component of dip is on rocks of the Galena-Platteville Group on the Lily Lake line. At about second at the southern end of section LL-1, a strong reflection is associated with the sub-st. Peter contact. This reflection likely emanates from the St. Peter resting on the Potosi Dolomite, but a deep hole at St. Charles, Illinois, about ten miles east of the southern end of the LL-1 line, encountered the Franconia Sandstone below the St. Peter (Buschbach 1964). Where the reflection from this surface is strong, the Potosi is likely present at the surface of the unconformity. Where the reflection is weak, the Franconia, which has less acoustic impedance than the Potosi, is present, or perhaps the Potosi is present, but with a rubble zone between it and the overlying St. Peter (Buschbach 1964). The very strong reflection at about second corresponds to the top of the Lombard Dolomite. Along this line, the Lombard appears to be about 200 feet thick and flat lying. Below the Lombard reflection, the seismic section appears devoid of continuous reflections down to seconds. This void corresponds to the predominately clastic rocks of the lower Eau Claire and Mt. Simon Formations. Occasionally, weak, short reflections occur near the base of the Mt. Simon, probably because of weak bedding or zones of especially dense cementation. The basement surface, indicated by the strong reflection at about second, also appears relatively flat lying along the Lily Lake line. Within the basement rocks no evidence of the largescale basement faulting suggested by McGinnis (1966) exists. Conclusions The high-resolution seismic reflection profiling at four discrete locations around the proposed SSC ring proved to be viable in answering questions about the stratigraphy and structural geology at those locations, as well as providing significant insight into the geologic history of northeastern Illinois. The seismic reflection profiling provided considerably more information than previous geological and geotechnical studies, which relied on drill holes and downhole logging. With the exception of a few interpreted minor faults, carbonate rocks of the Galena and Platteville Groups are relatively flat lying and uniform in thickness and lithology. This consistent stratigraphic relationship was desirable along the Dauberman Road and Fermilab lines (figs. 1,12, and 13) where the chambers of the proposed SSC were to be located. The seismic reflection sections near Bristol (figs. 1 and 1 4) showed no evidence of faulting in the rocks extending from the bedrock surface to the upper Cambrian. The results of previous test drilling and geologic mapping suggested the possibility of small-scale faulting in the Bristol area. The Lily Lake seismic reflection section (figs. 1 and 15), which showed a strong, continuous reflection at the basement surface and provided information about basement rocks, did not show evidence of large-scale basement faulting interpreted from potential field data by McGinnis (1966). A downwarping of strata below the St. Peter Sandstone (fig. 12) and a small reverse fault that cuts strata from the top of the Prairie du Chien Group down to the top of the Franconia Sandstone (fig. 1 3), are indicative of a compressive event across the study area prior to the deposition of the St. Peter. A zone of small, parallel, high-angle normal faults that extend from the bedrock surface well into the Cambrian strata (fig. 12) is indicative of a tensional event younger than the Silurian Maquoketa rocks comprising the bedrock surface. The seismic reflection sections were particularly useful in examining the deeper rocks of the study area because of the paucity of deep drill holes. The nature of the unconformable surface at the base of the Ancell Group can be observed on sections from all four seismic reflection lines (figs. 12, 13, 14, and 15). The basement surface on the Lily Lake seismic section (fig. 15) yields a reflection as strong and continuous as anywhere else in the state. 24

37 References Buschbach, T. C, 1964, Cambrian and Ordovician strata of northeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Report of Investigations 218, 90 p. Horberg, L, 1950, Bedrock topography of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 73, 111 p. Kempton, J. P., R. C. Vaiden, D. R. Kolata, P. B. DuMontelle, M. M. Killey, and R. A. Bauer, 1985, Geological-geotechnical studies for siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois: Preliminary geological feasibility report: Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes 1 1 1, 63 p. Kolata, D. R., and A. M. Graese, 1983, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Maquoketa Group (Ordovician) in northern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 528, 49 p. Lineback, J. A., 1979, Quaternary deposits of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey map. McGinnis, L. D., 1966, Crustal tectonics and Precambrian basement in northwestern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Report of Investigations 219, 29 p. Piskin, K., and R. E. Bergstrom, 1967, Glacial drift in Illinois: Thickness and character: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 41 6, 33 p. Piskin, K., and R. E. Bergstrom, 1975, Glacial drift in Illinois: Thickness and character: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 490, 35 p. Vaiden, R. C, M. J. Hasek, C. R. Gendron, B. B. Curry, A. M. Graese, and R. A. Bauer, 1988, Geological-geotechnical studies for siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois: Results of drilling large-diameter test hole in 1986: Illinois State Environmental Geology Note 124, 58 p. Walker, C, Jr., 1988, Shallow seismic profiling for a tunnel site near Chicago, Paper presented at 58th Annual International Meeting and Exhibition: Society of Exploration Geophysics, Anaheim, CA, Oct. 30-Nov. 3, 1988, 9 p. Willman, H. B., J. C. Frye, J. A. Simon, K. E. Clegg, D. H. Swann, E. Atherton, C. Collinson, J. A. Lineback, and T. C. Buschbach, 1967, Geologic Map of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey. Willman, H. B., and J. C. Frye, 1970, Pleistocene stratigraphy of Illinois: Survey Circular 94, 204 p. Illinois State Geological Willman, H. B., 1971, A summary of geology in the Chicago area: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 460, 77 p. Willman, H. B., 1973, Rock stratigraphy of the Silurian Systems in northeastern and northwestern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 479, 55 p. Willman, H. B., E. Atherton, T. C. Buschbach, C. Collinson, J. C. Frye, M. E. Hopkins, J. A. Lineback, and J. A. Simon, 1975, Handbook of Illinois stratigraphy, Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 95, 261 p. Willman, H. B., and Kolata, D. R. 1978, The Platteville and Galena Groups in northern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 502, 75 p. 25

38 .. Appendix A Dauberman Road Field Parameters and Processing Sequence Recording instruments Record length Sample rate Tape format Number of channels Energy source Source interval Segment D-1 Field Parameters DFSV 1.0 sec.5 ms SEGB 72 Airgun 27.5 ft Receiver type Hydrophone P44 Receivers per group Standard configuration Split spread Feet Sp feet Recorded by Date recorded Walker Geophysical Co. 1 2/86-2/87 Recording instruments Record length Sample rate Tape format Number of channels Energy source Source interval Receiver type Receivers per group Standard configuration Feet Sp Recorded by Date recorded Segment D-2 Field Parameters DFSV 1.0 sec.5 ms SEGB 72 Airgun 27.5 ft Hydrophone P44 1 Split spread feet Walker Geophysical Co. 1 2/86-2/87 Processing Sequence 1. Demultiplex and QC display 2. Spherical divergence and gain recovery 3. Trace editing 4. Deconvolution type: band limited No. of gates 1 Design type average autocorrelation Frequency Hz Operator length White noise 51 ms 50% outside 0% inside 5. Source and receiver datum correction Datum 830 ft VR 6500 ft/sec 6. Common depth point gather 7. Velocity analysis via Digicon's Velfan 8. Brute stack 9. Residual static correction 10. Velocity analysis via Digicon's Velfan 1 1 Residual static correction 1 2. Normal moveout correction 13. Mute 14. Trace equalization 1 5. Common depth point stack 36 fold 1 6. Signal to noise enhancement (TAU-P method) 1 7. Digital filter type: bandpass Frequency Time Hz sec Hz sec Hz sec 1 8. Trace equalization 19. Film display Polarity convention Processing Sequence 1. Demultiplex and QC display 2. Spherical divergence and gain recovery 3. Trace editing 4. Deconvolution type: band limited No. of gates 1 Design type average autocorrelation Frequency Hz Operator length 51 ms White noise 50% outside 0% inside 5. Source and receiver datum correction Datum floating VR 6500 ft/sec 6. Common depth point gather 7. Velocity analysis via Digicon's Velfan 8. Brute stack 9. Residual static correction 1 0. Velocity analysis via Digicon's Velfan 1 1 Residual static correction 1 2. Normal moveout correction 13. Mute 1 4. Trace equalization 1 5. Common depth point stack 36 fold 1 6. Signal to noise enhancement (TAU-P method) 1 7. Digital filter type: bandpass Frequency Time Hz sec Hz sec Hz sec 18. Trace equalization 19. Final datum correction Datum VR 20. Film display Polarity convention 830 ft 6500 ft/sec All data processing techniques used have maintained the recording polarity. Normal polarity, a positive number, will be a filled peak; a negative number will be a trough (SEGY standard). Processed by Digicon Geophysical Corp. Houston Processing Center Land Department 26

39 . Field acquisition Date recorded Field reel numbers No. of shots on line Recording instruments Recording filter Notch Record length Sample rate No. of channels Tape format Direction of shooting Energy source Receiver Source interval Group interval Spread 1. Demultiplex Segment D-3 Recording Parameters Processing Sequence Walker Geophysical Aug. 12-Sept. 28, DFSV Low 90 high 51 2 Hz Out 1 sec.5 ms 72 (3x24) SEGB N-S Airgun P44 1 Hz 22 ft 22 ft Sp Minimum phase anti-alias filter application 3. Resample to 1 ms 4. Spherical divergence 5. Display field records 6. Trace editing 7. Source and receiver static correction Datum floating VR 6500 ft/sec 8. Common depth point gather 9. Initial velocity analysis 10. Residual statics application 11. Spectral equalization Frequency Hz 12. Velocity analysis 13. Residual statics application Frequency dependent 1 4. Normal moveout correction 15. Early mute 1 6. Trace equalization 1 7. Common depth point stack 36 fold 1 8. Deconvolution Type: band limited Gap length 5 ms Frequency Hz White noise 50% outside 0% inside Design gate sec 19. Signal to noise enhancement 20. Digital filter Type: bandpass Time (sec) Frequency (Hz) Trace equalization 22 Final datum correction Datum 830 ft 6500 ft/sec VR 23. Film display 30 TPI 20 IPS (1 in = 330 ft) Polarity convention Appendix B Field acquisition Date recorded Field reel numbers No. of shots on line Recording instruments Recording filter Notch Record length Sample rate No. of channels Tape format Direction of shooting Energy source Receiver Source interval Group interval Spread 1. Demultiplex Fermilab Parameters and Processing Sequence Segment NAL-1 Recording Parameters Walker Geophysical Oct. 26-Nov. 28, , DFSV Low 90 high 51 2 Hz Out 1 sec.5 ms 72 (3x24) SEGB N-S Airgun P44 1 Hz 22 ft 22 ft Sp Processing Sequence 2. Minimum phase anti-alias filter application 3. Resample to 1 ms 4. Spherical divergence 5. Display field records 6. Trace editing 7. Source and receiver static correction Datum 700 ft VR 6500 ft/sec 8. Common depth point gather 9. Initial velocity analysis 1 0. Residual statics application 1 1 Spectral equalization Frequency 1 2. Velocity analysis 13. Residual statics application Frequency dependent 1 4. Normal moveout correction 1 5. Early mute 1 6. Trace equalization Hz 1 7. Common depth point stack 36 fold 1 8. Deconvolution Type: band limited Gap length 5 ms. Frequency Hz White noise 100% outside 0% inside Design gate sec 19. Signal to noise enhancement 20. Digital filter Type: bandpass Time (sec) Frequency (Hz) Trace equalization 22. Film display 30 TPI 20 IPS (1 in = 330 ft) Polarity convention 27

40 . Field acquisition Date recorded Field reel numbers No. of shots on line Recording instruments Recording filter Notch Record length Sample rate No. of channels Tape format Direction of shooting Energy source Receiver Source interval Group interval Spread 1. Demultiplex Segment NAL-2 Recording Parameters Walker Geophysical Nov. 22, DFSV Low 90 high 512 Hz Out 1 sec.5 ms 72 (3x24) SEGB NW-SE Airgun P44 1 Hz 22 ft 22 ft Sp Processing Sequence 2. Minimum phase anti-alias filter application 3. Resample to 1 ms 4. Spherical divergence 5. Display field records 6. Trace editing 7. Source and receiver static correction Datum VR 8. Deconvolution 730 ft 6500 ft/sec Type: Spiking Design gate Offset Common depth point gather 1 0. Initial velocity analysis 1 1 Residual statics application 1 2. Secondary velocity analysis 13. Trim statics 14. Final velocity analysis 15. Residual statics application Frequency dependent 1 6. Normal moveout correction 1 7. Early mute 18. Trace equalization 19. Common depth point stack 36 fold Gate 50 ms ms 310 ms- 500 ms 20. Deconvolution Type: band limited Gap length 6 ms Frequency Hz White noise 1 00% outside 0% inside Design gate sec 21 Signal to noise enhancement 22. Digital filter Type: bandpass Time (sec) Frequency (Hz) Trace equalization 24. Final datum correction Datum 700 ft VR 25. Film display 30 TPI 20 IPS (1 in = 330 ft) Polarity convention 6500 ft/sec Segment NAL-3 Recording Parameters Field acquisition Walker Geophysical Date recorded Dec. 5, 1987-Jan.30, 19 Field reel numbers No. of shots on line 494 Recording instruments DFSV Recording filter Low 90 high 512 Hz Notch Out Record length 1 sec Sample rate.5 ms No. of channels 72 (3x24) and 96 (4x24) Tape format SEGB Direction of shooting NNE-SSW Energy source Airgun Receiver P44 1 Hz Source interval 22 ft Group interval 22 ft 72 channel spread Sp channel spread Sp Demultiplex Processing Sequence 2. Minimum phase anti-alias filter application 3. Resample to 1 ms 4. Spherical divergence 5. Display field records 6. Trace editing 7. Source and receiver static correction 700 ft 6500 ft/sec Type: 9, 10, , 13, 14, , 17, 18, Datum VR Deconvolution Design gate Offset 1584 Common depth point gather Initial velocity analysis Residual statics application Secondary velocity analysis Trim statics Final velocity analysis Residual statics application Frequency dependent Normal moveout correction Early mute Trace equalization Common depth point stack 36 & 48 fold Spiking Gate 50 ms ms 31 ms -500 ms 19, 20, Deconvolution Type: band limited Gap length 6 ms Frequency Hz White noise 100% outside 0% inside Design gate sec 21 Signal to noise enhancement 22 Digital filter Type: bandpass Time (sec) Frequency (Hz) , Trace equalization 24. Film display 30 TPI 20 IPS (1 in 330 ft) Polarity convention 28

41 . 4. Appendix C Bristol Field Parameters and Processing Sequence Recording instruments Recording filter Record length Sample rate Number of channels Energy source Source interval Source depth Pops/S. P. Gun size Receiver type Receiver interval Receivers per group Standard configuration Direction of shooting Recorded by Recorded for Date recorded Segment BR-1 Field Parameters Processing Sequence Processing length.5 sec Sample rate 1 ms DFSV 90/36-512/72 (Hz/DB/Oct) Notch out 0.5 sec.5 ms 3x24 Airgun 22 ft 9ft 3 10 C.I. Hydrophone -P44 (10 Hz) 22 ft ft -Sp ft North to south Walker Geophysical Co. Illinois State Geological Survey May 17-20, Demultiplex and QC display 2. Resample.5 to 1 ms 3. Spherical divergence and gain recovery 4. Trace editing 5. Deconvolution type: band limited No. of gates 1 Design type average autocorrelation Frequency Hz Operator length 51 ms White noise 50% outside 0% inside 6. Source and receiver datum correction Datum 600 ft VR 6500 ft/sec 7. Common depth point gather 8. Initial velocity analysis 9. Residual statics 1 0. Final velocity analysis 1 1 Normal moveout correction 12. Mute 13. Time variant scaling 14. Common depth point stack 15. Datum correction (+71 ms.) Datum 830 ft VR 6500 ft/sec 1 6. Spectral enhancement Hz Digital filter type: bandpass Frequency Time Hz sec 18. TAU-P domain signal enhancement 19. Time variant scaling Instruments Type Format Gain control Source Type Interval Segment BR-3 Recording Parameters DFSV SEGB IFP Airgun 22 ft Cable Channels 72 (3 x 24) Geophone type P44 Array Inline Geophones/stat unknown 1. Daturm elevation Sample Interval.5 ms Record length 1 sec Filter 90/36-360/72 Hz Direction shot Interval Geophone Freq Spacing Processing Sequence 2. Subweathering velocity 3. Date processed 4. Demultiplex 5. Shot and trace edit 6. Gain recovery 7. Common midpoint sort 8. Datum statics Correction to floating datum 9. Initial velocity analysis 830 ft 6500 ft/sec. June Surface consistent residual statics 1 1 Final velocity analysis 12. Normal moveout removal 13. Mute 1 Amplitude equalization 15 Datum statics Correction to datum % stack 1 7. Predictive deconvolution Operator length 50 ms Prediction lag 10 ms Design window ms 18. Signal enhancement 19. Wave equation migration 20. Bandpass filter Hz 22. Automatic gain control 200 ms 23. Display 20 tr/in Polarity 22 ft 10 Hz unknown 20 in/s Black peaks are positive 29

42 . Appendix D Recording instruments Recording filter Record length Sample rate Number of channels Energy source Source interval Source depth Charge size Receiver type Receiver interval Receivers per group Standard configuration Direction of shooting Recorded by Recorded for Date recorded Lily Lake Field Parameters and Processing Sequence Field Parameters DFSV 90/36-360/72 (Hz/DB/Oct) Notch out 2.0 sec 1 ms 56 Dynamite 55 ft 24 ft.33 to 1 lb. Hydrophone -P44(10Hz) 55 ft 1 SP - Ch. #1 - Ch. # ft North to south Walker Geophysical Co. Illinois State Geological Survey March 16-19, 1986 Processing length Sample rate Processing Sequence 1 sec 2 ms 1. Demultiplex and QC display 2. Resample 1 to 2 ms 3. Spherical divergence and gain recovery 4. Trace editing 5. Deconvolution type: band limited No. of gates 1 Design type average autocorrelation Frequency Hz Operator length 81 ms White noise 50% outside 0% inside 6. Source and receiver datum correction Datum 830 ft VR 6500 ft/sec 7. Common depth point gather 8. Initial velocity analysis 9. Residual statics 10. Final velocity analysis 1 1 Normal moveout correction 12. Mute 13. Residual statics 1 4. Time variant scaling 15. Common depth point stack 1 6. Spectral enhancement Hz 1 7. Digital filter type: bandpass Frequency Time Hz sec 18. TAU-P domain signal enhancement 1 9. Time variant scaling 30

43 II Seismic Refraction Profiling

44

45 R 7 E R 8 E R 9 E R 6 E R 7 E R 8 E R 9 E seismic refraction lines seismic rellection line 6 mi. 9 km. Figure 1 Index map-location of seismic refraction profiles. Introduction More than 80 line-miles of seismic refraction data were gathered in Kane, Kendall, Du Page, and Will Counties, Illinois (fig. 1 ) to define the geologic framework of the near-surface deposits in the proposed site for the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC). The results of this seismic refraction survey provided information relevant not only to the construction of the SSC tunnel and the location of its attendant vertical service shafts, but also to other future construction and to evaluation of groundwater, aggregate (crushed stone), and sand and gravel resources in the region. The results of the seismic refraction survey include information on compressional wave velocities of the glacial drift and rocks in the bedrock surface (appendix A), which permit inferences to be made concerning the lithologic character of the glacial drift and the bedrock surface. Low velocities of the glacial drift may be indicative of sand and gravel deposits; higher velocities may be indicative of till. In an area where rocks that constitute the bedrock surface have a uniform lithology, lower velocities likely correspond to pronounced weathering and/or fracturing. Fractures in the upper bedrock often serve as conduits for transmitting sizeable quantities of groundwater in this region. 33

46 Table 1 Length of cable and geophone intervals for estimated depth to bedrock in the study area. Cable length (ft) Geophone interval (ft) Estimated depth to bedrock (ft) < The results of the seismic refraction survey also include drift thickness or depth-to-bedrock values (appendix A). Together with information from existing discrete drill holes, the depth-to-bedrock values have been used to construct an improved bedrock topography map and delineate buried bedrock valleys. When filled with coarse-grained glacial deposits, the bedrock valleys are often sites of shallow groundwater supplies. Seismic Refraction Method In the seismic refraction method, the time between the initiation of seismic waves by an explosion or some other energy source and the first disturbances indicated by a geophone at some measured distances from the energy source (shot point) are observed. The first disturbances or arrivals correspond to the onset of compressional waves, the fastest traveling waves. According to Fermat's principle, the waves that cause the first disturbances are the ones that have traveled the minimum time path between the shot point and the geophones. By observing first arrivals for several shot-to-geophone distances, a time-distance plot can be constructed. The time-distance plot can be analyzed by comparing the variation of minimum time paths with distance. Deductions can be made about the nature and depth of the elastic discontinuities (velocity discontinuities) required to account for the observed time-distance relationships. Elastic discontinuities then may be interpreted to define the nature, depth, and orientation of geologic units below the earth's surface (Nettleton, 1940). Successful application of the seismic refraction method requires that the compressional wave velocities of the geologic units of interest increase monotonically with depth. This requirement was met in the SSC study area, where there were essentially three shallow geologic units of interest: the so-called weathered layer at the earth's surface, which is generally quite thin and has a relatively low velocity; the layer of unconsolidated deposits, consisting of glacial till or sand and gravel, which has a higher velocity; and the bedrock, which has a still higher velocity, even where it is weathered and/or fractured. Difficulties arise using the seismic refraction method when a velocity inversion exists at depth, that is, when a geologic unit has a velocity less than that of the overlying unit. This situation commonly occurs in bedrock valleys where compact glacial tills may overlie the loose, valley-fill sands and gravels. The low velocity unit is called the hidden layer because it is not apparent on time-distance plots of first arrivals. Straightforward application of analytical interpretive techniques, which assume monotonically increasing velocities with depth, will yield erroneously excessive depths to all elastic discontinuities below the hidden layer. In the case of a bedrock valley containing a unit of thick basal sand and gravel overlain by a compact till unit, the calculated depth to the valley floor will be greater than it is in reality. This means that the thalwegs of such bedrock valleys will be exaggerated and, therefore, more readily discerned; but accurate determination of depth to the valley floor and thickness of the hidden sand and gravel unit requires reference to the nearest drill holes that penetrate bedrock. 34

47 * Shotpoint A Geophone Layer 3 Figure 2 Shot and geophone arrays used with FRAC and SIPT programs Equipment Seismic refraction data were acquired using two multichannel signal-enhancement seismographs (EG&G Geometries models ES-2415F and ES-1225) from the Illinois State Geological Survey. The 24-channel ES-2415F was used for most of the data acquisition. The 12-channel ES-1225, which is lighter and more portable, was used when it was necessary to hand-carry a seismograph to a field site. Mark Products 14 Hz vertical component geophones were used for detecting first arrivals. Field Procedures To obtain optimum results from shallow refraction surveying, it is necessary to choose appropriate shot and geophone arrays. These choices depend primarily on the layering parameters (velocities and thicknesses) of the near-surface materials and depth to the lowest refracting interface of interest. It is also important that the shot and geophone arrays are compatible with computer programs for processing and interpreting the data. In this study, the lowest refracting interface of interest was the glacial drift-bedrock contact. Estimates of the depth to this interface and the layering parameters of the near surface materials were made from drill hole information and results of previous seismic refraction work. Table 1 summarizes cable length and geophone intervals used for the estimated depth to bedrock throughout the study area. The computer programs, FRAC and SIPT-1, used for processing and interpreting the data gathered in this survey, were compatible with the shot and geophone arrays shown in figure 2. Dynamite charges, detonated in holes 4 to 5 feet deep, were the energy sources employed in most of the seismic refraction surveying. The size of the charges ranged from as small as 1/6 pound to as large as 1 pound, depending on the character of the unconsolidated, near-surface deposits and the estimated depth to bedrock. Where utilities and other cultural obstructions prevented the use of dynamite, a self-propelled, drop-hammer, pavement-breaking machine was used as a "thumper" source. Because the thumper does not provide nearly as much energy in a single blow as a dynamite blast, signals from several blows of the thumper had to be stacked before printing a seismic record. 35

48 , Processing of Seismic Refraction Data The data processing for the study consisted of assembling seismic refraction information, constructing an accurate index map to show locations of all seismic refraction profiles in the SSC study area (fig. 1), and preparing observed seismic refraction data for input into computer programs. The programs produce the layering parameter (velocity and thickness) solutions, which can be interpreted to define the nature, depth, and orientation of geologic units near the earth's surface. First-arrival times were picked manually from printed records and plotted against distances from shot points to geophones. The least-squares line segments associated with discrete near-surface geologic units were fitted to the time-distance plots. Intercept times and slopes of the line segments were determined. The inverse of the slope of the line segment passing through the origin is the true velocity of the weathered surficial material. Where the weathered layer is relatively thin compared to geophone spacing, there may be no evidence of the weathered layer on the time-distance plot. In such cases a "true" velocity of 1,500 ft/sec was assigned to the weathered layer. The inverse of the slopes of the other two line segments are apparent velocities of the layer of unconsolidated deposits and the bedrock surface. The relationship of an apparent velocity to the true velocity of a geologic unit depends on the direction and amount of dip on the upper surface of a geologic unit under a seismic refraction profile. The final step in preparing input to the seismic refraction computer programs, FRAC and SIPT-1 was determining shot point and geophone elevations from 7.5 minute topographic maps. The FRAC program for inverting seismic refraction data follows a method set forth by Heiland (1940), which assumes that velocity inceases monotonically with depth and planar surfaces bound the near-surface geologic units of interest during the seismic refraction profile. Heiland's method requires reverse profiling, that is, first-arrival times from shots placed at both ends of the seismic refraction profile are employed. The input to the program includes shot elevation, intercept times, and velocities associated with both the forward and the reverse shots. As mentioned above, except for the weathered layer, the input velocities are apparent velocities. The output from this program includes depths to the tops of layers corresponding to geologic units under the shot points and the true velocity of each layer. SIPT-1 (Seismic Interpretation Program Two) was used to process much of the seismic refraction data in this study. The program, originally developed by Scott et al. (1972) to run on mainframe computers, was modified later by Haeni (1986) for microcomputer use. Like the FRAC program, the algorithm of the SIPT-1 program also assumes velocity increases monotonically with depth; but unlike the FRAC program, the algorithm of the SIPT-1 program assumes all layer boundaries are represented by a series of straight-line segments connected endto-end beneath geophone locations and extended from one end of the seismic refraction profile to the other. The SIPT-1 program is based on the delay-time method described by Pakiser and Black (1957), but it also uses an interactive ray-tracing technique developed by Scott et al. (1972) to minimize discrepancies between the measured and computed first-arrival times. The program requires data obtained by overlapping arrays of 12 geophones and locating shots at the ends and offset from the ends of the geophone arrays (fig. 2). The input to the program includes shot locations and elevations, geophone locations and elevations, and first-arrival times. The output from the SIPT-1 program includes true velocity of each layer, depths to the tops of each layer below each geophone along with the corresponding elevation, and ray-tracing data. The SIPT-1 program is especially useful in processing seismic refraction data obtained in regions where the earth's surface and/or the boundaries of the subsurface geologic units are topographically rough. Results Results of the seismic refraction survey in the study for the Superconducting Super Collider are given in appendix A. Along with information concerning the locations of the seismic refraction 36

49 profile, this appendix includes compressional wave velocities of the weathered layer, the subjacent layer of unconsolidated deposits, and the bedrock surface beneath the profiles. The primary value of the velocity data is that they allow inferences to be made concerning the lithologic character of the near-surface deposits. The velocity data also are valuable in defining those areas where a bedrock surface of a constant lithology has experienced considerable weathering and/or fracturing. Appendix A also includes the elevation of the earth's surface and depths to the top of the layer of unconsolidated deposits and to the bedrock surface beneath the end points of each seismic refraction profile. As mentioned above, a constant compressional wave velocity of 1,500 ft/sec was assigned to the thin weathered layer at the earth's surface. Velocities associated with the layer of unconsolidated deposits below the weathered layer and above the bedrock surface range from slightly less than 3,000 ft/sec to slightly more than 8,000 ft/sec. Velocities less than 4,500 ft/sec in the unconsolidated deposits commonly correspond to loose sands and gravels, whereas velocities greater than 4,500 ft/sec correspond to glacial tills. Velocities associated with the bedrock surface range from as low as 9,000 ft/sec to more than 20,000 ft/sec. Lower velocities for the bedrock surface correspond to clastic rocks and higher velocities correspond to carbonate rocks. However, weathering and/or fracturing of the bedrock may result in anomalously lower velocities. Some of the lower velocities associated with the intermediate layer of unconsolidated deposits may correspond to materials that make up the weathered layer and some of the higher velocities associated with the intermediate layer may correspond to rocks composing the bedrock surface. In such cases, information gathered from nearby boreholes can often help in assigning velocities to the proper geologic units. Bedrock surface elevations vary considerably within the study area (fig. 3). Elevations as low as 381 feet and as high as 869 feet above mean sea level have been determined using the seismic refraction data. Glacial drift thickness in excess of 300 feet has been noted. Summary More than 80 miles of seismic refraction profiling provided additional information to the database on the near-surface geologic framework of northeastern Illinois. This database is important in solving a number of local and regional geological, hydrological, and engineering problems. An updated bedrock topography map (fig. 3), which incorporates information gathered in this study, has relevance not only to future construction, but also to the location of shallow groundwater and aggregate resources. Buried bedrock valleys often contain large quantities of sand and gravel; thus, these valleys often serve as conduits for shallow groundwater supplies. The location of these shallow aquifers also is an important consideration in the location of waste disposal sites. The additional information provided by the seismic refraction surveying on depth to bedrock and the nature of both unconsolidated deposits and the bedrock surface (inferred from velocity data) will be useful in siting future sand and gravel pits and quarrying operations. 37

50 R6E R7E R8E R9E Figure 3 Bedrock topography map of study area. Contour interval 50 ft 38

51 References Dobrin, M. B., 630 p. 1976, Introduction to geophysical prospecting: McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, Haeni, F. P., 1986, Application of seismic refraction methods in groundwater modelling studies in pp New England: Geophysics, v. 51, Heiland, C. A., 1968, Geophysical exploration: Hafner Publishing Co., New York, 1013 p. Nettleton, L. L, 1940, Geophysical prospecting for oil: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. New York, 444 p. Pakiser, L. C, and R. A. Black, 1957, Exploring for ancient channels with the refraction seismograph: Geophysics, v. 22, no. 1, January, pp Scott, J. H., B. L. Tibbetts, and R. G. Burdick, 1972, Computer analysis of seismic refraction data: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Rl 759S, 99 p. Sharma, D. V., 1976, Geophysical methods in geology: Elseivier Publishing Co., 428 p. Telford, W. M., L. P. Geldart, R. E. Sheriff, and D. A. Keys, 1976, Applied geophysics: Cambridge University Press, 860 p. 39

52 Appendix A Results of Seismic Refraction Profiling * * * * * * o o o o o o o o o o o o cc cc tr oc tr tr go g go o m CD CD CD CD 0000^000^^< u- "- LUlujOoccxcccrtrcrtrtrcrcEtrcrtr- tla-u-u_u,o_o_a.clij_cla_a_u- a. a. zz cc cc cc IULUWOOOOOOOOOQO O.CLQ.OOUOOOOOOOO OOOOLlJOOO>>9t^liJUJUJLULUUJ'iJ^JLUliilliLULULlJ(rtr troccrtr itrtrtrisio-'-'-'-i-i-i-i-i-i-i i-i-i-i-i^-i JJ-JJJ-l-J-J-J-J-JTT-l-l-ldlllllldllllllltCCH ^JsJ^CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC,ri,ri,ri,ri^.o,ri,«DCir[rQ-Q.C)-Q.O.Q.Q.Q-CLQ.CLO.Q.aD-mrn n o_ a. mmmm2cdcdm>->-<ssss2s2ssssssssiuujsssmaicda]cdcdmmmcqm LU LU UJ UJ LU LU id I _J _l _J _l _l Q ^ _J _J ^ ^ ^ gssssss j CC CC CC CC CC cc s O o o o o o lis i CD (0 S^ LUl in Ol^SNOCQCDlOnNSlONQCDOlCCIffi 4N*-u)Niooona}inr](0(M(0<DnNco(DN m(dcdc[>(d$(dsnn(f)(dcd<din : 3 IOU(DN o,- m in ^t r^ *t o r^i^i^r^i^tor^r^r^r^r^h-rvr^ : ID in ^ in in en IT) s in * T in aj in r^ s o o r-,- m c\j o> to in 8 s?s *- in <o(dirtinin(osffiroo)^owt-snrtc)^or)(dn(on(dnnnnn«ia)i-\fio(oir>ioinino inoiiqisttiqffiqqinqoidosnnoioaiscoaiq'-iflinnoont-soiprinni-nqo) SNNNNNSSNNlDC0CDC0(O(0(OlD(D(Oa)<DIDC0GD(D(Sa)a0(O(DCD0)(O<Da)NNNNN r^^r^r^r*-r*»r«.<0(o<o a* o o lui Sf:S883 t o h- coi^(or^<oa><oi^»~^r^fiomm^^oooo-^^: ssnsnssstoocotoaja) CDailDOIDOaiaiOONNNSNNNNSNNNCDUtOCDID cocomm(df^r^r^ n o *! o r> c % a o 11 ooncmooo^^- (\i to n o m ^lo^ot-ojoiinnonnon^^oosi-ffi^ojffl^oon^rtajtofliotownidoidwsoinr-soiwinaiinflinci,^ ST-eoaiK(»s(ow(0(Din(DnNa)^siO'-(DO(n^fflso)ioinooiD(D070oio(07inrt'-(0(j)inos(oiO'-vNoieo > NajmsioosN Sn o (O o t LO (O co m o r*- to o co in r- to in o in r^. n.f o n> o a c u. U O c Oi ioooooco*-coco^j- n q * s in» s to s ai (*) ^ WOSfflNi-IONS ONffiOOJO^tDO^ (b(b(\iirinirin(d6s o> o> r*» r-» r*» co S*~ co ^ *J ^ w ri w w w n P) O T- T- 1- t- ffl CD f- ^ O) oi i- -~ r- m a) in m to co co rs. m ^ h- o to r^ 6 q co m «* eft in *- o w O) w n rt o o^oooajoio)inm'-'-soqowww(\imif)'t^*'t aomo}a)ffif«-<-i-<-cd(ds(onc\iqqcqq(d(0(m(\jknm ^wnwiofi-rtrtrtoinrjoioioffltdicfloia^'tcocd co co K * * 3; h«- O) CD O) o o o T-iniQiQO)^in^NwmT-5^inin(0'tW(DONnsojeoincOi-inQco< )'t«0'-^a)05a)^i-w NSNN(D(D(DNW)ninmS(0(ONSNNNNNNNNSSNNSNIfiiD(D(Oir)ir)(D(Oinin(D(OW WOO'IlOtDIDONOOfflOOlSOJNOlNOOl'tnNOONt-OINOOlQOOfflOWlpajQOt-, ONNMioma>ooinco 0(0(OfflOJW(D'-'-N(0 (DNNONOJOJOOOaOIOinNN _ rvcocftcocdcncncyojcnj- S0)0)O0)0)O(M(MCB'-l0.. mmiommcocoto (0(om<omco(0(omco(o ^oooiooq'-no ^^NsbNNNaiQoco^cooototQipNtDcpaiconn cocoinincococoinininininlnincocoioinincotoinininlnln zzzzzzzz miu zzzz LULULUiuuLuu zzzzzzzzzz uji^lu zzzzzzz mmmmiuujuu z Luujmujui coc/)(n(ncootcocn55wcowco <»ototcowcocowwco cocococococoiocococococococoto<0(ococococococococococococococococo cococococococococomcocotocococo III in III J CJ III in in it) 8 8 i i _l en <n X _i < > c> c> en ft o l/l S o m n O 8 ft "" cm *~ O) xinimiiiiiiiiiii^tiiiiininira -_i J..j LU in III _j LU UJ in in io 8 n._! -J 8 Q o 7 o in IT) o O r> ro in r- < m ZZZZZZZZZZZZ 0>00)0)0)0)0)0)0)C3> nnorocji'ifocortcinni'jo ^ HI *» -1 *. O) h- in r- LU O - <M «- co in o CJ i-»- r- CD z z z z z z z z z z zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz z z z z z z»-t-t-co(ocb<bm(pwminiriiniria> «-»--*- - -^n?5?5n<mscm<mnn<m^cgw<mnnp50'-'-'-'- ncof-'ttininin = i i i > t <<<<<< 2 LJJWLULULULULULULUUJLUIJJUJUJOQLUIJJLUIJJUJLUUJLULUUJUJUJW UJUJUJUJLULUUJUJLUUJLUUJUJUJUJUJLUUJUJLUOOQOQO -n ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 77777^73?^Z^Z2ZZ2ZZZZZZZZZZ O«-Nr)^ifl(0NC00)O cdcoto(0(dcocd(dco(0<ocd(dcd(ocdcd in(oncoo)0'-(\ipj'tio<pn nnn(nn?^^^^^?^?,90»0'-nc)^in(dn«i 0'-(\in^ina)N ;TiAininioinir)iniAinin(Offi(0(O(O(D(O<o t0c0<o(0t0<oc0c0(oto(oc0c0c0c0c0c0(0(o(oc0 CD GO CD CD

53 i l i i_j_j i i_j I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I i. z > I i t 1 t I I t I t i i i i i i J. _ i i i p r i I I I I i I p I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I» I I Appendix A continued B ~ $ a * ^. JM i UJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJLULULLJLlJ l i i i_j * ^ * * *: _j DC DC DC DC DC CC DC CC CC DC DC i 8y y 5 OOOOOdk=: LU LU Lil LU LU LU LU LU LU LU UJ UJ LU UJ UJ UJ UJ 1 1 > _J _J 1 1 J > UJ UJ Lil LU DC DC CC CC CC CC a: cc cc a: DC CC CC OC UJ UJ LU UJ UJ LT CC CC CC CC _J ^ ^ _J J o o o o o > > > > > «^swin»-nw^so)^^nof,)p)inoioa3(oso5'-owwojto)'*wtdin(0'tcj'-(d oor^^c\jcycnjio^wcnino^cycj^r^r^rn.^c3)(ocnjo^r^r^o)^f^(pina)ooooco*-i-co^ u^ininioioioioinu^tn^<ocoin(dtointnu^ioinv(oco(dr^(0(d(dr^^inln(o<dioio(0(0(0(o (D(D(DioiomiD(O(0inmcDin(O(D.-*-<MO>0000>01*-C>00 <n^fyoinino>oc\if^inooinr50<ookojc\jintf)oa3ootncyior)oior5<doooqooooooojc\jw»-oc\jooqo> NNOtONNNcocDNNcooo^ojojnnoicooissoiascoinajNtDNtoioioincDtDtocDinininLninio^ (O(O(0<O(O(O(O(D(D(O(O^r^r^^^<O(O(O<D(Z}G0r^r^(DC0(OCD(D(O<D(DC0C0<O<O(O(OC0(D(O(O(D(O(O(OtO<O «==- UJ a)inr^ioininr^^cokouir*t-tto)iocnin<dc\ico(or^coo<ooooc\jcdinhvoj(dooooooooocy(ni<\iooojooo SNNKSS03SN.. (0(O(O(O<O<O(O(O(D(D(O(D(DCD (O (O (O to (O (O(D<D(D(DCD<OtDCD(D(D<D<D<D(OtDCDCDCD(DtDCDCbCDCDtb n 01 >. TO O.r yi c a Tl r Oi ^ooiwno)0)(00'-in»-no) ^inininoibn»-rta3^ininioo^^noff)'-(ocd^^^sffl<o(onin(do'-'toftiw«-(,)(0,»edinin (D(J)O'-(D(D0)rtCri r^ <o t o 0(DOOnO(D'-mO)(D(0(O^S^(,)SCDO)'J(D(\l o)i-wio^irtw^ifi^on(din^?5'*3ifiit(din<ooinoc»(d< )oo)oco(dinns5'j(\i c\jcoc\ic\jmm*tminmcom*j'co, n t o o o OJ c ^ a 8.a T> a o C 0)(D(OOSiniD^NP)N co ^ocoiriuicoocbcboi *-*-»-'«-C\J «OWrO)W(DO(DCI)'-(010r)(Or3'trt(\l OWOWtONOJtOWPJintONt-NO)^ oofflo^o)ro)0)oocoont-noio)insninooo(\iro)wo)^(dinsinwonoinin^(dw«oin'-nn^nwnwo) HNW»-t-»"t-«t-T-i-»- «- *-»-*-»-»-,-?5*-»-*-i-*- i- r- *-»- *- 0)0)0)0 co co co co *-»- ^~ CD m m in inmcpcocdcd^t'^-'ccoininm'joooooa) ono)do)0)ininm'-'-'-«-mo)nnwnn inininmmiotouxointoidtovmidkxotdin (0<OO)O f-(osss(d(dwm(\in'-'-'- t- ininin^^nsnsffin^wingfflnojcpcpnwnojnnfflfflagjwwwwwsffleo * Q * onwnwownngnoo'-roroifioioofflojnftinnnnnnnoow Srt co co ^ r^coojcocococoooooocoinco minminmmmmmminminininmininmininin 888 mmmmmmmtnintn inininininininin 8888 LUUIUJUJUJLJJ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ UJUJUJUJUJ Z UJ s (\i a) o m r n- m O) <p r^. in in *t cm co to co in *t ^ ^r *t r> (D(0(D(0r-«-r-OJ(0OI(D QQQO)O)'<t'<*CDeO*-<-c0 3 3 S S n 9 cd cd cd in in in OOOOOOOOOOO ooooooooooo ininininioiritnlriiritntnm Z UJUJL1JL1JUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ eococowwwcococncncncncn55555w5tt ^ OOOOOQQOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOinOOOOO ooooooooooooooooooogmoooommcmooooo ooococococoocococococococococococococococococococdcocococococo ooooooooooo OQmmminmtninminininininininmmmm 88 oooooooo foocdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcd <<=!=; c2ggg5 55 5aB s 9 s g o! ffimai(iia)s:<>>iliijuioo>->->->->>>->- 0)N«T-'«tOW'-NOJKOJN a)t-ncocd(\jnu70](00)n(\i(o^cdc\ic\ina)c)cdoja9m, rx> lo lo lo inininmmmcoidiomommminioiomtoms mossioto'-'ioido" (00)0)SOO)OJ^Oi-ONnWO)0(00)0)iDfflO'- oo)r)(d(\iidm(flg)(ooiomr05ir)( )S(0(0(Oin, " m ^t o m <o cjitnincocogo^coco. tnincocotninininmcoinminmininmmmco OfflWOffi^OOONWWCJWN' >I5 z in lu uj lil UJ -J m in Z 4,- in in in in uj i- co in w cu j eg tfl K) ^ N 5; - r i i =^ i i i «t i t I I S,JUJL1IJ1S01(00)Z011/1(/1.. OLUOOOOinOOOOOOO'-*-*- (/1ZZZZJUJJ co j j(/)55 _ cm in in CD inmoointtt***t 5 -- m cm o uj a) i- S i- N O Od)«DO'-oa)(OONOsio m m o m o i^ o W O CD OJ i- ojc\icoco'-c\icoeo(d»-wo)r^co m cm *- cm co *t -j5 5 uj in o o m o m m m n co ul m o cm r^ m =JWCnc/)tO-J-J Zmmommmcoco mwcpqnojsoo o)^--r-t-»-r)ncd coco m m o co en en en i, =J =J s oj m m Z Z tt w o s o o»- CD CJ ^ _f ooinomoo>>luoomooo orinoinainsotos'iid'-tdn mr^o)r*0)r-'«-oooa>co*-como *-»-»-C\J'--(D'«-f^C\JC0^C0 c/> Fn -^ W i ^^^^-j-jcncncncoaj-j ZZZZU)</>omooinc/j mooooot-comor^o n O n r^qinooinmin^oeooin 8?s oin<dr*(om*-'-*-cooq fc?. o o o 5uj^55uj-r5555^^55555^uj inm>ooinluoooo>>moinoo>oooomoo cmrvoomcminoinoqinocmmcmm*-ooino>^-'-om '-coqco'-cocmo'tcd^incor^cmojcor^^'-r^cdmoco zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz KSSSNKffl ms(da)cpa)cda)cd(pntdidcpqqqqssnnnsssnssnksssnnssnnnkkss oooco<ococococoncoococococortcococococooco^^^^oconcoconcoocoocococo<ococococococon <<<<<< G Q Q Q Q Q uj 2 Z Z Z Z Z - UJ UJ LU UJ UJ Lil OO'-n'fiDlOKfflO) CDSSNNKSNNNS cmcocmcm<d(d<oinmminma>o)0)0) _i i t i i i i i i i i i i i i i i» i t i i i i i r i < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 777^77ZZ?ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ UjujujujujujOujluujujujujujOOOOQOOOOOQQOOOOOQOQOOOOOQO UJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ ID CD S O) 8o88SSSS 82^^2^^^^2^ScM8i CDCDCDCDCDCDCDCDCDCCCDCDCDCC 41 IDCDIDvDII'UJlDlDlOlO r, CDGO q s iteinbii *<if^logical SURVEY LIBRARY

54 1 i i i i i 1000SL, 2525WL 1950WL 1350WL i Appendix A continued x x x x x x x I I X I X XIIXI 5fc 3DZ3DDDD b 3 O 3 Z> Z> 3 3 b 3 < LU UJ LU LU LU -j^-j-j-i-j*!*:***::*::*: LTLTLTLTLrLrLrLrLTLrLTLrLrLrLraitxaiLrLtLrLrLtLr ^ ^000 <<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>->-<<<<<>>->-<<<<<>>->->->>->->>>->m>>>>a>mmmlt)ii>lt> ISs co co co co N'-wajnanioojtDfoni-^cocM^T-oNO PJOOOlD'NttMaiffllMONfflOl'-N'-iOOO) o cocococotncococoincocotntninincomcoincom in t- co T- O co T- co 3) co in co^toioiowsm N (V (0 (D W o<d(dw«oo)g)^o^oino)(00<oo^<d^n^n(dno)t^fflw'-«io^«0)inn<diow^nnsin^in n(\iwo)t-onwnoo'-ffla}ovt$von(dnoosotdlflnw'-ffl^^no(dinio(offl(owo'-«-noo cococoincocococococococoincocoinincocoinincocointncointnincdcoincocococococoinininincoc^ Hi 5 > o lui a O I o > E w 13, n 4- o o co "-H 2 c >> o *z a. TJ a lu inini?)inininininininininin<o(oco<ointnoc»0)00)0)oi'-ooo5»-'-ocj)0)<0(ocj>ooa>0'-o> OQpoQOOQO^tinr^cftoooinf^r^cMincMinoooooocM^t^tommQOf^omco^J-ocM (D(0(0(D<0(0(DID(0(D(I)(D(DOCD(D<fi{010S(OUN<0(0(DSNN(DN' CD (0 1010(0SNSNNSN SQOOOooooco^inr^oocooor^iowfflinuiQQcDQcvjcjO'tQininooN.r^oinocDcoQQQQOOQoooo inininiftioininininininin(didui<d(dino>0)roo)0)rosffioqo)w^offio)(fl ooooooooo ooddddodd ooooooooo ddddddddd rjpjt-'ai^nirindpioideo inmmf-'-'-cocokcomn.coo 0) in o co dojojcbdiriiricb Ntin»-ortinift ^ CD (0 co in ^ o h. m*-*-mcoo>cnj^coococoeo co f-* co co o tosooo^po^nn(pd'-^ricp<»<\i«iajn(5dt-ftn 1s(\iocD -(Dno)<-a)Ooon(\i?nii)Mo99(DmNMn(Doa)7Na)(OiA in *- cm c» co oonniowi-^(\i(0»-mo»cow(oeo f~ f~ 01 r^ CD s c.2 c r^m**comcoo*»oo*-0)0'--r*- t CD CI ^t O O) o "J *» Ol r- «* d co! s o) d co d r^ <n o m O r<- co T- c o q. nj Q o sinco'-coo'-cfiooiniofflflooiojkajujnwtoocdown 0) h- WP)'tO)inNO'-(, 30NO)fl)(D't(ON(0«OOI(0(OC)N(OmOlOin^^ o> co T- o <J> cn t co - O) o o - o * o 0) ooooooooo 't O) O (0 O)*-C0(QCQ_ Sgir-rtKi-noSw m co «- in o oj oj o m oj 8ffl^QlOlO(ONO<pfflWipinp)NWlfiWO)Oin(»(\J(\INN'-'-'-'- in^coojnojin^coininojojoin^inco^^^ooj^cocooi^^^^ OW^i-'-NffllOtOippfflQNWncJNSN'SffflQbinQQQQ www^i- ci)0)in'*ffln(ooooo)0)(oo)0)ojo)nn'*a)(ow _ ih oi oftwinfflftsnovqftidi; s m s ojincococncoocoin^tojojococococo ' O)(DQ(DNir)5<0SftftW»-i-i-imincomcocomcoinminmmmcococococo WOJ'-TfffiffiQ'tinNWffl'-'-'-'- in m in in co co m m m m in in m 8888 in m in in LU LU UJ LU UJ LU LU zzzzzzzzzz LU LU UJ LU z z z z z z z z z z z z LU LU LU LU :S<nci)c/Swc/5wcncAoSa)5$$55 OOQQQQOQOOOOOOQOQOQQQQOQOQOOQQCJOOOOOOOCDQQOOOCDQOOOOQOOOO <O(O(O(OC0CD(O(O(D(O(O(O(O(D(O(O(O(OCDCDCD(O<OC0(O O LU _i ^ S 5. > > in in in in S N N CV a> r- in (M cm en in cm co co <D «n I _i _i i i z z -> z z z 8 z _1 20N z 8 8 L, L, L, * -s _j o > ^ 5 S 5 in in in in o in in III in S N N 0) r^ in 0) in co <D -»- z z f f _j _i j z oo Z o J. _T 1 o m 5 5 -i' _r _r en KOoZOlfflo in in in m» «o g o o «i o nio 0) r- zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz r^r^r^^r-^r^r^r^r^r^r^^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^coa>cor^r^r^r^r^cococor^r^cococgcocococor^r^r^f^a)a)coa)coco5 onwnowonrtnnoncoononnnnonnrtrtrtnortonnortortortnonrtowoooiinrtonnn C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0OOOO *. ^oq cm cm en oj en nnnnnnioio(d(o^nnni-i-'''-«rti\i''-nnonn«n'-t-t-"-nmm<ijnn ^ogg^wnnnioid^con^^^ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i _i _) i i i i i _j_j i i i i j i i i i i i i j _j_i _i.j_j_i_j _j_j _j_i_j_j <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< << <<<<< << <<<<..,QQLUUJUJDQDQDLULULUQQLU11JUJUJUJUJLUQQQQUJUJUJUJLULJJUJ zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzjddzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz UJLULULUlULULULUUJUJLUUJLULUlULUUJWLUi=:=:^LULU<<<LUlULULUlU<<<LUUJ<<<<<<f<UJUJUJlU<<<<<<< co in OJ 88 ss in co <o 1^ ss? o in in in to ^ in in in m 8 in s CD in 8 to CD ID in CD CD CD CD <D O ^ C\J co in CD ID 8 co s CD ID CD CD s CD CD en W CD ID ID to CD <D ID CD CD CD CD ID CD 8 CD CD CD CD CD CD CD ID en CD a) CD CD CD CD CD (0 <o <D <D CD CD CD ID ID CD CD CD CD CD ID CD CD CD ID ID ID ID ID ID 42

55 I x J 1 i Appendix A continued o o o n o 22? 2222 o o o o o o n cc cc IL CC DC CC cc cc 3 13 < < V 3 < 3 < 13 < < 3 < D o o co eo "J H co co 22^ o o 5 5 o o cc cc cc cc tr cc 3 3 O O 3 3 < Z t-fd-t-d-l-ft iiiiiiix x r i ix I I T o o oooooooo 3331 E CC tr& ff r? OOOOWLUnO o o n o in in III in in in in Ill in in in in in in 111 j i 1 i i j i i i i. i -j -I cocococococococo cococoz^^jzz z z z z j j 1 i i i i i -I oooooooo OOOOuuiOO > > > > > s= rr f? rr rr f? r? j? r? rr fr rr f? o o s 1 I > in III in in iii iii in in in in in in iii in III (rcccccccccccccc CCCCCCCCQ.O.CCCC cc cc II rr n II ii n n n ii a n n n n A n n 3333<< I i < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z <<<<<<<< <<<<zz<< UJ LU LU LU UJ LLI >>>>>> CC CC CC CC CC CC LU LU UJ LU LU LU f 5 j- 5 S LU a^i a js -^ Q o OJ *- noino^t'-'-eoin s s cocococococococo NCD'-ffl'tntONN^QKOCV ojcuc\i*-*-*-*-cotncm cococococococococococo s t-t-t-a)q^ (\io<oiow(pa>cpo^affl^t-i-(\ic\inow<oqqffl^(dneoo»-ips Sl0O0»O^^^C\J^^(0rt«-^O(0W^O<O'-OQW^^rtn^ON*-CDC0(0in(D (f5in(ocdi?)cd coooo^i^cncpcn^incpcoojcm cor^cococococococococococors.co N N ID cocococococococococococococo QQN-^coQOOQOC»c»ininQincoocDcocooooogoincMcooininoQ NN<0(DCDt0(D(0<0(0(0(D(Dt0NOC0CD<D(0tDC0(DC0(0SNNNNNNNNSNSSSNNNN rtrtcoos<psnifi(d^9inifioco(dntococos idtdooni-«-t-^nt-^^in<o S333SS33 OOr^^^OOOOC»OininincOOCDOOQOCNJOOininOinOQQQ O(DOltNNK(DCD9iflinina)SN(D(DSlO(Dffl(D(\inO^«-'-r-(\JN7in7nO(07V(0000(0 NSCDtD(0(D<D(0(D (O( )CD(OtOtO(DlD(0(OtONNNNNSNNNNNNNSNNNKSSNNNNNNNNNN cocor»-okcocoocm*-iooaicocoooo>rtcooco<\j S O) - N C\l(O^(O^d^sdlOC0W^^<-O)CVC«)'-5NQ(O(pW^^^(\JQ cowo'-oinfflnconfflcownfflipoiin'; oooicdtd^^corslffi^rir^oicocoweoojpi fflnnaomioioioo'jrtcot-rtonoov O * O N CD - O W h* ^ saisnn'tncocmiri^siriss^d nnntinioorraoonoonn ixnnvcdnis^coo^ r^ r^ co" co *t OOnNSOSinNSIDK Wt- ONOt-O ai c\i.< ^ cm co co SO (D N m N ^ CD S S P) t r*» o i- pto^i j2 f-cbnconwncowcmno co^cocmoioicbocm "~ *" " *" iroo(ait-*-oicoa>in^nso NN^O(OlOiOcOSO)C\INOStOO)C\IS^CDCDlO'tO^«-(\IO(000)0'tO)^cO'-<t ^^CDS^^t N ^ ^ r^ co o n. oo cb cm o> oi cm 31 > «3 i «nwno'-iocoonn^oicoinrjn^eoonco in^^ncpnqcon(dqin^c\in^incoinco<-(opncdiont-^io cg*-cor^ojcocoincpcnjo>coc5^tfcpfvi?>(ocoin SNNr-^CDNQ<-(OC»rtQWWlO^^Qn NWWvcooQinninSb'-O'-coocowcnco^w'tT-tfoNOO cococm^fm^^^^com^^^inm^rcoco^j^r ^ cm n m (pcocdnfflw^ioffl^kifiw'-ffl'-i-ininniooffinojv'-cos^ n^ioconncdvococooconinninvco^in^cvionnco^ido) (D^tpT-^0)CDC»CDNOfflWifi»-?frOncO'-C\JinO^C5 Scpaocomcocp^oN ifi^mminin^conm "(O^rortinmcos^sowinNSNNiooi'-otocpTrcDSi'-OJNcocnocoQcp OO'-WNOOJOr-rT-OOlN^ oicooreocoinoicooooii-rot-cof-^ ssinincococdcdcoincdcdcdinin^r/icdrococdui^^^^inininininain^in gw^ffincoancggcct-mcpinincd^o CD O "* _ zzhj 222Z2HJ 4 J 2zHJ H J H i 4 J H j H, H H'4 J J H,l 4J H jl VH, H zz J lvh Jl VzHi H,l VzzzzzzzzzzzzzzH Jl V L V L V OQQOQQQOOOOCDQOOOOOOQQQOQOOOOOQQOCDOQOQQOOQOOOQOOQOOOOOOCD cococococococococococococococococococococococococococococococococococococococococott -J -J -1 ID UJ UJ UJ uj uj in in in m o Q cm r^ r*. in co o co o rt LL) LU _) mow cm in m UJ _J _l in c/) en in m co s in o co s c\i _J _J _l -1 _l. _ Z =J -I -1 z Z -1 -i =i Z o o o O Z ^ =J O O lo o in o in m Z z uj o o m uj 5 o o in *- Q n n (M -- O N o in O "t 't O - u5»- r^ O CD 0)»- *- - _j _i ^ c * LU LU LU 5 s z 8 8 ID n n 8 co CD CD OJ i _J _J _j en < z z z UJ n X x ax 2 in + LUWUJWWLUWUJUJWUJWUJUJUJLJJIJJIJJIJJWWlIJUJWW CDNNNNCDCDlOCDCDCDCDOiaiOlOlCA r*. r^ r^ r- z z z z z n- ^- r*. r«* r** h- O o _i _j -i _i LU LU -1 _l 1 LU LU LU LU UJ to in LU LU m in lu p n " nn >- i- - - uj uj 5 5 in o in in i- cm r- O t o zzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzz SKSSNSNKSSSSSSKcBCpCpCIDCpCnCilffifflfflfflfflCBfflCIIfflffl cooocooocooconcococoiocococococococococortcocococococococort ^* <* *r c» C\J*-C\J<OCJ>Cn <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<oooooooo a a o en o en di o co 0)0)0)0) 8 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO _l-l_j_l_ijj_ijjjdjjdjjjjjdjjjjlululljlululljujlu UJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ QQQQQQQOQOQQQQQQQQDQQQQOQ<<<<<<<<uJ<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< UJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ333D3D3D<DD3DD^33DDDDD33DD3D3D ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ^t^CLtrQ.O_CLCLzirO_Q.0-O_Q.Q.Q.0-a.0_CLO.C^ O^NC0^inC0NC0 O»-WO^inC0NC0fl)Q»-{\ ^^^^^t-t-^^^wwwwwnwcxiwwo wcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcucmc\jcmcmcm.cmojc\lcmcmcmcm cococococococococococdcococococococococococococococococococococococococdcococococococococdcoc^ CDcOCDCDCDcOCDCSCDcOCDCD cocococdcocococococococococococococococococococbcococo 43

56 r WL 1425WL 1 T Appendix A continued 2 _. m -J eg u c 2 _S v'6?uj UJ UJ Ul Ul UJ > > > > > CLQ.Q_Q.Q_ UI HI UJ > > > O O O uj cc cc cc J cc cc cc ir < < < tu OOO-. O 3 D < en en eo z x 1 x r 1 1 beeeee I I I I I SEk _ oc cc ujluuiluujujujujluluujiuujujujujoririnnn LU IjJ LU UJ LU LU _ o o o Z 0. tn V> 03 z z z z > > > > > > > > >>>>>>> CC CC DC CC oc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc CC CC >>>>>>>>>>>>> > > Ul UJ Ul UJ UJLULULULULULULU *Ks;*^ E Ecctt ttc!_.efi. oc cc 0. a. a. <<<<<<<<< ~ UJ Ul UJ UJ OOOOOOluuiujujluujluujujuiujuiujuj Ul Ul UJ UJ Ul UJ UJ UJ 0000 Q_ Q_ Q_ Q_ CCCCCCCCCCCCCuCLCLCLCLa. - Q. 0. O. Q. a. 0. Q_ Q. tr cc a: cc < < < < D33DOO<<< " < < < < z z z z z z z z ZZZZZZZZZ <<<<<<zzz zzzzzzzz 9nosffl03n^insoo^s(»sin^(DOi(0(Oiotoons(v^a)fflinN(\i(Dsoois(-.(\i*nNo^fl)ipo)no^w(D (Osa){DWC\iin^iosa)(oin(DNOO)s(Osffis^o.a)(DO)9^v^^NNiosffl(D(oa)NO'-0)(OW(,. NscBoa)s io(o(o(o(oinininin(o(ok)(c(o(o(d(o(dio(oco(o(oco(o(ovin(oco(o(o(oioco(o0(o(o(dco(oio(d7 (DN(00)0)inoo.^ NiDa.a) cocdcococoinmincocococococo in cd a> to co (ocococococococointntocotococococococococococococotototocointococoincotntn w _* 2 5 5^S S «ca «- inoqinioifliflifioa)coq^^q^^ifisininqa)if.wa)oinoininininqqor)^oqq ooinooinincocoooooo OJ'-WW'-OOQOOO'- rs.rs.rv..n_^rs.r»-r»ior*-n.r-.n.(0 ooooininintnoicocdqin^qqinqin m^^^*tooocococo5*t'*3^co9co KKSSNSSNtDSSS ^ ^ r"-f-f^f^r-.r"»rn.r-.rn_r^r^rn.rn.rs. ooinininooocoinoocooooooococoininooooo O'-QOO.D^^coonn'r^ojcycyww'-oojcD'-O'-oo) (Or*co<D(Dr^^^f^f^r^r^rs_rN.Kh'r^r--r^r*.r^(0(D>>>f^-f^f^(D, a 4 n a to D CD a >_ CD u O c 0) e c a nr O 05 co^^nioajnfflso.'-cdffin O) o oo«a>o(o^ino.oj Nto(D«inKcy^inooo(»sos(9gQr.a)ON^^s(DS(D<soiO(5<9^iniOQrt«N(OW(»o«-(DNVNO(p,;, ON5iKN^ ^inooioconcdsu.^5(dnir)^(do^inincdidffl^ni-ffl(dcdin^(onioo)a)ow$ OT cm»- --co (OfDooiosmiO'-ojomsaoinwa) co w»t s n ocoo>r-come\_o)co co eo at ^tflwdoi'- oc»r ^aj ^ ift(fliri^^'ffloo.c\inirinqwo> : 4* a.(dov-nin(d^oin(ds^(ort7(onin(o a)inifi(dcovw(dinvst-b(do-ni_iin(dina)o^co«-^ > eomr-eoor^r^co^ StO^ONtDT-N O) o t n 10 O) (0 (D N - OOt-(D<-(0N^aif-^NnC)O <f IO IO N NO"t(DOlflK!D(0 NIlOOONH'tOlN c in O 03 in o -_ in rt r^ cm m R gp in 1 > -_ m m en "3" -3- r^ co c B i o m N an <X) (0 <n in r^ n CD N CD <D r*. 0") -- ^Qr-*'*^r».5F--cooQ*-*- S O 05 inininintococoinminininmininin ^mr-ooieocomminr-.q ' Nrt'-NincOlDN'-? IOt_)(DCDIOION7«(5cMm«in m m in in In in O'-NWWS nncn'tcdcoo'- coed^fococowa. inininincocoinin o o o o o O O Q Q in in in in in O'»''-'lt^(0C0S(\)C\JN'-a3 co(ocmc\ir^<o--coa>*-co-- coco<3)^coo<-s^oo)a_^ o -- co co cm co n n ffl co «- m o co c\_ m co en S V O IT) (O ffl r.oa.cmc\j^if)sa)consojo)-f. o co ^t co O<0QSO4'fflC0'-(MC\JSQ(DS'-C0nC0CpCDSOO m QnSoivS88!QNtt4NQiONTvfQ«"Q^ ^cdmcocominmcotntntn^'inmmmminmmminm o o o o o m in in in m co in -<t en s I S.sd _j o Q- El 4 zzzz J tv4j z4j zz^4j 4 J zzzzzzz41 4 J 4 J H J 4 z4 JU, J H J 4 4 JLU J H J H ja, 4 J H J H J H zzzzzzzzzzzzzz 3cno.cncn33w3y.cn333c/.c/.cncocflcncj.33333cn3 1LU OOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO (0(DCDC0ir.(0(D(D(DCD< )(D(DCD(D(D*D(D(D(DCD(D<D(DU.tDCDtD(D(D<D<O(D(0<D<O(D(0C0<O(O<D(O(0(O(0(D(D(0(O<D(0(O cn "J JC UJ Ul 88 *- co <*> s CD o s LU O Cfl 8 CNJ _i Z m 1 _j s in 3 _J z _j Z Z _j O O 50WL CD LU in _l LU in _i LU in _j LU in 7 Z m in _i Cfl in _l Z LU in CD Cfl Cfl 88 _l 7 Z III _j -J Z _j en m J _J 1 -J j" en rn m r J 7 O 3 in 8 8 IT) LU in Z O en in 3 in in 8 R eg in in (fl 8 LU en O LU LU in 111 in % 8 8 N CT. N in a i) n m r- c. in in in in in CJ. c; 1^ rt * 8 cm CvJ "" "" *" CD r^ to " * cg r. m *~ *" *" r. a i in CD cm n -1 co _i UJ LU in 8 n 8 _l - a. tn _J _l LU LU s O in J _j _i _j CT) z m 3 in z z _j z ^ 3 _j (M LU S s in in 111 _i LO in ^_ m m a) m s in 8 in OJ LU in _i Z Z LU in 1" (I) 0. R 8 CD -I 7 _i 7 _i ill III _r ^ _j 5? -1 _i _j r*. 1 in _f _j en _j 111 _l III z ^? LU O z Cfl in in 0) in n q> m 8 LU LU in in O in 8S 8 N r* f** ^, tm»» '- M»- n CD r^ in a> - &. in S2 N a) r) * _) c ) co m «b lf> 1/ in ui in s Cfl 33111^3 UJ o 1 o in in in Q rt r " H S rn? O _J in 8 10 in co co o to S o m *f <ti icscnz in in.. co cm _ 1-1- co r* o o zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz C^0)C^0)0.ffiCDc0C)Cn0)0)0}0.(S0.0.QCA0.O>a)QA0)CDfficQ C0cocooc0c0coc0c0coc0c0cooooc0c0(0000coco0c0cocococococ0<ococo NNNfflcocoiDaioitJioia.'j Cfll t- ^ OJ W CVJ m m in cm cm Cm OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOG OOOOOOOCDOOOOOOOOOO O O) t V IT) ^ 10 LU Ul UJ 111 UJ UJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJIUUJUJLULJLJUJUJ LUUJUJUJUJUJUJUJIJJUJUJLIJUJIUUJUJUJUJ O G (_5 O O 4<<<*fUJlULiJijjUJ<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<UJliJUJUJUJUJ<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<UIUJUJUJUJ Q_Q.Q-CLQ.Z2ZZQ_Q_.Q_.Q_.I_LQ_.Q_. ^ZQ-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-ZZZZZZQ-^^^^^^^^^^^^Q-Q-Q-Q-Q-ZZZZZ 3^in<Df^comQ^O^in(o^cD050^O^incor^coa>Q^co^in rtooonov^^n7^7^7^ininir.inininifiininino5(d(ocoid!oto(0(d(dsnsnssssssco(0 WWCNJW (0(0(OCD(OCD<D(OtO<0(0(0<O(0(0(0(D(D<OCD<0(O<D(D<O<O<D<O(O<0<0 44

57 IANTO RA.SO, ' 8)d* Appendix A continued x o HI II zzzzzzzzzz I _ I 1 1 b b E b? 5 E z z z * * *.* OOOOOOOOOO o o o RASO RA.SO RVILLE RASO zzzzzzzzzz a. <<<<<<<<<< a E a. a. z tz bz < LU LU UJ LU < < oc 2 a. cr 9E t occcccococcccrcccna: DC OC 3 3 < 3 O 3 OOOOOOOOOO o o < < z < z < z z zzzzzzzzzz cd^ioco*-o<o**coo>t- _ CD (D lo n N <J (D Ol O) U O) O ^»- CD»- m (O (O m co m co z z z o o o cr cr ( o o o z z z O) t O O P3'tS(\l'tO)0)NtlfiN HI co in co o ^* r-» r*. co io i- w *- q *- (0 CD (O o m (O O O O) r oj o r-* m o o» ( > m m n s n m ^ io OJ T- T- co in <o co S^CD'tnO^N'-lO'ttDS oino^wsssnsociopjwinon'-inoointom 3 2 S83» ^ oininoinoocoojr^inoooooooooioininininin^qqininqooocpojqoinooqojojqoo^qoopinoo SC0^OO^OOT010>OO^OOO^^in90}0)q)0}a)fflCT>a>0)OOO^^^Oa (BsNSNSOCDNNNSNSa)(Oa}<D(OtDa)CD(D(OCDNNNNNNStONNNSSSSa30)03NNSCDNSNN v 2 5 ommooooooq^i-inooojtrinooooococooino o in m oj m oj co q> *- o o o to ib s s s s io io io in m r- io 0)010) (DNNSNNSN r*. 0)000»-*-«-*-Oq)OJ*-^-OOQh*QOJOJOJO'-OJT- r««. r-. r«. r^ SNNOJSSNN --co ^ (M <o ** ^ r- io cm oo ^- m *- *- cocn^innffibdaoicooiqaj^io^nkconrt^cdco N lo P) i- O <* OJ O O f- CD co r- O» io n n 1^ t f^ o in m CD CD 0) in CD CD t- «- N >r> co CD r^ co cm r- «- fv CD CD?s <- * N (D 388S o n o in 8 CD in CD Nwncp^Qioinwco^copjiniocoQt-cp A C0 OOO05O0J0JOO0JTf0JC)0)(0OO m ojm*-h-coo)coococd --in rtoiniri^cponw(podniocbcocb^30)cogr.coot-bcds (MC\JeOOisiONn'-NP)(0(M^f-T-^^^0'-0)O w 7> w a oooion^s^^^cjicowswt-nonionoj'-pj^flonaj'-nno'-najcona'-co )001** crip)^coddocri6cdddcdoinfflnric6docdcdcosc»3d n. oj o ** r* N W 00 ^ d WO)OOJW^»-tONW(OtO)tO^ : wsdoiwcon<»ai«d dfflnoioi^ : os'-'-onocoswsojcnco f'-clortslonssffldjoicpiold'- 'tn't^innonn'tcoiocotcid^moiinm -NCijwwininQwcv't^cDcocoinocoinw zzzzzzzz oooooooo zzzf EE je zzzzzzzz ttt"5"'"tnzzz ^ <<<<<<<< cnocdctrcccrcccc DDD0J ccccococcctetearocccmmmq- OOOOOOOO zzzzzzzz 2ZZ<<<<<<<UJUJUJZ OOOdD33333_i_i_j< ooinidnscocooosnscocnaiidococmco rsgs»-'-p)oo)0)nsso)c»0)'tcm(nno ooqtninojojo)0)*-oi, w^^onnioniomrtooiooconnniflcdco'- cococp^r^cocortoiojcococor^ininincoooqcoojo) woinrtoooojfljcdw oommcocococo (MOCDiomococo^*p)on'-iniO'-in^c\oNn(\iioo)0)N T-NO)^Nioir)T-ocooooo)'-rrr(0(OinQcoa)<rP)rtOsi-6i»n(\jinoojwnonc5C3)0)0(3)'-coN5c\ioNO)0)'-i-a)0)c\icoo)^oco^(\iconNfta inino)insn(mcqin<}coco ^ t t m inininincococosnncococoiocococotncdinconioincoinincocdcocoinincocdocidinininininininv W03»-NO)i-CPOC\IP)nr)0>CJ)CDNO,c^^oioiojmm*-0)co 888 in in m m m in m in m in in 3) in in» in z4 J zzhj H J zzzzzzzhj H'4 J zzzhj H J H J H i H J H J H J ^HJ H J H JLJ HH 1L V LV4JL VzzzHi 4 J zzzhj H JL VHJ H J 4 JL 4 zzzz J OOQC5QQ00Q0Q000OQOQQ00Q0Q0Q0000Q0Q000QQ0QQ0QOQQQ0OQQ0OQ0 ininininininininininininininooooooinininininininininininininininininininin CDC0C0C0<OOnnOC0<O I _ m 5 m <j r* c*j N. O *t N liii 5 5 co to o p o - ' J J J J 1 I I 77ti)5 JJ5 ^ cococo g 8^88 llil wc\jog ;:cxisjojcuog d d d l _l d -I -I -I -I 555-iluuj5zzzz OinoLUmooomoo (fl O) S - N - cm n» )0) *- r^ co r- (N S z5z > 4 > J J U) J 5liis =J z z z z z oioiohjhsjs 8zoii-c6co*g>e>-, comcpg>cng)d)0)g)cpco(ftcp jcjs.jp O r _r r _i _j - _r _r _r _j _r _ C0C0>dS-JC0LU-JLULULULULULUUJUJLUUJ -SSQOOQlllpOOOOOOQO - 88 '-rtn^scdn'tonnqidnoidfl o * S > -J J 5 co z 888 8S ^555 5 zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz cpcocqssssnnnssnssnciiaichosssnsnnnndqfflfflqqfflssqfficoqqqqqfflfflcdqcd rtrtrtooooofocooocooooonrtrtcooc^ocooooowcocoocococoooco <ocoinin^»^mmmininmoroo*-*r^^^'»^^min cm cm co g m m m iniomtuuwmivdoio) o>cno)0> nnnonnniocbncvm^^nnnciit-^e^t-t-- LU LU LU LU LU LU LU ooooooo o LU LU o LU LU LU UJ UJ LU LU UJUJ<,,,,,,,, UJWUJUJ,,. OlO-OlOlOlQ-H UJ UJ < < o a a o o o o...<<<<<<<.. WLUUJUJ<<LULUUJ<<<LU<<<< ZZ!iJJJJjjJjjjjjjZZZ2JjJdjjJjJ a 'LlllllL JjZZZZll-ll-ZZZl"-ll-Z«-ll-ll-ll LU<<<LU<<<< 55o ooqoooq55$$5Sqq3$Sooo ^^Q2!0$t5 Q^ w "5^<P s<oc»o )^in?j????? a *2 00 I^O)Q'-OJC5'* ojojojojojojojojojtortooortoononoooooorjnooorjcortr) 92QoQQQ'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-»-0JfAl«PJN«,-wo^iocos<DO)P'-Nc, OJOJOJQQQO (OC0C0 o rt <*) 45

58 J Elev. i I. I Appendix A continued co co. co oo co 13 I I J 1 < LU UJ UJ LU LU * «i ^ X i rx xxxrxxxr OUJUJOOOHOOHHOOOOOOOO Z^ZBMJZZJJBllOZZZ X I E fc o o 2 2 I x x I I I E mm E E E E E O O Q O O O co co co co co co oooggo or oc oc a: <r <<<<<< 1> -1.. f C ^ 'o?m 0) UJ en at a (ft i > III o n - m g. o>(5'-0)0)nw^oo)'-a)0'-'to)'»^'t inno)n'tipioinoo)'-'tg)cofflq(0'-'-'-n r)w OT-sio 0)0\N»co(»s<o^O)0)a)NtD(\iT-(flinoo)OOO^fl)NOiBtoo)soiP}'-(5in(oa)(otO)'-N(»(o^Nio (or^(ocovu^kco(d<o(or^(0(oincocoinio(oinco(ococoio(ocoin^(nin(0(dco(0(dcd(0<d(0(or^co(or^r^cou) ocgoi^rvocncoo co cm co co o (D^NtD'-miDmtD'-^stomO'-miDiON'iffl'-Trm^nr. r^tocomincominioiomtdcoiococomio»-wo)nno)0)'-'-ownsiflmm0100ino)cdo{ow'-^n lolo (Ott) 8QQOQQQQQOOOOQOOinOOO SOIDOwCDCDCDflONSSSIC o> O O? ooooooooooinoor-r^o C0<OtDa3(OCDffl NSNN(O(0SN '-r^oo'^'oo'^wqqqqoooor^oqqqqqqqoqq^qqmio OJCXJCa^^^O^CJOOOO^r^r^OOOOOOOOOOOOOJOOlcOcO NNNSSSNNNNNSN(D(fl(D(DSS 00 CD CD CD rs.r».rs.r».ojcoooooo oooocooooooo oooonooomm SNSNSSNNSNN(D(D(D(ONNtOa)(D(Dffl oooooioocncoco 0)a)(S(D(OSN<OID(D co o 8- fs.a)*-»-coco(oh.<mg>*- KtotDinmmr^^t-cno) «-»-*-»-»- OJ OJ *- co o ^ 0> ^ O 0> *- «'-Q$(flO)lO(\IN'-t-(p^O)(00'-0)(0'-ONOr?0>0)QW^NWOO)(\IO)ina)0)0) oifiafflion'-o^o'-asotoeowoowtnvvinio'-^inocowo m s o i- «d t- 6 Q. *0 Q o *- «- OJ - *-*-oj*-'-*-ojoj*-oj *- *- - O l>. ^ O) ^ So)tg)in^^teotpfflninoo)mw5P)o--n(Dioa)Wf -wwoommn^^id^ifi'-o'-^o «),. ^ K N ^ n *- " OJ *- T" * 1 a J! co «ō c o s in in r^ 0> en X) ca o) o n r- r- o ** - o ^t ^ o nidot-ojioto'-nijlnfludorji-'-id O v N 6 (V d acoowajribopjoitodo^ndo^ *- *- OJ *- O CJ> Ol ^ O Tf b r^ cb cvi pi co i- OJ *- *- OJ *- wosoifflmiflinidsoo^'joiooo'-coo) ift OONC0(0KNNNQfli(00)0iai»-ri,- OJ'- _ to ^ OO^ffli-r^fflrlOOIONMDlDOIOaJO^^nOOONtDO hi to ^ b (OWNrtNNNinwWNW^(\l't 0)0)NON'J,*N'- f^^mftojojcy^o)0)u?inin ^coc3)c3)q'-co^9r*.co r^ co co oj oi go m ^ (0 OJ 5 ^ ^ CD " OJ If) OJ 1 O S lo P) ^r cb cb co ^ O O * OJ n in o w s n co p co o m in «-? ^ co co s S 3 ID LO sin in in en c\j o s gcd o in 8 in 8 8 in S 8 m 8 in 5 0'-'-i-iON^inifiO)(\j»-Nso)fflOjina)QQioo)N»-N(\i(\)Oinsa)coa3ininiDT-o)Qsoowcno) NvO(Din^(DiAininincD(oininin<DCD(DinvOo(D(Dinintt}ininNs^inoin^vin<ooin^(oii>in<o(D o in '-tf)m^o(ooinmn'-(\j(0(0''oo^oo(pit)msinonoort(vo)0)0)nksmmos(, '-a)o)'-w(dcdoomanwn(nt-'-^'-w^'-womo(o inid^nnon(\iifinoon'iv«ww j(iiip(j)0) o- o o o o mininininininininmminininmtn o 8888 m m m m LUUJUJLUUJUJUJUJUJ UJLULULUUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ Co «33co33co33co33co33co3coco co333 i m P^i inoooooooooooooou^ininininininininininouoinkinu^sini^ _j*obt l concocoocoo(onr)onroncoco<ococo^cocococococo^coco(dcococo(0<ocdcoco<ocococoocococnofocortconcococo -J i i I in co S to ^ 5 co z = < O O 2 X m o in ^ u a. uj ^ Zn n m m ^ C"j g N Z 01 o o m Z 5 2o oj Oi ri _ mco in r\j oj <-> _ UJ y m oj o co m o> oj «- co in cm *~ i w _r _f N _T N r _r co i- in *- co co - S8 3 3 co 3 3 J 3 3 -j 3 co 3 3 «nio(000)ov*mo oinotnojinboojoq 8S8 OJ tf) f~ *- (\JO<MW«-«-NWWO)P) O) _C0. LU m LU Q * UJ o oj in o m > 5 m 3 m 3 -j ui co in CD N o m co in - N - N m so e a C\J (O * r- Ol.- r-. il OJ co OJ - _ m m 5 o co co OJ oj oj cm m LU LU UJ LU LU LU N N N S N z z z z z zzzzzzzzz LULULUUJUJLULULUUJUJLULULULULULU SKSNttANNNNSO zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz ^ m m n s oo(dsdcnafflrtnfflo)fflqfflwo fflcb^^^^ininindpp^^^ 2 S i-^t-^^i-^no--'-'-t-i-oiw'-'-wnw«nnwr)«wnww(\i(\i'-ort6i»-ffl(or)rtrt LU LU UJ UJ o o o o ujujujujujujmmujmlummmm<<<<luuj<<<<<lulu<<luujmmluujujlummujujujmmujmmluo LU LU LU UJ LU UJ Q, zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz^^^p-zz^^^^^zzt^^zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzd^zzz Z Z "^ Si-wntmcDsaicDO'-w inininininininitiincococd fo ^incors.cocno'-ojco^tintor^cocticd'-ojco (fl(d8(p(d NSNNSSSSSN2SS3.ujujuj. UJ LU UJ m(flneoo)q»-n^io(psffl focofo (0(O (0 (D (0 (0(D 00(D (D 46

59 PSHIR PSHIR PSHIR PSHIR Appendix A ill o o o co co en 2 5 c? < < < UJ UJ Uj ~~ z continued ui Q. < Z I I IIIIIIIIII «T T i i Fl-HHI-EHttE XXX I I I T ẖ UJ > ^ix > o o z z S3 QQOOOOOOOO UJ > UJ > fc,^ =; "=; feci > LU > o n O O cocococococococozz "J UJ UJ <) a <) O O o o o o o III III in UJ UJ O U u (J Cfl Z j _J 55 o o 5< ^ 155 < < LU LU O O as cr cr (3 Q. 0. cc cr _ D < <DDU1 z z oooooooooo > _j CL DC LL CL LL (3 (3 (3 > CC CC CC CC < < I 5 O O O O UJ < < Q O O O O O O as CL o 5 o a < < cc or o < < cccccrcrcrcrircrcca: cr rr CC CC 0. n n ri (') ri cc cr cc cr cr cr cr z z > > > > > (I. (I (') ffl z z i ) D Z> < < < ) ) ) D 3 3 o 3 d o UJ UJ < < < < < ) > ) > UJ UJ < < co z z < < < < < < z ^ ^ < < < < < < < o o X X t I I < < CD (3 & 2 2 I I SI 'tnirtiioooio^nojiortoojkfflsfflaiio^'-^nooqocosioooown PQQQIflQN^MiOiOr-gni^r S<D^*-cocMr^in incoincoininininintnininincocoinininincocococou^coininininincocoininco iniotoioioiommio snsmmmititoco NffllpOliOOJ^iOQ (OiniFicom^mir)^ n oi o cocm*~incoo)ooa>cor: r^ co co in cococominminincococo m cd cd ai cn co o> (O s in in m in h* 0) 't 1^ incoc\jc\jc\jcjcoa>0)foa> Scpo>incoo*-cor*.^Tinin(OlO(DNa3NNN oj g ^ s ffl m ^ to ^ in m m I*" to inr^inajtooqttinooooqo'^r^mocycjwojqqqoooinooo (D(Dsm^(OOnOI'-rT-0(B(D(\IN(\lOOO)0)0)000)fl)S'-0'-'-(0 idldldnsnnnh)nnnnnncd(dlosn(dto(dnnldtdtdnnnntd O Q CI S Q ^ OJ O) O CD CD CD CD f*. 88 oooocomooinininmm 0)0)«<<OT-i-i-OtMNOJ(D<D SSa>a)0)0)0»NSNNNS r^inin<doooooooooooa)cdffl^qc\jqoqooooooooqqootojc\ja)^oooooorn.tf)oooinifi»nio ojnn$c(oooo'-'-wo(d(donwooocn(jo(\io)0)srrrrsa5i»naaao)000)(a (DIDIDNNNNSSNNNSNN(Da)<DNSN(D(DNSa)(OtDSNSN(D(D lo(d<0(0(onsnnodtdo) 0)SSSNSN o ^ ^- in in cm co ^ co o co m -'toon'-noonmsip'-ninoio'-idn'- oi^o'tcoon'-*'-ojw^coo)(dcom(mmow ^(Dr^'-h-r^f^ojWCflNWOD^^IOOONN^ncOWlOOl'-eOtOCfiOlNN'tOJnNO ^a^^oa3sfl)w(dna)(d^^c\ionir)iio'-(oif)a)no)co(oa)(d -*- -»-,-,-,-.- *-,-,-,-_*-,_,_ t.,' OT n a) tn * cm oj m ai co a> m co m co co ino)oocd O in h- co *- o a <\j._ c * *~ JZ S. N 5 -a m "t A *- i- "» <* CD O O) rt rt *t O <MP)(DONO)(DON(M(DO)(0'-a)'-IOWN wc\idc6(dpwioui(dwoj6rirt^wd^s(oiri,-,-,- -»- *- *- «-,-,-,-,-,-,-cm«-*- <-0)C)(gNinin5rT-(vNQ^a}o}a]Dii300(D(D(oa)(0(Oc\iOQQsfflN(\ic\i(0(oa)co(nai<- S_fficpno6^inc»ocbcococoeocococoi-'-cococDco NT-(omi-^mir)Nir)coa)N^p^wo)(D(D(D(D(D ^tcnocncncncdcocncd»- co*~cmt^incocococococo Sff)K*-r^r^c7>o>cDr«*inmoh-.0)0)^ror*." mmmmmmincommmcoininr<.co~ intnminincocoinin o> 5* ^ co *- ojpjnrjnnoos $ *- w cd cn cn cn 1^ 1^ m co co *- o^mmm^-'tn.i^o'-r-k'-h.f^cococdoi ^CAJh-CdCDinincOQQQ cdincocococococdintnmincococococomcoc0cocoinrs.r^mm mmminmminininmmtntn m m m m m tn in in in in in m zzzzzzzz4j H J 2zzzzHJ zzzzzzzzzzzzhj zh) H zzzz J lv4 JL 1 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o in in m in m in in J H l z2hj H J H J H J H J H J zhj zh1 OQQQOOOQOOOOQCPOOOQOQQOOQOQOQQOQQOQQOOOQQQ inininooooooininininininininininininininooinu^ininininininin (D(O(Dnnn(0nr)C0(O(D(D(O(O(D(D(D(D(O(Da}(Dn(n(O(D(D(DQ}(D(D(O(O(DCD(D(O(O(0 CD H J z2 in 0) i_i_i_i^^_i_i _r_i 5- (/)-ILJJUJUJUj5$C/)UJ_ ininosoocmooininoo l '-'-'-t- UJ UJ J 8 m > lu s o in to *- in -J UJ 2 LL) lo Q r^ in 0) (7) n ll 22222ZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ IS030a)C&CQO)ffiffifflO}0)0)a}NSSNNO)a)NNfflCQO^ rtcoooconnococococococoncococococoococooocococococo CDCpa^CpCDCDCDcpcOCECDCDCDcOC^ coco to to co co tocotoiococoiotocd'cocdscococo 47

60 . t I Appendix A continued IIIIIIII FEeEEEEfc i x x i r x r trirccccd>>>>>>>3 F OOOOOOOOOOOOO I I I X i- y- > D 3 33D3DD3D a. It z-j-jw ZZZZOJIIIIIIIIIffl zzzzmiiiriiiiii Q <<<<$>>J<zzzz<4$JS$ (5(: to cocococococococo^^-! z z! i:! o (:! a>>^gc cfi. g g->cncd(r(rcc[ra:a:(ro:a:cca: 2?ff 5 CDCuQjOujujOLU3353 L. ~«. zzzzinliznimmziiritiiroooooooii zzzziinczbibozmitiirooooooo c'jooooo<<<<<<< lt222lt SS ^ O 8 9cr 9cc OOOOOOOOuumuiOO ) OOOG<zz<oujLijujujc3<<<<<cococococococo< < 3 < 3 ccdcococdcocdcdca-a_a_o_cco: < <<<<<<<<ZZZ^ I I I I I - I- I- D33ICC fc fc o o o o o o o y co co H gst?553<ss2gc1c1c1 SiuJQOCJQJGJOOOOOOO OOui CC X DC CC DC DC DC 0- D D < <<OC3C3<<<<< < < Z r (f) > 1> V O LU o o t5 CD m "fo i Si e. UJ 50)fflOtoo)S'-cofsioo)N(D'rO'-0'too)st '-i')o^qt (DO'snino)mo)N(00)pja)00)sina)tDinNS(pm a>s^i-niofflt-p^o)(flionr)'-^no'-i9q7p)0)^u)v9in(onqwo)'-0)a)qrtoo)0)n'-n<\ioo)a)in'-ion (0(0<DN(D(D(D(D9s(D(D(DNioio(D(D(0(0(Oin(0(D(Dioinifliflinininin(0(00(Din^3(D(oinininNV 0 Cu a 5 > 4) (1) cu UJ > o -Q Cu n c T- m t > Cu UJ iooploqiqcococo*-**ocmcopoa)oooooop'-co'-t-a>eocoppooopcmpppppqlooqpr*-qicoqr^r^o r^r^r*-r^r-r^rvr^rvcoa) f^r>*i^f^r^r^coi^^r^?^r^r^r^cdcd<d(d<d<d<dr^-r^r^r^r^r-r^r^r^r^r«*r^r^r^r^r^r^i^<dcor^ LOQOiooLQcoinrv^coLQo>a)LoopppoooopococococoeocooooLOOoc\i00ooooioopor^cvjc\ipr^rvLO r^r^r^r^r^ki^^r*a> cooor^f^h*r^r^<dr^r^r^r^r*r«.k<ocd(dcd(dcdcd<dr^r^^r^r^rn.r^r^r*r<.kr^r^rvr^r*r^r^(d(orv N4'»M«ini-«ioo«io(»Beo«<oo«o CD CD ID CD o - = «(DQt-^nioiONinNNuiniDttDgfflfflfpO'-n - =f a Ktr^tMO oocoh-h^r^cncq*- OCD(0$'-C»NO)'-^0(,Jt7NWaitD^OlON<ON(OP)a)0) f* t- Si-6S(D^Nioa)oW'-^W'-'-cor-inQso)Q(o^o)(\j co to to co to co (Oinm(0(0(0(Dnm(DU)(D(c<DiDii)(0(D(omiooifliOiO(D in m to man O Q «- a> g otoosf'ti-cdointto)0)(0 in CiOOOJf^OincOO co CD lo lo ssm<d(dir)a)iflo(d -<» - - t- co to r*» O) i*- o O) t- co r^ 06(b'-(DW(\JPJN'-lftW(DWO^0)ON(bP)SQ^ NNNlO(0'-nCytD^W'*(0'-'-f)(DO)C»W»-cmcm*-*-*-*-co*-*-*- *- a> en i- *- O co i- m o lo CD 1 CD 2 5 ro CD tmo'-coocnoio (O N r f^ If) ^ N- z O) «- CI O 0> *~ a c tf> LU O) 8 o <o o ~ I ft- Offl>lo en<iiii«"tn"i «^6^NOisd^(cis^6 O LO O O O O) O) o ^ to d c\i ^ cb d ^t co - p id d cd t^ cb»- «- OllOOlO^OLOf^fCNIO'ttD wond^wddfloiwcdocbnoiddwoirin y- r- I- r- «- t-0»- -" «r MT)SN»-OO^CDa)P}WO O N (M S O 10 - CD - t O) ^ CD 1 CD T CD O! m o lo O O) CD i-qq'to^3fflwn(, )^'*«tir)0)tnoo)aieoeooo(d(on(0(omifiino)mnoooo'-'-'-mcowvsseo S^r^ascMT-^pcocMcpcpQinQco^coin^inininincoo oioawnnfflcb^orj'tcomificoq ajswcowwnnomifi'-con'-o)?^ mo)cocqqid'tm*-moa)r^oj*-inm 93 '~inino)(o~~ lococdomininmiommto C\J mmiooj'-widifl ^ as inininmininmin 888 in m in 3co O) O) m co e *~ *~ "<f *- ^ co^cocococoa)0)0)coor^coi-^-incpcmqcdincpcd 0)(pinininmc\iwo<ONinc7)wwnO)'-^c\iw^co (oincocococoininincoinc0in33inincocoin9cmin s * j UJ LU LU LU LU lil LU zzzzzzzzzzzzzz z z w(/)w5$5j?$$555555(n$w(/)cot/)m(/i(oww«inlnloinininininoinoooooooln CDCD<D(0(0(OOOOOOOcOCD(OCD(O(D(O(O(D(OCD LO LO LO co uj uj Q o o z s 8 _. Q LO CD f* LO LO lo LO *- CD q lo o 5 3 " zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz O)O)Cn&&&O)<00^QQQQQ&a)&O>r^C0C0C0C0<D -1 ^Z </) 2 m in in cm cm in 'O (D ID (D N N N «cp cocococococbcdroo)*. ^^^^^^i-^^^cnj^oj ocoooco^cocococococoincbcp NSH)'-dNOipiD»»«ipiD «- *-»-i-i-«-c\i.-em>- LU uj uj uj uj uj uj O O (3 O O O (3 <<<<<<<LUUJUJ ia.ho.q.1777 j jjjjuiliiuiujlulu UJ < <<<<oooooo o ujujujujujujujoujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujooqo<<<<<<ujujujujujujujujljjuj< zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz^^^^^^zzzzzzzzzz^ '-^tlor^tdct)0*-<o^lorvcdct>p'-cvj^-lo "IDgiDgcDtOtONNNNNNNSNS CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CDCDCDCD(OC0C0C0C0CD(0C0 48

61 I Appendix A continued UJ 111 Hi UJ ssss HI UJ UJ UJ O. CL CL CL < < < < z z z z < O _ O cc._ < < < < o o o o _ CC H CC H 3 3 D 3 D < < < < < If lj III? T3 0) >i Uj B.1 IfM» O» UJI s - - J </) eg E- lul (O r* cm _ mcoincotntncdmincoco, i])c]o)oa)rn<-oo)coi07^7(dojin(oink)rau)(do)i-co(\im (0(D(C(D(Din(D(0(D(DID(0(0N(DS<DKNNN(O(DIO(D(0(D(D(D(DID(0(0(DlO(Dinin(Din(D(D (\IONW^O)0)IDO^O)NNO^WnOfflQ>^^ WWQ (5fflNnin(0(D(Dffl ffl^nso)inc\l(0 ^^N(pT-(, )S'-t 0)S'-^0)^in(\iS7^oortoiDo5sftioos(oinffl rto)^rioeo'-otn^^in(oooinininw«po7(dinin ino^oooooooooin^ooooocpqcocmco^coincoqqqinq»-o^inininu3qoooco^^^*-oqqoqoc»c» NNNSNNNStDlDSNOlSNNNNN&OCDCDCDCCDCDCDCDCDNS oj'-'-miooooooomqoooqqinq»-fflnmionnnnssffis(pno)0)lt)0) CDtOtOtOtOtO ^0«)OOOQOQOOQU^O)OQQQQQ(pO) (\J^OJ locyq Q^Q<O^Q(DinO)0 NSSNNNN(D(5(DSN0)NSNNSNt0C0a)lO(Oa)C0C0a<D(0NSNNNa)(D(O(O(O(D SSNSNeO*NK(DO)<DO)ft oooooioooincjomoo totototototo o ~ f Is m e O tt) o to cm to r- mcmcdininocmr^r-- iro^^kpooov ^Sa)in'-'-rtrt(OininiSin(D'-NOO)'-fflins(Dior)o ^ y- h- O) rvocotomor^r^co in m r^» a> CD o o o o o o 8 01 O 8 OJ CD o in n co co o o o UD <t m,_ n O) o o o o o o o CD o a> CD C\J O a CD 9 <D(0'-'»m'-^WNON^ir)'to^^in(D(0(»^t\iN(omi-0(Dwa)0'- W'-«'-mor^c\iT-cMOco(Dmo) o)(oosa)na)n(do)u)sio«-isa>no)a)o 01 eo*-*-coc\io>cococottr**coif)c\iooo ^'iriocdda>co^ioi^c\jo)cococ\iiricaj 5. 8 N(MOICD(MC\IN'-S0l)U)(OO)O)ai<tin(Da) IE CDCDi-CDONACIACDOlNNinaiNOlOlCI) *- Dep Of end O) o d o m N lo N N»- ^' ^ c\i co ** co 8 J c u e ^t\imcp(domco^n, <7^^c»co5otttOQc5^iOiOWrt(JQQQ co en co yr cm cm *- *- r*. r«. r*» c» 0) r» h- n. n. ocijcnwwtdnini-ncii-in'-^pjgininin to co co»- o 0) O) r^ loio'tiocowainoj'-co '"O'-'-SNfflQWlOO) Sip <Mr^cOQc05incoco w s tp 6 to in co in in in in ^ co m m in co r»* o o o o o o o 1 3»- o ^ t ^ w w co O) in co co m co co co q o 0) en in O) o CB«J)QQQNNNSNQOC5C»o6inininiriNWO)tN,- OQ'-i-CDSa) -ininincoin^nrtoojintnin^inr^cocoincoincocm m m m m m ^ (VJ I i 2zHJ H'zH 1 zzhl zh1 H 1 zhj H 1 H J H, H 1 H 1 zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzhj ins^ininoooin^i/iiriinininin^i/ii/iooo cococococococococomcocococococococococococo H J H 1 H 1 H H'H 1 l H J H'H 1 H J zhj zzhj H'H z J OQOQQOQQQinmO minminininininocmin (O OQQQOQQOQOOOQQQ ininininmininminintninininin s UJ o -ttiit in i>- M* o o J LU UJ r» 92 5s UJ _l ILULLl lujuiujuilijuj ILULU o in - ro CD "^ co in cm rf o N m CJ S N W Z in m in tuluinmiijmmininininlijmin c35 r> mminin n. tm-.. «-J _J - -j z S > I > i i r i _ i_j r > i r i t i_i z z Z Z ID 1 in m _l UJ o o =fs!l 5 s 5 ^ i J "i 7z 7z m t-- cm hi in in o o 3 5 uj o in in in h* r^ o r^ o) in r^ 9 i^»- K O O O 88. CftZinoZmmmmmoZom -J^ZZ^ZZZZZZ^ZZ CD co *- *- T- W- n - m m NWoajscocDin'-si-QO'- inincminmcminqooj r^ *- cm i- rj(on^n'-t-(\jcoroid<»-co -J Z ^ -» > 7=. 5 > " < Z 5 5 UJ LU LL) LU m m o m m m o w n m w w w Q O) in o> co cm co co i- i- *- ll ll ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ coajcofflcdqqqcjocoidconnnnnnnaacncnaoiaciiotcnc&cscn cococotort^^rtrcocooo^ocococorococoocoocoooocoococococococococococort tbnttosaaotioaioknn'. t-^oooodininnninnn(vn«ninfflinffl(i)g)vinioinin ^gxngioicnoio) OOOOO GO<<<<<< C3 < < LU DJ LU LL! LL) LU UJ U J J _J I UJ ~j H <<<<<WUJLUlJJUJ<<llJQOOQOQUJLUWLjJUJLUW ^:^:5:^5:ZZ222^;5:ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ5:ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Oi-oiatniosaap i-^f-t-i-r-t-^t-t-(\ WC\l(\l(\IW(MW(\JWO minmtnintnmtninintninininmmtninmmm r)'tifiiosa)cdqi-wo5 n ininininminmininininin +- cm to ^- m m m in in in m in m in m N flo 0) q»- m in m cp cp co in in in in in in r--^^f^r-~r» r^^r^r^f-~^r^r^-r~~r-~r^ r~~ r- r~-r--r--r^r~-r-~.r^r r^r-^r-~r--r-~. cdcocqcdcocdo0cdcocococo&co&co _ CD <X) CD <X) CD CD CD """ CDcBCjO^^^ * * * w w \u w w wj vu uj *?iomioiniffis 49

62 Appendix A continued XXX I X a; i i i x i x IrcES < I I I I I UJUJUJllJ 5 D3D3DD>>>> o o o o z o r oooooooooo z Z Z ^^cococococococccccccc ' cclrccccccoocccccccclxllcccccccc o o o Omo O cc cc cc 3 3 D d o iriiiiiroooo ooooo<<<< < < < m m DDDDDD3DD < <<<<<cocococo LU LU 111 LU LU cc cc cc cc XXIIIIII I I I I I LU UJ UJ LU LU LU LU >>>>>>> I ce ce I ce IE cc cetececece O O O O O Q Q oooooooo o o o o o cc cc cc cc cc cc it ZZZZZZZ z z z z z o o u cc cc (3 (3(3 O (3(3 O o o cc cc cc cc cc cc cc LX CC 2 CC CC cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc 3 cc <<<<<<< <<WLULU[ULUO (3 13(30(30(3 ccccccccccccccccccccccccccoozzzzz- D D D D Z> Z> D 33DDDZ)D33D33DDOUJLUUJUJUJ <<<<<<<<<<<<<C0C0OOOOO 0) j3 inwinoiainno)wa)w^o)(\io^o(o^9woino)a)noon*ww^^s(doa)(po'-nifiin'-'-no)a)0'- (CiO(DinLT)co(DiniOLntD(Dinin(D(D(DiDcDcDCD(oininLn(D(OcD(DC * * e * cpcocit-cocmr^ooina>ininincoco^^r^o>coincoco<ocm*-_- fi!i^^5s!gk!5^s!5!b8!fili!q!isi55sifi^:s!5 incocoinincommcocococdcocommcomco N,3QSSQ co co co in com^r-o>r^cor-.<o**r^h* comcococomcocococococo 1- fc 7) LU > LU > LU > LU > z O 95 O rr o (3 C9 cccc IT rr rr rr <) < < < < rr rr (') U o o ) i ) ) > ) < < O lo *- o - h* *- co m co co 8 s o> o m Tf (D O»- co co in co co <0 «O $ Lul <o c «t B > oo^moooooomcoi^ocft OfH"? "-CDCDCDCDCDOjCD OOGOCD ooooooooomooio StO(D <D'-'-»-i- (0(B(O(O(DSSSS QOOOOOOOOOOOO co co co o o o r^ o o m in o o O) O)»- O O) N r^ r^ r^ i^ ^ Ot'tOOCprjOOOOOOOO'-OOOOOOOOOOOinOOCDOOOOOOOOOO oooommoomo (O(O0(D(OOOa)UU)(D(C(O(Q(O(Offi(O(D(DO(O(D(O(DNKSSN(O(D(Da)V(C)CD(O(O(D( )(D(O(O(ONS ON0)0)'-(\IC7)NSC0 "(DS(D(0(D(D(D o? Ut-gJ a oi o m o o Tt O)coo)0}como)inco<sm<stnr^ T- 0> a> co <) co oi to a) m m in O O O O O O 05 omr--cocococoocm o o o o rt d d d mcm ^ ^ coco'-oeowcocn o o co co ^ s* I nwed^cinfflcis'taitf^ajoi^sbodiooioi ^^'-(M'-(D(0lO(\)^0000ffl0)O CD O) CD m o co m o o o ^ W O W S O CD n 1; OlO(D-: comomcomcococmmcor^ cirinncbs S'oJNddn^'iriiri is s ^ co ^ co o <o *-* Q O Q)»-»-ocoomt-coocococo*-*- dcv^oiihihinnoiaidoind r~ f <o cm m f- CD C\J OJ f^ o o o t- *f it) CD ^ rv ^ to.- ^in N 0) N CD (0 ID <M o o *-»- t- n o) n»-. >C0C0SNNNn(D'-NOOO _ tvoq^<*cp Q»-cocDcOO)OOO*-r-nswcoscDP)* S'fos'-iocaQ '-eocqcprtfvr^in ^ «* o> o o 5 ^SvinmminminoinNinoit^,_ (DmK)inmioinNs(D(D(M7^(D 3 fc ?8??sna3(p^io^cvog)r-cocop)0(0(0inof0)0fl)inrtco ^^IftN^WOOWNSQQWtDfflOW'tfflVOinCDOJ ninu^cotncocococoi^incocorvr^cococococotntncoco^r*t zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz LU LU LU LU zzzzzzzz cococococococococococococococococowcococbco55s5555wcoco5co5cb ooqooogooooooooooooominoooooooominooooooooocnnooinooantf)otf)ir)intf)miotf)innnc\iif)tfiir)in^inn^n(mo^intf)in^tf)antf)antf)u)u)an(\iinir>ininu) o o o o o o o o o o (0(D(D<D<D(0C0(D(0(D(DC0C0C0(0(D<0(0(0C0C0(0(0(D(D(0(0(0mc0c0(D(0<D(DC0(DC0m(0(D(D(0(D(D<0{0(DO<0<D(D(D(0 H ll 5 ^ s* I *- T- r- zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz C0C0CD^O>O)^^^^^^CpC0C0C0 o co 5 LU S I ifi CD to N (O -- r 555co5-j5$-j z ^ z lulu ocoooluozommoo 22 *- Q Q ~A(OQU)QC0NOinn offifipinnisnqu 88 f O N ft (O *- ujuujlummmmiiimllilijljmljjlljijjujlliluuj OOSNSSNSNNNNNNNSNSeOa) t-fft»-int-(mortrt -1 _i -1 5 i-. _J -J co co co m co.5! 8 0) lisgilii i- co m en -T d.- _T d -T =J z 5 d co 5 z z m > m m o r^ o r*^ r-- o o ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ CDCDCDCDCDcOcOcOcOcOeOQQQ rtrtrtnnowortwoownoortoortnrtrtncovv^v^nooorjo O) O) h» ^^^inininwin^^wnnonainoqqoaaiaioifflojffln^wwwww^nnnop) < <<<<<< LUIlJLULUDUJLUQQQDQOLUlilLUIJJLUUJUJUJUJUJLULULU^ zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz o--«n«ii»seoi \_f r- v«v* >* Hf \u i-» vjj ui w w in ty >«uj w i"" w UJ w w : v \y -m u I \LI I - \AJ 1_1J NNSSNNNNNN(«fl0(9(DfflCpfflC0CD (flfll ro(r0)rofflffio) inininintninoininininininlninintnintnininininininininininin f^f^rvf^i^n.f^h. rn inir)(?5i??inininin"isisinin"in*ssis O'-O'tlOtONCDOjP'-W r-rri-i-ri-ri-i-impjn CDCDCDCDCDCDCDCD 00 50

63 i i i i j i 1 Appendix A continued ZZZZZZZZZZZIIZZZZZZ X HI LU > > o o QOOOOOQOOQOOOOOOOOOQOQOQ cc cc o o CC CC _ DC < < i<<<<ooooqoooooooooogoooo55o3d _ OOOOitrccccirDcircccctrccccircccctrcctrirmmtDmmm a 3 < ^ U C < 03 -=5=)3^3D=33DD3DZ)D3D333^D' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< LU LU UJ LU LU LU LL OOOOQQOO GO " o w 5 s?; co (o E. uji NlO'-»-^NO)«P3(ON100(J100)5(On(D(D'-QKOOQOffl'-N<55 a)n(ooa)'-on^(p S^fflrtO'-oaooNO'-'-winnW'-oico^^nsoj^ovoajirt^roNOJNNSowooJO) (CiO(DH)(DioiniB«)ir'iDiDiDifiinin^(Dir)iniC(DiDininssNNcoNNiDscDiO(Din(D(oiOinin coincdcococomm (OiOiO^O)coo)(DOtD^fflffl^wO«Dnioo^cDiQO)0)(PQWwwwONin in3int-^sa)(\ia)iniooo^in«wa)in w^^(ot-i-oo^wsrooi?5s5no)oo^^o)n'-tdin5nooco'-(osooc6(dwr)wi-o)so(\i(»«ifi5'-wa)0) coin(0(0(oidin(d(0(oiniotolninin(dininin(oi()(0(din(dsnss(onsconninin(o<d(0(dininn<fiin(d(0(os<oinio omoooinointnoomocminqoooooo coco(oa)cona)(fi(mc)r}(vj(mcda)0)0)aia)0)a) <ococococo(0(0(dr«-f^r*«r^r*.r'«.cocococo(ocdcd<0 m o o in io o ad CD G) CD O) CD ommoomioo OOJOO'-'-'-O) mooommom^tcoojco 0}0)0)O)0)0) (0(D(DKN(OSSNSSS inoooou^tntnooinooinoqoo<doqqioinooininou^qqinoinuiqqooqoinq(dooojcd^-o)too)o CDOCD(Dr^OOCD01wQC»a)C»CDCB^QQ O(OS(D(O(D<ONSNNNS(O(D(O(O(OV(D(OO(O(O(DO)CD(SC9C4QCIIwC))(})O)<D(D0(O(OSN(ONSSSKNN(D(O(O f f So NOWNOJrtfO m^tf)^0)w(mo'-'-o«oc)inidno)0^v^«0'rinnotnmo)r)(\)oso rtwo^qlotdq o»-a)oc»rt(dki5 t N(D O in^inin(difioj«-a)oiow'-(\i'-ifi(dcfto*^a)ina)win^(dwova3r)owooo(din{doncd ^ coo^c\j*-^-c\jr-co»-»- - i- *- v- «- *- «-»- - -*---'«-'-*-*- r- -r- i-»- «- *~ CD Tt lo 9ro(o^a)r(D(D^^^f\lWWO)a)Q^^n^lONQffl^^^^o^nco^<DlnoQlD$0)c»won^-Olnc\J'-c\la)^(onco A ra n ^ o eo B c -C > a o.'v c a "o cy a>in»-w»-*-*-mcmr**»- ocs^cbojco^cor^f^cdcb»» N ^t 01 ^ C\j CD * 0> O O O)«t(D0JN(\INS O C\j <* CD ^ O'-W(Oin< J(D(\IO)'-0)00)WOfOS'-O)^(00)'-, ^^r: «e6r-'c6'-'n6c\ilrinsffl(dwdnnt dnr : : «)0lON co*-<pocoiom<2>cpcqcg ift^^cococo^^-^'?co ^ co - to m cm co ^ m n s 5.. SCpC0CDC0CQQf*.C0 cncdcococococbcbscmcm QNN^^^^t-^n KcpincpcpcpQcocMOr-nincfiQ coincoa>0)0)cocmco cm r-» m r». in 5<j)s?)?)nQa)N to cm cocdcncocococococo N o ^ v O '- N <D ID - <~ (O CD (O S ^ NNCD«-«)CDO)SNCnO>0)lOlOlO iosgingsi-r-»-(do ID 3 ^ O)»- *- *»-» _, 0)0)QQiOC0C0C00)0)0>0)-. C0C0Or^C0^lQ*-0>a>C0C0C0<tf^«T inco^ojcoascocococpco ioiairtt f- mminaodcommmiomiocdir) m^-co^tcoiotnin^'-'-cococoioioto (D(DNiniOinCD<D(D(D(0(D(0(DCDSIDiniO^^^lOlO,-«5ncoiAioifi^vins ;*0'-sNNiS? r*. o cs m m lo U c o H zzzzzh'hj zzzzzzzhj H 1 zzh1 H J zzhj H'H J H 1 zzzhj H J H 1 zzzh1 H J 4 1 H J H 1 H H 1 J H J zhj H J H 1 H J ^z4j cococowco55cococococococo55coco55cooo5555w OQOOQOOQOOOOQOQOOQOQOQQOOQQO mlnininlninminmmmminmmminmmmminmtnminoo CDCDCDCDCDCDCD(O(DCD<D<DCDCDCDCD H J zzhj gqqoqooooqqooooooo ininioinininioiointninioioinioinin CDCDCDCDCDCDCDmCDCDCDCDCD o 8 in r^ r~ oj oj cm a> 5 5 z z S S H "^ "T iri m - LU 8 LU LU 8 incncncocococmojcoco'- 8'. _1 _l - ^ ~- a a 1 t < < _t ro _l < in o 2ȯ in ^'-'-r^coo)^- 8 8 O 8 CVJ <M _) 1 _i.j _j *» III in III rn i 8 3 in en <n in m (M r- (\J to Jilii! si 8 jj -j 5 J j J co 5 : lu in m lu lu q in m cm s m m ^ s i oj *- *- i r*. cm cm to (D OJ - (0 CVJ «- f 1 N (O 8 N O (M o _ 5 co co rv * ZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ CDCDCDr^r^h^^^r^cOCDOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO flootononconnononnnnroonp)nnconn?5?595999^5nortonno CPtM(MW (M(MN<MWrofflO>a fflagqffltd CD en Q «* ««t i i i t i WLUUJLLILLIUJWLUQOOQOOUJIjUWWWUJLJJUJUJW <<<<<< ZZZZZZZZZZ2ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ222Z ii co ^ m co I s * co CD CD CD ^r»r«.r«.r"».^.r*.r^r^r^ -rt'tincoscoo) ScocOcococococOco CDCDCDCDCDCD ;? ss CDCDCDCDCDCDCDCDCD r^r-r^r--r^r--r^r»r-.r^r^r-r^r*r^r.r-.cd(^ CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD OJO'-NO'tincDN CDCDCD CDCDCDCDCD<DCDcOO)CnO>O)O)0)O)O)O)O) 51

64 endpoi Appendix A continued < < x x r r i i trzzzzzzz oooooooo " 2 z z z - XIIIIXIII OQOOOOOOQOOO cococococozoicomcocaco cococococozcocococococo ZZZZ22213II UJQjlUUJUJlUllJ333DD3D3llJllJlUlUlliaJlUlULUDD3DDDDDDD zzzzzuiiceliticzzzzzzzzziffriiiiiiiiicei III III III III III -^ -\ -\ ~\ -\ ^ ^ -> III III III Ml III III III III III -\ -» ^ ^ ^ -\ -s -^ -1 -^ -\ -\ CDCDOOOOOU5<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< O) O) p) m s rtno)ina>m»-n^o>tm(ooo)oocm»-n<d^(ocdo)c\jmsno)eow co in m ^^wooss'-oeomoio'-oiffl^onigmat-inconwnnifi in<ocococoinincocoininincointntnco<dcointninco<oininintninin O <* ^t O) ^ i- incdcocomincococommcococo ** t- N. co in co co o» a> n in (o n o ** o in in m in in m m m s s as s-l gingcqqqqqgocncnm*- (OCD(D NNSNSNK<o5<D ScocoppcoQQmm ^TO SS *-coo*-o)cococom (D ffl N N S S QIQ^(9QOQ>''noo ^(])loa)qq(olnfflffiqi iot1^^v9wwnwnk<dn55(d<dnnrtwwww«o (Q in<o,]pnna)qoloq^'-0(oq(\l in in s (O(D(D(ONNSNNNN<O(DV(D(O(O(ONNNNNSNNN(D(0V(O(D ±= 2r a a)«5oo)'-owinin^n$?5ed cdinoi-iqoinnnirifflfflriai^nwn ; ioedoo)0 3; o IO K P) d ri n i1 - (O co o o co CJ> in co oo a> co co cm *»? s o m O) en «- co m 6 in ^ ai ^t oi ^ in n co en n oi O O) 0) O. *! o «w ~ cm a. 1 c laye Depth of co in ^ ^J *- o o ^- o H m t in ^ N o^tcn-cfinocor^r^coo o o (O in o o to m cm If) *J» N r- tf o - o «t ^cocbcm'-rsinrocm'-'-oj'- co 25 co cm o co o> r- 0) r- - <9 O,_ o n w o) n n o 1 Ol «- o «- O in to'-niocdno)nno)(dciia) in t <* o 0) o r- en o ^r in in co in O - in OJ r^ cgcmqcocoa>gco^ococ\i*f o a> r^ in t in co 3F m co co cm cm 9 O O»- mcocoinr«*r^co«-p>co qqcmcococpcococmco '-wolwow'-o'-w O) 00 i- tfr s n m O 'f --*-*-0(000_. w cocococococomcococo h-rs.r^mmcminm'-mmoqqcocoinin WWCficOCN^inrv^-cOtncMpQ^ '-T-t-QS'fcOCftNIDNN'-NCvifi h» ap co in co 5 ajoqo'jnidolloldt'-oqo'-n'-oo (D^^'-O'-cyinfflmco'-Nnr) ON990)N(Or)^tn^(DrtN^ Q o t n N w 9 fi n o oi coincocomcocof^^cor^oomtnin m co co in tn ininmmmininmmmminmmininininmininmmin m 88 in m m m m m m m m in in _i o a. El z z z z z z z z LULULLJLLlLULLlLULiJLUlULU z z z z z z wcbc/)c/>3c/>cocnco coco333c/)3coco33cocacococflcn S8S M M r-~ o in in o co s > QQQQ 00 QQOQQOQQQQQOOQO intnininininininu^inintnininininininqinin cocococococococococococococococococococococo ! 8 B 5 o 10 co y 35:: SSSaatSSS ^33^33333 tcoqininininr^ 80 ^ p co cm m cm cm co - m In In _. co co co co co co w K co o m m S ««1- <M J? * «3 3 3 co 3 ffi 8 in o m m o r- _ cm m n s in co»-*-*-cd ffi 8UJ LU -I in in uj t- co m o»- O C7> 0)» t- 8. Sffi o m 8 CD *i 533 co co 000o r^ r^ co T - in wj cj in (^ O to O t^» luzuoioujom^j -l^-j-luj cysinninqoiot-p mmococmqqr^c/) m**cocmcoin»-co^cm co cm «- in co p.(o N - «- «- 2 C/) Q in in in S N O) UJ LU LU UJ LU LU CD z z z z zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzz GO cococdco«dininwcm»-»-0)0)0)0)c»o)coo)ininin'-'~'- CD m 0> CD Q> Oi Q) «-»-»-»- ^ ^ I** "«* llllijlljuuulljlijlijlljuuuujuiujuiluullllijlljujuulijlijlljlljuuluujulijuulijuilij ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ co en co (BIDCDNSNNNNSNNSKSSNNNNNN O)0i0i0i0i0i00)0i0i0>0i0i0>0i0>0i0i0i0i0i0i en NSNNNNNSNNNNNNNSNNNS co ot o5 ot> en 52

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