EOSC221: Sediments Content Summary
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1 EOSC221: Sediments Content Summary TOPIC 1: Sedimentary Rocks and Structures Why are Sedimentary Rocks Important? Overall Classification (Siliciclastic/Orthochemical/Allochemical) Sedimentary Strata and Bed Forms: - Sediments and Strata rule of superposition - Alternate Bed Forms - Reefs biologically produced structures - Salt Diapirs Evaporite deposits / relation to petroleum Sedimentary Logs: construction of and interpretation Depositional Basins subsidence and accommodation. Page text book Sedimentary Structures - Depositional: bedding&laminations / current and wave ripples / graded bedding - Erosional: flutes / grooves&tools / channels - Post Depositional:slumps / convolute bedding / flames / loads / mudcracks / salt pseudomorphs Biological Components: macrofossils / microfossils / tracefossils Nodules and Concretions TOPIC 2: Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Broad Definitions Transport distance: chemical vs textural maturity (sphericity/sorting) Conglomerates and Breccias - Environments of deposition: beach/fluvial/alluvial/glacial - Classification and Terminology: polymict/oligomict/monomict/matrix vs clast supported / intra vs extrafromational Sandstones - Basic components: grains / matix (proto/pseudo/epi) / cement - Mineral composition: Page Classification: Pettijohn classification scheme - Environment of deposition & provenance: immature supermature sandstones - Provenance and tectonic regime: QFL diagrams Mudrocks: claystones vs siltones vs shales - Textures: laminations / mudcracks / fissility - Colour: grey- black / red- yellow- green - Mineral composition page Marine mudrocks: shelf / near shore / hemipelagic - Non marine mudrocks: floodplain (including caliche deposits) / lakes and varves - Organic rich mudrocks: sulfate reduction and sulfidic black shales - Loess deposits - Volcanic mudrocks: bentonites
2 TOPIC 3: Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks Limestones: - Overall Mineralogy: aragonite, low and high Mg Calcite / calcite vs aragonite seas - Precipitation of Calcite with: organisms/pressure/temperature/agitation - Geographical distribution: vertical (CCD) and geographical / through geological time - Limestone components: - Allochems: skeletal (fossils) vs Non skeletal: coated grains (ooids/oncoids) peloids / intraclasts - Interstitial material: micrite vs cement - Limestone Classification schemes: Folk vs Dunham - Depositional Environments - Terrestrial limestones: caliche / lake limestones (organic & inorganic) - Marine limestones: near shore / lagoons / intertidal / shelves / reefs / starved basins Dolostones: classification and Ghost textures TOPIC 4: Diagenesis Introduction and Diagenetic Zones: Vadose zone/capillary fringe/water table/phreatic zone Sandstone Diagenesis - Vadose: clay infiltration/mineral solution/authigenic minerals/diagentic reddening - Phreatic: dissolution / compaction / cements and overgrowth. Mudstone Diagenesis - Marine: 1. oxidation à 2. Bacterial sulfate reduction à 3. Fermentation à 4. Decarboxylation à 5. Hydrocarbon generation (petroleum then gas) à 6. Metamorphism - Non Marine: Siderite nodule formation Carbonate Diagenesis - Major Processes: cementation / neomorhism / dissolution / compaction / dolomitization - Diagentic Environments - Meteoric: i. upper vadose (dissolution) ii. lower vadose (pendant and meniscus cements) iii, Phreatic (permanent water saturation) Low Mg calcite cements / isopachous à blades and syntaxial overgrowths - Marine: micritization / cementation (beachrock) - Deep Burial: fill in porosity / stylolites / ferroan calcites / aggrading neomorphism - Dolomitization: penecontemporaneous vs direct precipitation - Penecontemporaneous models: i. Evaporite- Brine Residue (reflux & evaporative pumping models) / ii. / Groundwater mixing iii. Sea Water model - Deep Burial Dolomitization
3 TOPIC 5: Evaporites and Miscellaneous Sedimentary Rocks Introduction: gypsum/anhydrite/halite Environments of Deposition - Sabkha: prograding facies / associate sedimentary fabrics and structures - Basin Deposits: Deep barred basins vs Deep basins with occasional marine access - Classic Sequence: marine à Organic rich à Carbonates à Anhydrite & organic carbonate à halite/anhydrite à Massive halite à K and Mg salts - Lakes: salt vs bitter lake deposits Example Evaporite Deposits: page Other Sedimentary rocks - Banded Iron Formations: GA - Great Oxygenation Event - Cherts: silica, conchoidal fracture - Coal - Volcaniclastics: pyroclastics / Hyaloclastites / Lahars
4 EOSC 221: Sediments: List of some important minerals and chemical equations Silica: SiO2 Calcite: CaCO3 Aragonite (Max 1% MgCO3) Low Mg Calcite: (<4% MgCO3) High Mg Calcite: (>4% MgCO3) Dolomite: (CaMg(CO3)2) Hematite: Fe2O3 Magnetite: Fe3O4 Geothite: [FeO(OH)] Siderite: FeCO3 Pyrite: FeS2 Gypsum: CaSO4.H2O Anhydrite: CaSO4 Halite: NaCl Sylvite (a potassium salt formula not given) Sulfate Reduction in sediments: Sulfate (SO4 2- ) via bacterial sulfate reduction- à Sulfide (H2S) 4Fe2O3+9H2S à 8FeS+SO H2O+2H + Reaction H2S with Fe 2+ or reactive Fe- mineral FeS + S 0 à FeS2 Reaction of iron sulfide with elemental sulfur Bacterial Sulfate reduction as represented in zone 2 diagenetic environment 2CHO + SO4 2- à 2CO2 +S 2- +2H2O Precipitation of Calcite: CO2 + H2O <- > H2CO3 Carbon Dioxide and Water <- > Carbonic Acid H2CO3 <- > H + + HCO3 - Carbonic acid dissociated into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate HCO3 - <- > H + + CO3 2- Further dissociation of bicarbonate into hydrogen ions and carbonate Ca 2+ + CO3 2- <- > CaCO3 Calcium and Carbonate ions in solution react to form Calcite/Aragonite Zone 3 diagenesis: organic fermentation CH2O à CH4 + CO2 Zone 4 diagenesis: decarboxylation R- COOH à R- H + O=C=O Penecontemporaneous dolomitization 2CaCO3+Mg 2+ à CaMg(CO3)2 + Ca 2+ Direct precipitation of dolomite Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ +2CO3 2- à CaMg(CO3)2
5 EOSC 221: List of Sedimentary Rocks Terrigenous Orthochemical & impure orthochemical Allochemical & Impure Allochemical Conglomerates Breccias Diamictites Sandstones (see Pettijohn diagram for full scheme): Arentites Greywackes (wackes) Arkose Lith argentite / wacke / arkose etc Mudrocks Claystone Siltstone Shale Hemipelagic mudrocks Non marine mudrocks Organic rich mudrocks sulfidic black shales Bentonites Loess Limestone - Folk (see Folk scheme for more detail): intra/ oo / bio / pel : Micrite / Sparite - Dunham (see Dunham scheme for more detail): Mudstone / wackestone / packstone / grainstone / boundstones (floatstone / rudstone / bafflestone / bindstone / framestone) - Caliche Dolostone (use folk and Dunham with prefix Dolo ) Evaporites Banded Iron Formation Chert Coal Pyroclastics Hyaloclastites Lahars
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