WP3: MORPH DELIVERABLE 3.1 OPERATING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND SEDIMENTOLOGICAL NETWORK

Transcription

1 DELIVERABLE 3.1 Document 1. Report OPERATING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND SEDIMENTOLOGICAL NETWORK TECHNICAL DETAILS Description: Report corresponding to the deliverable 3.1 of the Work Package 3 MORPH: Impacts of changing floods and droughts on channel morphology, sediment transport and physical habitat () Elaboration: WP3 Members (led by the University of Lleida and the Forest Technology Centre of Catalonia, UdL-CTFC) Contact: Ramon J. Batalla (rbatalla@macs.udl.cat) Delivery date: December 15 th, 2010

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3 INDEX Figure captions 3 Table captions 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 1. INTRODUCTION 8 2. SITE SELECTION GENERAL SAMPLING (Transversal component) Sampling strategy: Rationale and elaboration of a field protocol Data acquisition Database creation Summary and tasks in progress FIELD MONITORING (Vertical component) Field monitoring strategy Monitoring sites Summary and tasks in progress REFERENCES 51 2

4 Figure captions Figure 1. Main task and associated WPs interactions based on WP3 working scheme. Figure 2. T-Frame data adquisition design. The variables located on the left refer to the transversal component whereas the variables on the right refer to the vertical component. Figure 3. Location of the basins in the Iberian Peninsula. The 77 sampling and monitoring points are also shown. Figure 4. The Ebro basin and its sampling and monitoring sites. Figure 5. The Llobregat basin and its sampling and monitoring sites. Figure 6. The Júcar basin and its sampling and monitoring sites. Figure 7. Definition of particle axes (Bunte, 2001). Figure 8. Gravel template. Figure 9. Examples of the different images generated by the Digital Gravelometer software during the post-process of the photograph taken in the River Algars (Ebro basin). Figure 10. (A) Leica TCRP1201 Robotic Total Station; (B) Electromagnetic flowmeter Valeport 801. Figure 11. Example of the summary spreadsheet. Figure 12. Example of the hydraulic geometry spreadsheet. Figure 13. Example of a surveyed cross section. The blue line represents the water level of the time when the survey was done. Figure 14. Example of the velocity measurements spreadsheet. Figure 15. Representation of the velocity measurements. Figure 16. Example of the surface grain-size distribution spreadsheet. Figure 17. Surface grain-size distribution. Figure 18. Surface grain-size distribution obtained by the Digital Gravelometer. 3

5 Figure 19. Example of the subsurface grain-size distribution spreadsheet. Figure 20. Example of the comparison between surface and subsurface grain-size distributions spreadsheet. Figure 21. Grain-size distribution comparison. Figure 22. Example of the morphological sequence spreadsheet. Figure 23. Example of the impacts spreadsheet. Figure 24. Example of the vegetation spreadsheet. Figure 25. (A) McVann ANALITE NEP (B) Endress+Hausser Turbimax WCUS41. Figure 26. Examples of: (A) Electronic automatic sampler ISCO 3700; (B) Crane used to operate the manual samplers; (C) Cable suspended depth-integrating USGS DH-74; (D) Cable suspended depth-integrating USGS DH-59. Figure 27. Examples of: (A) original location and displacement of painted pebbles (i.e., tracers) in a braided gravel bed river in New Zealand (River Rees) after a flood season. Note that the arrows indicate the maximum displacement for each set of tracers. The minimum displacement is also indicated as a reference (source: ReesScan, (B) Difference between Digital Elevation Models (DoD) obtained before and after a flood season in the River Feshie (Scotland; courtesy of Joe Wheaton). DoD s allow the study of erosion-deposition processes in river reaches. These processes can be coupled with changes on morphological units and sedimentological characteristics related to flood magnitude. Figure 28. Example of aerial photography obtained by means of a time-lapse digital camera mounted in a helium balloon (source: Vericat et al., 2009). Aerials are georectified using surveyed targets. Figure 29. Monitoring sites and survey frequency. Note that the basin is indicated between brackets. All sites in the left column are considered as reference while the sites in the right column are considered altered in different degree. Figure 30. (A) Plate of the gauging station (Source: SAIH-CHE). (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach where the main roads described in the access section can be found. The location of the gauging station is represented by means of a red dot. 4

6 Figure 31. (A) Views towards the study site from the A-138 road. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. Figure 32. (A) Views downstream from Inglabaga Monitoring Station. (b) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. Figure 33. (A) Views towards the study site. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. Figure 34. (A) Views towards the study site. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. Figure 35. (A) Views towards the study site. (b) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. Figure 36. (A) Views towards the study site. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. Figure 37. (A) Views towards the study site. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. Figure 38. (A) Views towards the study site. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. (b) (b) 5

7 Table captions Table 1. Main components of the conceptual framework both at the catchment (transversal component) and the reach (vertical component) scales, designed to carry out the WP3 and interactions with other WPs. Table 2. Results of the velocity measurements. Table 3. Results of the surface grain-size distributions obtained by the pebble-count method. Table 4. Results of the surface grain-size distributions obtained by the Digital Gravelometer. Table 5. Results of the subsurface grain-size distributions. Table 6. Comparisons between surface and subsurface grain-size distributions. Table 7. Moments calculated for each grain-size distribution. Table 8. Summary of the work done. Table 9. Summary of the monitoring status. 6

8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This work presents the activities undertaken within the frame of the Work Package 3 to complete Deliverable 3.1. Work is done to analyse sediment transport and channel morphosedimentary dynamics. Fieldwork is carried out in selected rives reaches of the rivers Ebro, Llobregat, Júcar and Guadalquivir in relation to its degree of impact and climatic variability; the work is undertaken at scales relevant to assess fish and invertebrate habitat suitability. At the general sampling level, more than 130 cross sections have been surveyed, while more than 600 velocity profiles have been measured. Surface grain-size distribution was sampled at 20 sections, but with more than 3000 pebbles counted; subsurface grain-size distribution was sampled at 10 locations, accounting more than 400 kg of mass sieved. From the monitoring point of view, three sites are already collecting sediment transport data, while the rest six are in the process of instrumentation. Sites in operation and in the process of calibration are the Ribera Salada river at the Inglabaga monitoring station, the Algars river in Batea and the Matarranya river in Nonaspe. Work done so far has accomplished the milestone 3.1. (i.e., identification and instrumentation of selected river areas), and shows progress towards the completion of the milestone 3.2. (i.e., completing measurement of sediment transport and campaigns on river s morphology, habitat and aquatic organisms). Work presented here transcends WP3 and shows a high degree of interaction with WPs 4 & 5 and the respective leading working groups. Deliverable is split into two main parts: a) Technical report in which we describe the activities conducing to the characterization and monitoring of the study basins from the geomorphological point of view, and b) Annexes in which field protocol and site templates, together with technical details on instrumentation and fieldwork are presented. 7

9 1. INTRODUCTION SCARCE-WP3 analyses sediment transport and channel morphosedimentary dynamics of selected rives reaches from the micro to the mesoscale (meters to hundred of m to km), relevant to assess fish and invertebrate habitat suitability, and to forecast future evolution at the light of global change trends. Generating new baseline field data is the bases to achieve this main objective. Within this context, this work reports on the activities undertaken within the frame of Work Package 3 to fulfil and complete Deliverable 3.1. Text describes the rationale and the detailed measurements and monitoring activities that are being carried out i) to characterize sediment and flow dynamics and ii) to establish sediment transport and sedimentological network in the study basins. One of the main goals of SCARCE is to analyse physical, biological and chemical interactions at selected sites to develop a diagnoses of the current river ecosystem status. To achieve this goal a conceptual framework was discussed and implemented by the project PI Committee, with the added value of strengthening links between WPs 3, 4 and 5 at the first instance and to WPs 2 and 6 further on (see Figure 1). Ebro River to WP2 (HYDRO): Surface roughness of experimental areas Guadalquivir River Bed sedimentology Channel Morphology Hydraulic Geometry Riparian areas Sediment transport Morphodynamics Bed mobility T1 T2 WP6 WP4 T3 WP5 WP2 T4 Llobregat River to WP4 (QUALITY): Physical characterization of representative sampling points to WP5 (PROCESS): Physical characterization of representative sampling points Hydraulic modelling Field experimentation on flowsediment-biota interactions Júcar River to WP6 (UPSCALING): Long-term sediment transport and hydrological modelling CLUE: Ti: Task i WPi: Work-package i Figure 1. Main task and associated WPs interactions based on WP3 working scheme. 8

10 Framework includes the two following components, the so called T frame (Figure 2); a specification of the tasks associated to sites and WPs are presented in the Table 1: - Transversal component: General sampling of representative sites in the four study catchments (Ebro, Llobregat, Júcar and Guadalquivir), including reference and modified locations, where extensive physical characterization is undertaken. This comprises 77 sites distributed along the basins (Figure 3). Most part of second half of 2010 has been devoted to this activity, although it was not originally included as such in the original project timetable. A complete description of site selection and measurements are presented, including technical, methodological and logistical aspect relevant for the project development. - Vertical component: Monitoring river reaches including reference and modified locations where continuous physical monitoring and experimentation is undertaken. This includes 9 of the previous 77 sites, in this case located in the Ebro, Llobregat and Júcar basins. Sediment transport and morphosedimentary dynamics at the reach scale are the main objects of the monitoring. Work is based on a different frequency monitoring in each site (see chapter 4 of the report for details). Site instrumentation is being put in place progressively, as the same time that the tasks of the transversal component are finalised. Three sites are already in operation. Value of gathered data goes beyond WP3 and aim to feed scientific questions of WP5 and modelling exercises planned in WP6. Figure 2. T-Frame data adquisition design. The variables located on the left refer to the transversal component whereas the variables on the right refer to the vertical component. 9

11 Aims, methods and programme of SCARCE follow a working scheme that is based on high degree of interdisciplinariety. This deliverable tries to serve this idea too, i.e. contributing to that interdisciplinary work, so that a detail practical description of field work design, technical procedures and methods of use for other groups and disciplines is presented. Work done so far accomplishes objectives contained in the milestone 3.1. (i.e., identification and instrumentation of selected river areas), and shows the progress towards the completion of milestone 3.2. (i.e., completing measurement of sediment transport and campaigns on river s morphology, habitat and aquatic organisms). Work presented here go beyond specific tasks allocated to WP3 and shows the high degree of interaction established with WPs 4 & 5 and the respective responsible working groups. Figure 3. Location of the basins in the Iberian Penninsula. The 77 sampling and monitoring points are shown. 10

12 Table 1. Main components of the conceptual framework both at the catchment (transversal component) and the reach (vertical component) scales, designed to carry out the WP3 and interactions with other WPs. 11

13 2. SITE SELECTION As has been explained in section 1, data acquisition is based on two types of field sites: (a) general sampling locations and (b) monitoring river reaches. General sampling locations are distributed across each of the study basins with the objective to obtain an extensive physical characterization. Monitoring river reaches provide physical monitoring and experimentation. Selection of general sampling locations and monitoring river reaches has been based on three main criteria: 1. Degree of Mediterraneanity : total rainfall, intensity and temporal variability have been taken as the basis to establish the degree of mediterraneanity. Reaches characterized from snow-fed to ephemeral flow regimes have been selected. 2. Degree and type of impact: flow regulation, gravel mining and water diversion, have been the main considered impacts. Sites with no impact have been selected as reference. 3. Historical data availability: finally, the amount and type of historical data available have been also considered. Historical data is of great interest to analyze long term morphosedimentary changes and patterns and their drivers. A total of 77 general sampling locations have been selected, within which 9 sites are considered as monitoring river reaches. These sites include reference and modified river reaches. Figures 4, 5 and 6 show the location of the sampling sites at the Ebro, Llobregat and Júcar basins, differentiating the 9 monitoring reaches. 12

14 Figure 4. The Ebro basin and its sampling and monitoring sites. 13

15 Figure 5. The Llobregat basin and its sampling and monitoring sites. 14

16 Figure 6. The Júcar basin and its sampling and monitoring sites. 15

17 3. GENERAL SAMPLING (TRANSVERSAL COMPONENT) The aim of the general sampling is to characterize the main morphosedimentary units in selected river reaches. This task includes: i) characterization of rivers morphology and sedimentary structure from field surveys. Morphology and hydraulics of areas of the river channels will be described through a set of features (i.e., channel geometry, slope). Additionally, habitat variables and indicators, together with fish, invertebrates and riparian vegetation guilds will be sampled in close relation to activities of WPs QUALITY and PROCESS. ii) Diagnosis of riverbed status (i.e., incision, armouring, vegetation encroachment) at the light of changes in river s hydrological and sedimentary regimes. Theoretical entrainment and transport conditions (e.g., particle mobility, fraction wise transport), will be derived from the data. If additional surveys are undertaken changes in river bed-material (e.g., coarsening) and channel morphology (e.g., planform changes) will be also assessed at the light of contemporary flood regimes. Results will be at the reach scale and will be useful to inform further upscaling and modeling tasks in the project Sampling strategy: rationale and elaboration of a field protocol After selecting the sites to be sampled, a sampling strategy was defined. The sampling strategy was directed to measure and describe the variables and indicators considered the most relevant to the physical characterization of the sampling sites. Different criteria have been followed to apply the field protocol design. Data obtained will provide to WP MORPH and some other related work packages (e.g., WP QUALITY or WP PROCESS) the basic information to obtain the physical framework of the sampling sites. The main variables to be measured are i) the river bed sedimentology, ii) the channel morphology, iii) the hydraulic geometry and river flow, together with iv) some qualitative information related to vegetation and quality indexes. The sampling strategy and the field protocol have been reflected in a field notebook that was defined, discussed and agreed by all the working groups of WP MORPH River-bed sedimentology The sediment availability in alluvial channels can be considered, at a long-term 16

18 perspective, in quasi-equilibrium with the river s transport capacity (Schumm, 1977). Human activities can modify the hydrosedimentary regime and, consequently, it can alter the sediment availability patterns too. Likewise, grain-size distribution of the sediments will be also modified (e.g., D 50, sorting). These changes are reflected in the vertical profile of the stream-bed sediment. The vertical profile of a gravel bed river generally shows two distinct layers that do not change gradually with depth: the surface and the subsurface layer. The particle-size distribution of each layer is the result of an interaction between flow hydraulics and sediment availability. The analysis of these layers can provide interesting information about the temporal sequence of flow and sediment interactions as well as about other parameters required for sediment transport calculations. For instance, the increment of the armouring ratio (i.e., the difference between the surface and the subsurface materials) modifies the critical conditions required to initiate bed motion, and controls part of the sediment load transported by the river. On the other hand, the grain-size distribution of alluvial channels can also control many biotic and abiotic processes. The median size and degree of dispersion of the grain-size distribution of the surface layer of a river can directly influence the fish spawning and endow with shelter areas for fish as well as for macroinvertebrates. To characterize the study sites grain-size distributions of the sediment are analyzed in the different geomorphological units defined at each specific site. Data is collected to characterize the surface layer (see data acquisition section for more information) and the subsurface layer (see data acquisition section for more information). Some more information is also collected, as can be the presence of patches of fine sediments or the biggest particle present in the reach, representative of the contemporary sedimentary regime of the river (see data acquisition section for more information). All this information is necessary to estimate variables related to sediment entrainment and mobility (e.g., mean shear stress, critical shear stress) Channel morphology The river morphology is the result of the interaction between flow hydraulic and sedimentary structure. River morphology has been also considered as the cause and consequence of sediment transport. In general terms, measurements of river 17

19 morphology are useful to describe the shape of the river channels and quantify their changes over the time. The delimitation of the study reaches was based on morphological criteria (e.g., the pool-riffle-bar triplet; Church and Jones, 1982). These basic forms play an essential role in controlling the spatial and temporal features of channel s flow, generating areas of concentration (e.g., riffles) or dissipation (e.g., pools) of energy during low flows and vice-versa during high flows (Reverse Velocity Theory, Richards, 1982). These elements are complemented by sedimentation bars, which are dynamic accumulations of sediment produced during floods. These bars are used to derive interesting information, as can be the grain-size distribution analysis and elevation on the runway, and they help to interpret the dynamics of the river (e.g., accumulation vs. incision) in the long term. Additionally, from the ecological point of view, these structures are essential elements for the diversity of habitats and species in rivers. For instance, the riffles constitute very productive areas for macroinvertebrates and pools become especially important to provide shelter for numerous fish species Hydraulic geometry and river flow The knowledge of the channel geometry of the study reaches is essential to derive hydraulic variables as can be the shear stress. The hydraulic geometry of the reaches is also linked to the diversity of microhabitat conditions together with the aquatic organisms. As a consequence, reach-scale responses of populations and communities are related to the hydraulic geometry. The sampling objective of this section restricts the number of topographic sections surveyed; it is not intended to obtain a continuous and detailed topographic model of the study reach (i.e., DEM). Rather than that, the goal is to use the topographical data to calculate different water levels and their basic hydraulic characteristics for each section. Cross section collection is based on different criteria like channel narrowing, presence of changes in channel form (e.g., relation between width and depth, w/d), etc. In general terms, a minimum of five cross sections are considered; although obtaining an extra cross section downstream would facilitate the modeling processes (i.e., determine the boundary conditions). The water level at each cross section and the local slope has been also collected. This data may provide basic information for others WPs (e.g., WP UPSCALE) to characterize the reaches, providing relevant information to 18

20 design future scenarios. More accurate topographical information will be obtained at the monitoring sections (see section 4). Finally, basic hydraulic flow characteristics (e.g., velocity, water depth, channel width, etc.) are also measured in each cross section. The velocity profiles are collected at regular intervals, but the number of profiles measured may vary depending on the channel complexity, channel width, etc (see data acquisition section for more information) Qualitative information Some other qualitative information was also considered necessary for the general characterization and to provide information for others WP s (e.g., WP PROCESS, WP QUALITY). An impact inventory of each site will be carried out, in order to evaluate ecological and morphological conditions of the river using specific habitat indexes. Together with these indexes, the riparian and the in-channel vegetation is also studied in collaboration with the WP5 PROCESS (led by the University of the Basque Country, EHU) Data acquisition Once the variables to be measured were defined, the sampling design and the field protocol were put into practice. To describe and analyze the physical characteristics of the stream reaches, fieldwork includes measurements of: i) river-bed sedimentology, ii) channel morphology and iii) hydraulic geometry and flow hydraulics. Besides that, it was considered necessary to evaluate the iv) human impacts and v) the quality of the riparian vegetation River-bed sedimentology The study of the river-bed sedimentology is based on the analysis of the particle-size distribution of the channel-bed, including the surface and the subsurface materials. Surface material has been characterised by means of the pebble-count method (Wolman, 1954). This method is based on measuring the b-axis of at least

21 particles in each hydromorphological unit. If we consider the shape of a regular gravel, we can define three mutually perpendicular particle axes: the longest (a-axis), the intermediate (b-axis), and the shortest (c-axis) (Figure 7; Bunte, 2001). Samples are measured using a gravel template with squared holes of ½ phi unit classes (Figure 8). Nevertheless, the pebble-count technique does not allow to measure particles smaller than 8 mm, so material smaller than this size is not considered (e.g., all samples are quartered at this size). Figure 7. Definition of particle axes (Bunte, 2001) Figure 8. Gravel template Besides that, at all reaches containing exposed bars, the surface material was also measured with an indirect method. It consists in taking plan-view photography of a scaled patch. These images are subsequently analysed (Figure 9) by means of a specific software (e.g., Digital Gravelometer ). This software is used to measure the 20

22 surface grain-size distribution and to obtain the statistical parameters of the sediments and its structure too. Figure 9. Examples of the different images generated by the Digital Gravelometer software during the post-process of the photograph taken in the River Algars (Ebro basin). Subsurface material is sampled using the volumetric method (Church et al., 1987) in those reaches presenting exposed bars. A representative patch of the bar is spraypainted to differentiate the surface from the subsurface material (following Lane and Carlson, 1953). The sampled area is 1m 2 and the volume of the subsurface sample depends on the weight of the biggest subsurface particle. The coarser material is sieved on the field while the finer (< 4 mm) is taken to the laboratory to be sieved. Both materials are later classified in different size classes according to the Wentworth scale. Fine sediment patches, in the case of their presence, are also countered, their frequency noted and a representative volumetric sample taken for characterization (e.g., sieving) on the laboratory Channel morphology The morphological structure of the channels has been analyzed at the field by means of several topographic measurements at the different habitats previously identified (e.g., riffle, pools, plain-bed, transition zones, bars, etc). The identification of the morphological units was done based on 2 different morphological classifications: i) the morphological classification for mountain rivers proposed by Montgomery and Buffington (1997) and ii) the river habitat survey classification proposed by Raven et al. (1997). Thus, the selection of the total length of the sampling section is also based on morphological criteria and it is limited by the objective of sampling (i.e., general sampling). The ideal length would be composed by at least one morphological sequence (e.g., riffle/pool/plain bed). Although, some limitations should be considered, 21

23 as can be the length of each morphological unit, the difficult for identifying the morphological units, the morphosedimentary alteration (e.g., gravel mining), etc. Simultaneously, a plan-sketch including the morphological structure (e.g., riffles, pools, exposed bars) and some other interesting information (e.g., vegetation and substrate types, human alteration, infrastructures, etc) is drawn for each section. Besides that, other morphological characteristics of the study reaches, as can be the degree of channel complexity at a river reach scale, the flood plain characteristics and other morphometric aspects (e.g., type, structure, sinuosity of the channel, etc) will be analyzed by means of aerial photographs. Furthermore, historical changes and channel modifications will be studied using long-time series aerial photographs. These photographs will provide information about changes either natural or antrophogenic Hydraulic geometry Measurements on channel cross-section and longitudinal gradient are taken to establish the hydraulic geometry. Topographical surveys are obtained by means of a Geodimeter 422 Total Station and a Leica TCRP1201 Robotic Total Station (Figure 10). Sections are located, when possible, where hydrogeomorphological changes are detected. The number of points surveyed depends on the shape and complexity of the cross-section. In order to get a detailed description of each section, additional observations (e.g., water edges, banks, substrate type, etc) are noted. To be able to compare the obtained surveys with other that may be obtained in the future (or were done at the past), a set of benchmarks are set up at the sections. If necessary, after geo-referencing these benchmarks, the local coordinates could be transformed into a geographical coordinate system. Flow velocity is measured at each of the surveyed cross-sections using a mechanical propeller or an electromagnetic velocity meter Valeport 801 (Figure 10). The measuring points at each section vary according to the width, shape and complexity of the channel. Measurements are done at a depth of 0.4 times the water level from the bed, which theoretically corresponds with the location of the mean velocity. In case of high variability on the measurements, additional vertical samples are taken. Obtained values will be later used to calculate different water levels (habitat discharges) and their basic 22

24 hydraulic characteristics by the application of the 1D hydraulic models Hec-Ras and WinXSPro. (A) (B) Figure 10. (A) Leica TCRP1201 Robotic Total Station; (B) Electromagnetic flow-meter Valeport Qualitative information Impacts on channel and the riparian corridor are assessed during field surveys, including impacts on the longitudinal and the lateral connectivity (e.g., dams, dykes, ripraps, weirs, culverts and other man-made structures), artificial changes in the channel planform and adjustments of the river bed (i.e., degradation/aggradation) as well as other likely impacts (e.g., sewers, water abstraction, evidences of gravel mining) (Ollero et al., 2003). Besides that, both channel and riparian vegetation are sampled in terms of composition, structure and dynamism, and both longitudinal and lateral connectivity (Elosegi and Díez, 2009). It consists in the visual estimation of the coverage of submerged and emergent vegetation and the identification of the dominant species. In addition, the longitudinal continuity of the vegetation along the reach, the width of the riparian vegetation, its composition, structure, dynamism, and connection with the channel are noted (Elosegi and Díez, 2009) Database creation In order to prepare the data collected during the fieldwork for subsequent analyses, an internal excel database has been created for each stream reach. Database is composed by 9 spreadsheets, containing all the variables measured at the field. It also 23

25 includes photographs, field plan-sketchs, graphics and statistical analyses. In order to get a good representation of the database, the example of the River Algars (Ebro basin) is going to be presented in this section by means of the screen-prints of each of the spreadsheets and some other information Summary The first spreadsheet represents the summary of the stream reach (Figure 11), including the location (e.g., GPS coordinates), general photographs of the reach, interesting reference points (when present) and a general sketch of the site. Figure 11. Example of the summary spreadsheet Hydraulic geometry Values obtained from the topographical surveys are post-processed by means of the software Leica Geo-Office and ArcGIS (Hawths Tools application) to be later represented in the spreadsheet (Figure 12). Water level at the surveying time is also represented on the graph (Figure 13). 24

26 Figure 12. Example of the hydraulic geometry spreadsheet. Figure 13. Example of a surveyed cross section. The blue line represents the water level of the time when the survey was done Velocity Results of the velocity measurements are included in another spreadsheet (Figure 14). Additionally, values are represented in a table (e.g., width, depth, velocity and standard deviation; Table 2) and also plotted in a graph (Figure 15). 25

27 Figure 14. Example of the velocity measurements spreadsheet. Table 2. Results of the velocity measurements. Width(m) Depth (m) Velocity (m/s) SD Width(m) Depth (m) Velocity (m/s) SD Figure 15. Representation of the velocity measurements. 26

28 River-bed sedimentology River-bed sedimentology data is registered at 3 spreadsheets: surface grain-size distribution (and its statistical variables), subsurface grain-size distribution (and its statistical variables) and a comparison of both. First spreadsheet (Figure 16) contains the surface particle-size results and the statistical variables calculated in tables (Table 3). Additionally, particle-size distributions have been plotted to help in its interpretation (Figure 17). Besides that, the photographs introduced to the digital grain-size analysis (e.g., Digital Gravelometer ) and the derived results are also entered into a table (Table 4) and represented graphically (Figure 18). Figure 16. Example of the surface grain-size distribution spreadsheet. 27

29 Table 3. Results of the surface grain-size distributions obtained by the pebble-count method. Size class No. of Acumulative Finer than Size % Percentile (mm) particles (%) (%) (mm) Figure 17. Surface grain-size distribution. Table 4. Results of the surface grain-size distributions obtained by the Digital Gravelometer. Size class Area in class Acumulative Finer than Size (mm) (mm 2 % Percentile ) (%) (%) (mm)

30 Figure 18. Surface grain-size distribution obtained by the Digital Gravelometer. Second spreadsheet (Figure 19) contains the subsurface particle-size results and the statistical variables calculated in tables (Table 5), in the same way as for the surface material. Although the sampling methodology is different, statistical treatment and results are directly comparable. This way, it is possible to compare and derive new results from both grain-size distributions. Figure 19. Example of the subsurface grain-size distribution spreadsheet. 29

31 Table 5. Results of the subsurface grain-size distributions. Size class Weight Acumulative Finer than Size % Percentile (mm) (kg) (%) (%) (mm) < Finally, the comparison of the grain-size distribution results obtained for the surface and the subsurface material is included in the third spreadsheet (Figure 20). It contains a table with both results (Table 6), together with the four moments of each grain-size distribution (e.g., mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis; Table 7). Finally both distributions are plotted in the same graph (Figure 21) to visualize the riverbed armouring (e.g., comparison between the mean particle of each distribution). The armouring index is also included in the spreadsheet. Figure 20. Example of the comparison between surface and subsurface grain-size distributions spreadsheet. 30

32 Table 6. Comparisons between surface and subsurface grain-size distributions. Surface material Subsurface material Size class No. of Finer than Size class Weight Finer than % % (mm) Particles (%) (mm) (kg) (%) < < Table 7. Moments calculated for each grain-size distribution. Moment Surface Subsurface Arithmetic Mean (phi) Geometric Mean (mm) Arithmetic Sorting Geometric Sorting Geometric Skewness Arithmetic Skewness Arithmetic Kurtosis Roughness Figure 21. Grain-size distribution comparison. 31

33 Morphological sequence The morphological sequence of each study reach is represented by means of a plansketch plot, showing the different geomorphological structures and all the different remarkable aspects of the reach. It is also included in one spreadsheet (Figure 22). Besides that, some aerial photographs (both historical and up-to-date) are included for geomorphological calculations (e.g., channel complexity, flood plain characteristics, morphometric type, structure, sinuosity of the channel, etc) and as a help to later 1D hydraulic modeling (e.g., HEC-RAS, WinXSPro ). Figure 22. Example of the morphological sequence spreadsheet Impacts This section (Figure 23) includes impacts (mainly from human origin) located both in the channel and the riparian corridor that have been observed in the field. Impacts altering the stream reach (i.e., dams, gravel mining), whether upstream or downstream, are also taken into account. Distant impacts were identified by means of the aerial photographs. Impact s effects are reflected in base of the alteration they can create over the natural dynamics of the channel (e.g., erosion or aggradation) and attending to their identification easiness on the field (e.g., local processes). 32

34 Vegetation Figure 23. Example of the impacts spreadsheet. Finally, this section is aimed to include the collected channel and riparian vegetation information together with several photographs (Figure 24). It is divided into seven parts: i) channel vegetation, ii) riparian vegetation, iii) species composition, iv) structure, v) stratification, vi) dynamism and vii) channel-riparian connection. Figure 24. Example of the vegetation spreadsheet Summary and tasks in progress 33

35 General sampling at the selected sites started in summer 2010 and it will be finished at the Ebro, Llobregat and Júcar basins by the end of Due to hydrological limitations (high flows precluded in channel works) it has not been possible to do the general sampling at the Guadalquivir basin; nevertheless, it is forecasted to be carried out during summer A complete summary of the work done so far is shown in table 8. Llobregat basin s general sampling it is completely finished, whereas it s just one site left to end sampling at the Ebro basin. General sampling at the Júcar will be completed during the field campaign that will be carried out during February More than 130 cross section have been surveyed, while more than 600 velocity profiles have been measured. Surface grain-size distribution was possible to be sampled just at 20 sections, but with more than 3000 pebbles counted; subsurface grain-size distribution was possible to sample just at 10 locations, accounting more than 400 kg of mass sieved. A detailed description of the works done at each basin and sampling site can be found in the Annex 1. Table 8. Summary of the work done. EBRO LLOBREGAT JÚCAR GUADALQUIVIR TOTAL Sampling points Surveyed sections Topography Velocity profiles Surface GSD Particle counts Surface pictures Subsurface GSD Sieved mass Once fieldwork is finished and all data is included in the internal database, some variables and indicators derived from this data will be calculated to examine the channel morphology and its sedimentary structure together with stream and riparian vegetation. These variables are (i) channel morphology: sequence of morphological units and morphometry; (ii) hydraulic geometry: channel slope, bed topography and flow velocity; determination of hydraulic parameters: Reynolds number, Froude number, Roughness coefficients (Manning and Darcy-Weisbach); determination of flood and representative habitat discharges by means of 1D modelling using Hec-Ras and WinXSPro. (iii) River-bed sedimentology: determination of the surface and subsurface grain-size distributions and patchiness (e.g., GSD, size and form); calculation of the four moments of each grain size distribution (i.e., mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis); study of river-bed entrainment conditions: shear stress for 34

36 mean discharge and critical discharge. (iv) Qualitative information: estimation of the riparian vegetation complexity and assessment of the morphological and anthropic impacts. Data analysis will be completed during the first half of

37 4. FIELD MONITORING (VERTICAL COMPONENT) Sediment transport, morphological and sedimentary changes are monitored at different locations in 3 of the study basins: Ebro, Llobregat and Júcar. The objective is to characterize the current sediment transport dynamics and associated processes (morphological and sedimentological changes) in selected river reaches. Two types of river reaches have been selected: reference and modified reaches. While reference reaches have a minimum impact, modified ones include human impacts such as presence of dams, accelerated and long-term land use change and direct impacts on the channel. The selection of the field sites is based on three main points that are fully described in section 2. In summary, these criteria are: (i) the degree of Mediterraneanity ; (ii) the degree and type of impacts and (iii) historical data availability. This task includes: i) measurement and modelling of suspended sediment transport at a wide range of discharge conditions at the monitored sites; ii) assessment of bed mobility and channel stability; and iii) study of morphodynamics and changes on bed sedimentology after floods of different magnitude and frequency. Additionally, for those modified sites, iv) sediment disequilibrium will be assessed and v) contemporary sediment transport and associated processes will be related to historical changes of hydrological and flood regimes Field monitoring strategy Field monitoring is focused on the calculation of the suspended sediment load transported at the selected monitoring sites by each of the studied rivers. Suspended sediment load calculations are obtained from two main variables that will be measured in a continuous way: i) water stage (that will be transformed to discharge) and ii) water turbidity (that will be transformed to suspended sediment concentration). Water stage is measured by 2 different ways depending on the infrastructure availability. i) Monitoring sites located at official gauging stations: water stage is obtained from the official record; ii) monitoring sites located at non-gauged sections: water stage is measured by means of capacitive water stage sensors/loggers (Trutrack WT-HR) installed at suitable cross sections. Flow is recorded at a 15 min 36

38 interval and is later converted into discharge by means of the derived water stagedischarge rating curves of each location. To derive these rating curves, repeated discharge measurements (e.g., gauges) are made at each site using an electromagnetic flow meter Valeport 801: it is completed with cross-section surveys (Leica TCRP1201 Robotic Total Station) (Figure 10) (López-Tarazón et al., 2009). Sediment transport measurements are based in obtaining the suspended sediment concentration from the transformation of another variable. Suspended sediment concentration is derived from the turbidity records obtained by low-range turbidimeters McVann ANALITE NEP-9350 (measuring range NTU 3 g l -1 ) at those places with non-very high suspended sediment concentrations, whereas high range backscattering Endress+Hausser Turbimax WCUS41 turbidimeters (range up to 300 g l -1 ) are installed in those sites with presence of high-concentrated flows (Figure 25). Water turbidity is an expression of the optical property of the water that causes light to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines trough the sample; it can be defined as the reduction of transparency of a liquid caused by the presence of undissolved matter (i.e., clays, soluble organic composites, plankton, microorganisms, etc) being, this way, the opposite of clarity (Lawler, 2005; Lawler et al., 2006). Turbidity is measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU); these units do not have direct transformation to concentration, but they can be converted into suspended sediment concentration by means of a calibration with water and sediment samples taken simultaneously and at the same place where the turbidimeters are installed. The turbidity probes are linked to a Campbell CR-200 or CR-510 data-loggers. Turbidity sampling is set up at 1-min intervals while the logging is at 15-min intervals (thus recording the average value of the samples between log intervals, following the same interval for which water stage is recorded. Figure 25. (A) McVann ANALITE NEP (B) Endress+Hausser Turbimax WCUS41. 37

39 A calibration curve (turbidity vs. concentration) is derived by means of water samples taken by automatic suspended sediment samplers (e.g., ISCO 3700; Figure 26) and manual samples taken with depth-integrating USGS DH manual samplers (e.g., DH-59, DH-74; Figure 26) operated from bridges using manual cranes. The automatic samplers are programmed to sample during floods from a previously determined water stage. They sample up to 24 bottles of 1 litre at a predetermined time frequency. Manual water samples are taken at all flow conditions (e.g., both baseflows and floods). All samples are labelled, stored in bottles previously cleaned with deionised water and bring to the laboratory to be processed to obtain the suspended sediment concentration. Extended details of the monitoring are included in the Annex 2. Figure 26. Examples of: (A) Electronic automatic sampler ISCO 3700; (B) Crane used to operate the manual samplers; (C) Cable suspended depth-integrating USGS DH-74; (D) Cable suspended depth-integrating USGS DH-59. Sediment entrainment will be measured by means of tracers (i.e., particles that are painted with the objective to be recovered after they entrain during competent events). The location of painted clasts will be obtained by means of RTK-GPS. Therefore, each particle will be located in a single geographic coordinate system (the same used for bed topography). Painted particles will be recovered after flood events, the trajectory and the total displacement will be obtained by comparing original and after-flood locations (e.g., Figure 27A). 38

40 Figure 27. Examples of: (A) original location and displacement of painted pebbles (i.e., tracers) (A) in a braided gravel bed river in New Zealand (River Rees) after a flood season. Note that the arrows indicate the maximum displacement for each set of tracers. The minimum displacement is also indicated as a reference (source: ReesScan, (B) Difference between Digital Elevation Models (DoD) obtained before and after a flood season in the River Feshie (Scotland; courtesy of Joe Wheaton). DoD s allow the study of erosion-deposition processes in river reaches. These processes can be coupled with changes on morphological units and sedimentological characteristics related to flood magnitude. Changes on morphology and bed sedimentology will be assess by comparing topographic surveys, grain size distributions and close range aerial photography. Topographic surveys of the entire monitoring reaches will be obtained before and after flood seasons. The density of surveys will be the adequate to elaborate 1x1 m Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). By comparing pre and post floods DEMs, erosion and sedimentation volumes will be estimated (e.g., Figure 27B). Then, a sediment budget (bed material) of the entire monitoring reach will be calculated. This information will be coupled with flood (modelled) hydraulics and the observed changes on morphology (see methods below). Grain size distributions of surface and subsurface materials will be obtained following the methods described in section 3. Each of the morphological units will be characterized. The evolution of sedimentological based indicators such as bed armouring will be studied. Finally, close range aerial photography will be obtained by means of a time-lapse digital camera mounted in a helium balloon (Vericat et al., 2009). Photography will be geo-rectified by targets surveyed using the same coordinate system than the topography (e.g., Figure 28). Aerials of the monitoring reach will used to characterize main morphological units (e.g., extension, length) and their evolution (i.e., changes), and to study changes on surface bed sedimentology (e.g. evolution of particle clusters). 39

41 Figure 28. Example of aerial photography obtained by means of a time-lapse digital camera mounted in a helium balloon (source: Vericat et al., 2009). Aerials are geo-rectified using surveyed targets Monitoring sites As explained before, site selection was done based on three main criteria: (i) the degree of Mediterraneanity, (ii) the degree and type of impacts and (iii) historical data availability (see section 2 for a complete description). This way and following these three criteria, 5 monitoring sites were selected at the Ebro basin (Figure 4), 2 at the Llobregat (Figure 5) and 2 at the Júcar basin (Figure 6). A total of 3 sites are already in operation and the rest 6 are being instrumented. Although sediment transport and discharge are recorded continuously; bed mobility, morphodynamics and changes on bed sedimentology need to be surveyed after competent flood events. Therefore, for each of the monitoring sites a survey frequency has been designed. We consider survey frequency when field work is conducted, and this can be: i) seasonal based: field survey is carried out once every season; ii) flood 40

42 based: survey is performed after single flood events when base flows conditions are recovered and iii) urgency: survey based on high magnitude extraordinary events. In this later case all monitoring sites will be surveyed (Figure 29). Figure 29. Monitoring sites and survey frequency. Note that the basin is indicated between brackets. All sites in the left column are considered as reference while the sites in the right column are considered altered in different degree Ebro basin Five monitoring sites were selected at the Ebro basin (Figure 29): i) the Ésera river at Graus (ESE); ii) the Cinca river downstream Grado dam (CIN 1); iii) the Ribera Salada river at the Inglabaga monitoring station (RS); iv) the Algars river at Batea (ALG); and v) the Matarranya river at Nonaspe/Fabara (MAT) (Figure 4) Ésera river at Graus (ESE; being instrumented) The Ésera river at Graus (Figure 30) is a reach with low sinuosity presenting active lateral/point bars. Channel width during baseflow conditions is around 25 meters, while the active channel is almost 50 meters. Data acquisition is based on morphosedimentological indicators. The reach is representative of a rain-snowmelt fed flow regime (e.g., low mediterraneanity). It does not present major human impacts (as 41

43 preliminary observations pointed out), but it is remarkable the high suspended sediment concentrations that frequently happen because of the highly erodible zones that are located at the middle part of the Ésera basin. Finally, flow data is available since 1931 (e.g., Ebro Water Authorities official gauging station EA123). Besides that, there is more baseline information available for the reach, that are historical (e.g., 1927) and contemporary aerial photographs. This information can be successfully used to study morphological changes in relation to flow and flood regimes in the study reach. Figure 30. (A) Plate of the gauging station (Source: SAIH-CHE). (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach where the main roads described in the access section can be found. The location of the gauging station is represented by means of a red dot Cinca river downstream from Grado Dam (CIN 1; being instrumented) The Cinca river downstream from Grado dam (Figure 31) is a reach with low sinuosity presenting active lateral and central bars. Although the river is impounded, it has a relatively large active width, presenting characteristics of wandering river channels. Preliminary observations point out that dynamics in terms of channel morphology and sedimentology could be relatively high when compared to other impounded reaches with less sediment availability. Data acquisition is based on morpho-sedimentological indicators. Reach is representative of a rain-snowmelt fed flow regime (low mediterraneanity), with considerable impacts caused by river's regulation (e.g., dams); flow data is available since 1913 (e.g., official Ebro Water Authorities official gauging station EA016). As in the case of the Ésera river at Graus, there is more baseline information available for the reach, that are historical (e.g., 1927) and contemporary aerial photographs. 42

44 Figure 31. (A) Views towards the study site from the A-138 road. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot Ribera Salada river at the Inglabaga monitoring station (RS; in operation) The Ribera Salada river at the Inglabaga monitoring station (Figure 32) is a reach with low sinuosity presenting well defined pool-riffle and transition sequences. The reach has active lateral and central bars with different levels of vegetation encroachment. The river at this section is gravelly, being characterized by the presence of patches of fine sediment (e.g., sands). These sedimentary structures occupy the 20% of the river channel and are the main source of sediment during incipient sediment transport conditions in the early stages of floods (Batalla et al., 2010 and Vericat and Batalla, 2010). Data acquisition is based on morpho-sedimentological indicators. Reach is representative of the Pre-Pyrenees pristine meso-scale forested catchments. It presents a rain-snowmelt fed flow regime (low mediterraneanity), and it does not show any infrastructure impacts (as preliminary observations pointed out), but it experienced an intensive gravel extraction until the An extensive data set is available. The UdL-CTFC research group (RIUS) has monitored this catchment since Flow, rainfall and sediment transport data have been obtained at different monitoring sections with the objective of understanding flow and sediment transport dynamics following a basin integrating approach. The Inglabaga Monitoring Station is presented as the monitoring river reach although longer term data from two more stations in the upstream sub-basins are also available. In particular, at Inglabaga, water flow and temperature, suspended sediment and bedload transport data are available at 5-minute frequency during a period of three consecutive years. There is other baseline 43

45 information available for the reach as contemporary aerial photographs and water chemistry indicators obtained in the background of a PhD thesis available at the CTFC. Figure 32. (A) Views downstream from Inglabaga Monitoring Station. (b) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot Algars river at Batea (ALG; in operation) The Algars river at Batea (Figure 33) is a meandering reach presenting active lateral and central bars. Vegetation encroachment is not severe but shrubs are present in some parts of the channel. The river presents very low discharge periods and eventually it can be almost dried up. Drought periods are driven by the high mediterraneanity of the reach. Data acquisition is based on morpho-sedimentological indicators. The reach is representative of a rain-fed flow regime (e.g., high mediterraneanity); there is no presence of anthropic impacts and flow data is available since 1974 (e.g., Ebro Water Authorities official gauging station EA177). As in previous sites, there is more baseline information available for the reach, that are historical (e.g., 1927) and contemporary aerial photographs. Additionally, the UdL-CTFC research group has been obtained water turbidity records in the last two years. 44

46 Figure 33. (A) Views towards the study site. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot Matarranya river at Nonaspe/Fabara (MAT; in operation) The Matarranya river at Nonaspe/Fabara (Figure 34) is a meandering reach presenting active lateral and central bars. Although the river is impounded, it has a relatively large active width (e.g., 100 m), where vegetation encroachment is not severe but shrubs are present in some parts of the channel. Preliminary observations point out that dynamics in terms of channel morphology and sedimentology could be relatively high when compared to other impounded reaches with less sediment availability. Data acquisition based on morpho-sedimentological indicators. The reach is representative of a rain-fed flow regime (high mediterraneanity). It presents considerable impacts caused by river's regulation (e.g., dam). Flow data is available since 1974 (e.g., Ebro Water Authorities official gauging station EA176). As in the previous site, there is more baseline information available for the reach, that are historical (e.g., 1927) and contemporary aerial photographs. Additionally, the UdL-CTFC research group has been obtained water turbidity records in the last two years. 45

47 Figure 34. (A) Views towards the study site. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot Llobregat basin Two monitoring sites were selected at the Llobregat basin (Figure 29): i) the Cardener river at Olius (CAR 1) and ii) the Cardener river at Clariana de Cardener (CAR 2) (Figure 5) Cardener river at Olius (CAR 1; being instrumented) The Cardener river at Olius (Figure 35) is a reach with low sinuosity presenting plain bed-riffle and transition sequences. The reach has active lateral and point bars with different levels of vegetation encroachment. The river at this section is clearly a gravel bed-river. Data acquisition is based on morpho-sedimentological indicators. Reach is representative of the Pre-Pyrenees forested catchments. It presents a regular rain-fed flow regime (medium mediterraneanity), and it does not show any infrastructure impacts (as preliminary observations pointed out). It is located upstream of Sant Ponç Dam. Flow data is available since 1933 (e.g., Catalan Water Authorities official gauging station EA025). Besides that, complementary baseline information is available for the reach. 46

48 m Figure 35. (A) Views towards the study site. (b) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. (b) Cardener river at Clariana de Cardener (CAR 2; being instrumented) The Cardener river at Clariana de Cardener (Figure 36) is a reach with low sinuosity and the dominance of transition-riffle sequences. The reach does not present exposed bars. Data acquisition is based on morpho-sedimentological indicators. Reach is representative of the Pre-Pyrenees forested catchments. It presents a regular rain-fed flow regime (medium mediterraneanity), and it is located downstream from Sant Ponç Dam, experiencing its influence. Besides that, it is surrounded by agricultural lands and cattle exploitations, being impacted by these as well. Flow data is available since 1957 (e.g., Catalan Water Authorities official water output from the Sant Ponç Dam). Besides that, complementary baseline information is available for the reach. (b) (a) (b) Figure 36. (A) Views towards the study site. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. 47

49 Júcar basin Two monitoring sites were selected at the Júcar basin (Figure 29): i) the Cabriel river at Salvacañete (CAB 1) and ii) the Cabriel river at the Contreras dam (CAB 4) (Figure 6) The Cabriel river at Salvacañete (CAB 1; being instrumented) The Cabriel river at Salvacañete (Figure 37) is a reach with low sinuosity and a very clear pool-riffle-transition-plain bed sequence. The reach does not present exposed bars. Data acquisition is based on morpho-sedimentological indicators. The river presents a rain-fed flow regime (high mediterraneanity), and it does not show any infrastructure impacts (as preliminary observations pointed out); this site is located upstrema from Contreras Dam. Complementary baseline information is available for the reach. Figure 37. (A) Views towards the study site. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location (a) of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot The Cabriel river at the Contreras dam (CAB 4; being instrumented) The Cabriel river at the Contreras dam (Figure 38) is a straight reach located downstream the Contreras dam. It shows a clear riffle-plain bed sequence. The reach does not present exposed bars. Data acquisition is based on morpho-sedimentological indicators. The river presents a rain-fed flow regime (high mediterraneanity), (b) and it is highly impacted by the Contreras Dam. Complementary baseline information is available for the reach. 48

50 Figure 38. (A) Views towards the study site. (B) Orthophotomap of the study reach. The location of the study reach is represented by means of a red dot. (b) 4.3. Summary and tasks in progress Regarding to the field monitoring, three of the five selected sites of the Ebro basin have been monitored, whereas instrumentation at the Llobregat and Júcar basins is being implemented, although field equipment has been acquired and is being calibrated in the lab. A complete summary of the work done at the moment it is shown in table 9. The Ribera Salada river at Inglabaga monitoring station, the Algars river at Batea and (b) the Matarranya river at Nonaspe/Fabara are completely monitored and calibrated. Table 9. Summary of the monitoring status. Basin Monitoring site Location a Discharge b Turbidity c Calibration Ebro ESE X: Y: N/A N/A Ebro CIN1 X: Y: N/A N/A Ebro RS X: Y: Discharge and Turbidity Ebro ALG X: Y: Turbidity Ebro MAT X: Y: Turbidity Llobregat CAR1 X: Y: N/A N/A Llobregat CAR2 X: Y: N/A N/A Júcar CAB1 X: Y: N/A N/A N/A Júcar CAB4 X: Y: N/A N/A N/A a UTM zone 30 for ESE, CAB1 and CAB4; UTM zone 31 for the rest; b Record period; c Record period; N/A: not available 49