Density assumed constant at 2800 kg/m3
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1 Table 2 Volcanic Flux estimates Volcanic center or subset Volume Spacing Age Volume Mass Flux km 3 km Ma Fraction kg/m/ma Cosigüina San Cristóbal Telica (high U/La group) Telica (high Ba/Th group) Telica (HFS rich group) Rota Las Pilas-Cerro Negro Las Pilas (HFS rich group) Momotombo Apoyeque Western Nicaragua segment Nejapa Nejapa (HFS rich group) Masaya Granada Mombacho Zapatera Concepción Maderas Eastern Nicaragua segment Orosí Rincón de la Vieja Miravalles Tenorio Guanacaste segment Arenal/Chato Platanar/Porvenir Poás Barva (HFS rich group) Barva Irazú-Sapper Irazú-Haya (HFS rich group) Turrialba Cordillera Central segment Density assumed constant at 2800 kg/m3 28
2 Table 3. Corrections for fractional crystallization Subset SiO 2 SiO 2 Fractionation all data subset for trace Correction element means Western Nicaragua segment Cosigüina San Cristóbal Telica (high U/La group) Telica (high Ba/Th group) Telica high (HFS rich group) Rota Las Pilas (HFS rich group) Las Pilas-Cerro Negro Momotombo Apoyeque Eastern Nicaragua segment Nejapa Nejapa (HFS rich group) Masaya Granada Mombacho Concepción Maderas Guanacaste segment Orosí Rincón de la Vieja Miravalles Tenorio Cordillera Central segment Arenal Platanar Poás Barva (HFS rich group) Barva Irazú-Sapper Irazú-Haya (HFS rich group) Turrialba
3 Table 4 Separation of element concentrations into mantle and subduction components using a Th-REE based model (a minimum) and a Nb-HREE based model (a maximum). Element Cs Rb Ba Th U Primitive Mantle inverse of PM COSIGÜINA Mean (ppm) Mean (PM normalized units) Log Mean Log Th REE mantle model Th REE model Th REE Subduction Comp Th REE Sub. Comp. (ppm) Log NbHREE mantle model NbHREE model NbHREE Subduction Comp NbHREE Sub. Comp. (ppm) SAN CRISTÓBAL Mean (ppm) Mean (Normalized units) Log Mean Log Th REE mantle model Th REE model Th REE Subduction Comp Th REESub. Comp. (ppm) Log NbHREE mantle model NbHREE model NbHREE Subduction Comp Nb HREE Sub. Comp. (ppm)
4 Table 5 Error estimate for subduction component of Ba flux Western Eastern Northwest Central Nicaragua Nicaragua Costa Rica Costa Rica % % % % Concentration analytical mantle contribution fractionation adjustment 15 Concentration error Flux volume age segment length Mass Flux error Total Element Flux error (%)
5 Table 6. Element flux by segment Element Cs Rb Ba Th U K La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Units : x kg/m/ma where x= Segment Flux with ThREE base NW Nicaragua nd nd nd 3.2 nd 4.4 nd SE Nicaragua nd nd nd 4.5 nd 3.1 nd NW Costa Rica nd nd nd 2.8 nd 4.0 nd Central Costa Rica nd nd nd 5.7 nd 3.6 nd Flux with NbHREE base NW Nicaragua SE Nicaragua NW Costa Rica Central Costa Rica (CM) Central Costa Rica Analysis of Flux with NbHREE base (row in italics excluded) Mean SD SD as % of mean Equal within error of 40% Y Y Y Y Y 32
6 Figure 1. Location map for Central American volcanoes. CM marks the location of Cerro Mercedes. Dashed lines mark position of Nicaraguan Depression (ND). 33
7 150 a 0 Ba/La La/Yb b Guatemala El Salvador NW Nicaragua SE Nicaragua NW Costa Rica Central Costa Rica Distance km Figure 2. Correlation between sediment signal (Ba/La) and apparent degree of melting (inverse to La/Yb). All samples are highest quality trace element data from the volcanic front. Samples lacking the normal large HFS depletion are not included. 34
8 40 Ar/ 39 Ar Step-Heating Spectrum for sample CR-IZ ± 16 ka Integrated Age = 580 ± 5 ka Cumulative % 39 Ar Released Inverse Isochron for CR-IZ Isochron Age = 598 ±20 ka 39 Ar/ 40 Ar Intercept= 293 ±7 MSWD= Ar/ 40 Ar Figure 3. Step-heating spectra for sample from Irazú (CR-IZ-02-05). Figure 4. Sketch map of Monteverde Formation and younger volcanics (<600 ka) in Costa Rica. 35
9 Figure 5. Volcanic flux by segment. The NW Costa Rica segment of the volcanic front includes the Cordillera de Guanacaste volcanoes. The central Costa Rica segment includes Arenal volcano and the Cordillera Central volcanoes. 36
10 00 Cosiguina Rock/Primitive Mantle double norm Yb=4 0 1 CsRbBaTh U NbTa K LaCePb Pr Sr P Nd ZrSmEu Ti Dy Y YbLu Figure 6a. Four samples used to determine mean value for Cosigüina volcano. These are basalts to andesites (mean has 55 wt. % SiO 2 ). Ti is low because it is removed in magnetite. The mean is the black line. Normalization is from Sun and McDonough 1989 with double normalization (at Yb=4) to minimize effects of fractional crystallization. 00 Masaya n=13 Rock/Primitive Mantle double norm Yb=4 0 1 CsRbBa Th U NbTa K La CePb Pr Sr P Nd Zr SmEu Ti Dy Y Yb Lu Figure 6b. Samples used to determine mean value for the Masaya volcanic center. These are basalts (mean has 50.8 wt. % SiO 2 ) that have experienced a tholeiitic fractionation pattern leading to high FeO. The mean is the black line. Normalization is from Sun and McDonough (1989) with double normalization (at Yb=4) to minimize effects of fractional crystallization. 37
11 Rock/Primitive Mantle 00 0 Utila Yojoa 1 CsRbBa Th U Nb Ta K La CePb Pr Sr P Nd ZrSmEu Ti Dy Y Yb Lu Figure 7. Alkaline back-arc lavas from Honduras. These lavas have relatively smooth patterns when normalized using PM values, suggesting the PM normalization is appropriate for Central America. Rock/PM 00 0 Masaya Th-REE model Nb-HREE model 1 Cs RbBa Th U Nb Ta K La CePb Pr Sr P Nd Zr SmEu Ti Dy Y Yb Lu Figure 8. Mean value of Masaya volcano and two models of the mantle. 38
12 Rock/Primitive Mantle 00 0 Cerro Mercedes Barva 1 CsRbBa Th U NbTa K La CePb Pr Sr P Nd Zr SmEu Ti Dy Y Yb Lu Figure 9. Three lava samples from Barva volcano and one from Cerro Mercedes. Rock/PM 00 Barva 0 Th-REE model Nb-HREE model Nb-HREE-CM 1 CsRbBa Th U Nb Ta K La CePb Pr Sr P Nd ZrSmEu Ti Dy Y Yb Lu Figure. Three mantle models for Barva volcano. Purple crosses are the mean composition of the Barva suite with highest slab signal. The three mantle contribution models are black circles. 39
13 1500 Nb based Subduction component Th based Subduction component 00 Ba 500 Nicaragua Costa Rica Km NW Distance SE Figure 11. Ba concentrations estimated for the subduction component across Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Both the Th and Nb based models show a decrease in Ba concentrations for central Costa Rica, the region to the right of the vertical arrow. 40
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