SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ALLUVIAL STREAMS

Transcription

1 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ALLUVIAL STREAMS JANOS BOGARDI Member of the H u ngarian Ac.ademy of Sciences University Professor AKADÉMIAI KIAD6 BUDAPEST 1978

2 CONTENTS Preface Author's Preface Contents Introduction PART ONE THEORY OF SEDIMENT MOVEMENT Chapter Li. Irtvestigations on sediment an d its movement Sediment in alluvial streams Sources of sediment The movement of sediment Characteristics of sediment and bed materia! Size, shape, specific gravity and granulometry of sediment The mineralogica! composition of sediment The fall velocity of sediment particles l. The fall velocity of spheiical particles 2. The fah velocity of particles other than spherical Earlier theories <In sediment transport in streams Tbe tractive-force formula of Du Boys Earlier theories of major significance l. The criticai tractive force 2. Criticai velocities 3. Bed load transport 4. Abrasion of bed load 5. Suspension of sediment 6. Suspended-sediment transport Research into sediment transport Advances in the theory of sediment transport Theoretical relationships in sediment transport The introduction of theoretical relations Trends, methods and means of contemporary research Recent trends in sediment research Methods and means.of research l. Methods and devices of bed load measurements a) Bed load traps b) Bed load noise detectors c) Tracers (i) Heavy minerai tracers (ii) Luminescent tracers (iii) Radioactive tracers (iv) Magnetic tracers (v) Measuring structures l ll

3 2. Methods and equipment for measuring suspended load a) Suspended-sediment samplers b) Nuclear concentration meters c) Automatic samplers 3. Bed materia! samplers 4. Methods and means of measuring deposited sediment Chapter 1.2. Bed load The movement of bed load The boundary conditions of movement Initial movement and variations of the stream bed The boundary conditions of movement and no movement Criteria for the boundary conditions of bed Joad movement Introduction of the variable criticai tractive forces Variation of the criticai tractive forces The law of variable criticai tractive forces The law of variable criticai velocities The variation of criticai velocities The Jaw of variable criticai velocities Rate of bed load transport Classification of bed load transport formulas Theoretical relations Experimental relations Examination of transport relationships Comparison of different transport relationships Bed load transport parameters Physical quantities controlling the rate of bed load transport Rate of transport at given particles sizes, at constant depth, slope discharge Recent efforts to determine universal bed load transport formulas Relationships concerning t he total rate of sediment transport Relationships concerning the rate of bed load transport The wearing of bed load Wearing of bed load particles in movement and at rest l. Wearing of moving particles a) Wearing of prismatic particles b) Wearing of spherical particles 2. Wearing of stationary particles a) Wearing of prismatic particles b) Wearing of sphericaj particles or Laboratory experiments on the wearing of bed load particles in movement and at rest Field observations on the wearing of bed load pa-rticles in movement and at rest 343 Chapter 1.3. Suspended sediment The movement of suspended sediment Sediment concentration and its description Balance equations of suspended-sediment transport The generai transport theory Balance equations of suspended-sediment transport The theory of turbulent sediment transport

4 ] The gravitational theory of suspended-sedimcnt transport 385 The theory of turbulent sediment transport with auowance for the energy of pulsation 399 Recent sediment transport theories 409 The theory of F. I. Frank1 41 O The theory of A. K. Ananyan 414 The tht>ory of l. V. Nagy 415 The theory of V. G. Sanoyan 416 Determination of the mean sediment codcedtration 416 Suspended-sediment transport under unbalanced conditions 427 Application of the relations od suspended-sediment transport in hydraulic engineering Slurry transport l. The method of G. N. Roer 2. The method of A. P. Yufin 3. The method of R. Durand 4. The method of A. M. Tsarevsky 5. The graphical method of Gy. Maurer 6. The method of l. G. Haskelberg 7. The method of A. Z. Yevilevicsh 8. The method of S. A. Korzhaev 9. The method of Goryunov 10. Method suggested in a contemplated Soviet 11. Comments od the methods listed above The settling of sediment in flowing water Standard Specification PART TWO SEDIMENT AND WATER COURSES Chapter 2.1. Empirica! relations Relations determined on the basis of field measurements The infiuence of hydrological factors on sediment transport Empirica! relations of bed load transport Empirica! relations for transport of suspended sediment The ratio of suspedded sediment and bed load Silting along backwater reaches The influence of river canalization on sediment transport SiltiDg above barrages Contro! of silting in reservoirs Tailwater scouring Chapter 2.2. Sediment and the hydraulic factors of streams Alluvial streams The velocity of flow in alluvial channels Roughness conditions in alluvial channels The hydraulic geometry of streams The infiuence of hydraulic factors on bed load transport The idfluence of hydraulic factors on suspended-sediment tradsport Chapter 2.3. The regime theory Review of historical development The concept of the stable channel

5 Historical development Eq uations applying to non-silting and non-scouring canals New trends in the regime tbeory Chapter 2.4. Sediment transport and river regulation Principles and methods in contcmporary river regulation The influence of sediment conditions in selecting regulation methods 657 Chapter Hydraulic similarity in sediment transport Hydraulic similarity in model tests of sediment-carrying streams 660 The problem of similarity 660 Evolutioo of model-testing of sediment-carrying water courses 673 The Einstein- Ning Chien method 681 The Eins ein- Ning Chien method modifìed by the author 689 Further methods related to the hydraulic similarity of alluvial streams 708 Yalin's method 708 The investigations of Komura 711 The method of Zwambom 713 The method of Herbertson l'art THREE PRACfiCAL INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENT OBSERVATIONS Chapter 3.1. Data processing and methodology Examples for processing sediment observation data Observation data on sediment transport Methodology l. Correlation by graphical and analytical methods 2. Graphical correlation when power functions are grossly misleading 3. Determination of the h ighest transport rate expected 4. Sediment transport related to stages on other gages. Three-variable relations Sediment transport related to seasons and to the character of stages Determination of the annua! mean sediment transport Checks on sediment transport relations by means of hydraulic conditions Variations in sediment concentration and flow velocity with depth and cross-section Formulae describing the variation in sediment depth Sediment transport in water courses in Hungary concentration with List of symbols 783 Units 792 Literature 795 Author indell. 819 Subject index 1: