Fluvial Processes in River Engineering

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1 Fluvial Processes in River Engineering Howard H. Chang San Diego State University... A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLTCATION John Wiley & Sons New York Chicbester Brisbane Toronto Singapore

2 CONTENTS PARTI FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY L Introduction The Fluvial System l Yariables for Alluvial Rivers l 4 2. Overview of River Morphology 7 2. l Regime Concept l Channel-Forming Discharge l Longitudinal Stream Profile l River Classifications l lo 2. 5 Thresholds in River Morphology l Hydraulic Geometry l Meander Planform l Geomorphic Analysis of River Channel Responses l 27 References for Part I 31 PART II FOUNDATIONS OF FLUVIAL PROCESSES 3. Hydraulics of Flow in River Channels l Shear-Stress Distribution l Uniform-Flow Formulas l Boundary-Layer Regions l Turbulent Shear Flow in Channels l Fixed-Bed Flow Resistance l Flow Resistance in Gravel-Bed Rivers l Composite Roughness and Side-Wall Corrections l Energy Equation and Water-Surface Profiles l Unsteady Open-Channel Flow l 59 References l 67 lx

X CONTENTS 4. Physical Properties of Sediment 70 4. l Size of Sediment Particles i 70 4.2 Shape Factor of Sediment Particles i 73 4.3 Fall Velocity l 73 4.

3 X CONTENTS 4. Physical Properties of Sediment l Size of Sediment Particles i Shape Factor of Sediment Particles i Fall Velocity l Angle of Repose for Sediments l 77 References l 79 S. Scour Criteria and Scour-Related Problems Criticai Shear l Shields Diagram l Other Scour Criteria Based on Shear Stress l Criticai Shear on Side Slopes l Permissible Velocity l Distribution of Boundary Shear in Trapezoidal Channels l Boundary Shear in Bends l Design. of Stable Channels Subject to Scour But Not to Silt l Local Scour around Bridge Piers l Local Scour around Embankments l 100 References l Alluvial Bed Forms and Flow Resistance Bed Forms l Prediction of Bed Forms l Bed-Form Dimensions l Effect of Water Temperature l Stage-Discharge Predictors for Alluvial Channels l 118 References l Sediment Movement in Rivers l Bed-Lo ad Formulas l Turbulent Diffusion and Diffusion Equation l Suspended-Sediment Discharge l Bed-Material Load Formulas l Evaluation of Formulas l Effect of Water Temperature l Effect of Suspended Sediment on Flow Characteristics l 167

4 CONTENTS Xi 7.8 Sediment Transport in Nonuniform Flow l Scdiment Sorting l l O Sampling Fluvial Sediment l 181 References l Flow in Curved River Channels Basic Equations l Transverse Velocity Profiles for Fully Developed Flow l Boundary Shear Stress l Transverse Bed Slope and Grain-Size Distribution l Latera! Bed-Load Transport l Energy Expenditure in Curved Open Channels l Streamwise Variation of Spirai Motion l Computation of Flow through Curved Channels l Transverse Fio w and Cross-Stream Fio w in River Channels l 220 References l 222 PART III REGIME RIVERS AND RESPONSES 9. Analytical Basis for Hydraulic Geometry l Applicable Physical Relationships l Physical Relationships Pertaining to Stable Width l Design of Stable Alluvial Channels Regime Methods for Stable Alluvial Canal Design l Rational Metbod for Stable Alluvial Canal Design l Design of Stable Alluvial Canals in a System l Maturing of Canals l Hydraulic Geometry of Gravel-Bed Streams l Analytical River Morphology Analys!s of River Meanders l Power Approach to River Morphology and Thresholds l Channel Geometry, Channel Patterns, and Thresholds l River Channel Changes: Adjustments of Equilibrium l Formation of Alternate Bars l 290

5 Xii CONTENTS 12. Pian Geometry and Proccsses of R iver Meanders l Sine-Generated Curve l Meandcr Path Based on Streamwise Variation of Helical Motion l Processes Goveming Mcander Bend Migration l On the Cause of River Meandering l 312 References for Part III 316 PART IV MODELING OF RIVER CHANNEL CHANGES Mathematical Model for Erodible Channels l Physical Foundation of Auvial Process-Response l Channel W idth Adjustments during Scour and Fili l Analytical Basis of the FLUVlAL Mode! l Water Routing l Sediment Routing l Simulation of Changes in Channel Width l Simulation of Changes in Channei-Bed Profile l Simulation of Changes Due to Curvature Effect l Test and Calibration of Mathematical Mode! l Computer-Aided Study of Alluvial Rivers Generai Scour at Bridge Crossings l Graduai Breach Morphology l Stream Channel Changes lnduced by Sand and Grave! Mining l Tidal Responses of River and Delta System l Water and Sediment Routing through a Curved Channel l Fluvial Design of River Bank Protection l Stream Gaging of Fluvial Sediment l 384 References for Par t IV 391

6 CONTENTS Xiii PART V RIVER ENG I ~EERI~G 393 ls. River Training Bank Protection l Dikes l Grade-Control Structures l 407 References l 411 APPENDIX: SOME COMMONLY USED TABLES 413 NAME INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENT DELIVERY, NEKA RIVER, IRAN. S.E. Kermani H. Golmaee M.Z. Ahmadi

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENT DELIVERY, NEKA RIVER, IRAN. S.E. Kermani H. Golmaee M.Z. Ahmadi JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGY The Electronic Journal of the International Association for Environmental Hydrology On the World Wide Web at http://www.hydroweb.com VOLUME 16 2008 MATHEMATICAL MODELING