CBA Review. Spring Semester 2014

Transcription

1 CBA Review Spring Semester 2014

2 Make a journal page (or 2 or 3) On a clean journal page title it: CBA Review Take notes on what you need to remind yourself about, or what you might need to spend some time reviewing Take notes when Mrs. Thomas tells you to!!

3 Properties of matter practice: Anything that has mass and takes up space is A. a chemical change. B. energy. C. matter. D. volume.

4 Properties of matter answer: Anything that has mass and takes up space is A. a chemical change. B. energy. C. matter. D. volume.

5 Properties of matter practice: The measurement of how much matter an object contains is its A. volume. B. weight. C. mass. D. density.

6 Properties of matter answer: The measurement of how much matter an object contains is its A. volume. B. weight. C. mass. D. density.

7 What is an element? An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down. Examples: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Helium, Gold, Silver

8 Elements Elements are the basic building blocks of matter An element is made of one type of atom. Each element is represented by a chemical symbol.

9 Element practice What are the following elements in these compounds? 1. Baking soda: NaHCO 3 2. Limestone: CaCO 3 3. Quartz: SiO 2 How many of each element are there? 1. sugar: C 12 H 22 O ammonium chloride: NH 4 Cl How many total atoms? 1. sugar: C 12 H 22 O ammonium chloride: NH 4 Cl

10 Compounds Compounds are molecules made up of atoms of two or more different elements chemically bound together. Made of elements in a specific ratio that is always the same Can only be separated by chemical means, NOT physically

11 Mixtures A mixture is made of elements that are held together by physical forces, not chemical. No chemical change takes place A mixture can usually be physically separated back into its original components An example is fruit salad Chem4kids.com

12 Practice: What are the most abundant elements in each of Earth s systems below. Systems elements Solid Earth Most abundant = Living Matter Oceans Atmosphere = = =

13 Answers: What are the most abundant elements in each of Earth s systems below. Systems elements Solid Earth Most abundant = oxygen, silicon Living Matter Oceans Atmosphere = CHON =_carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sodium, chlorine = nitrogen, oxygen

14 Physical Change A physical change DOES NOT produce a new substance. Alters the appearance of a material, but does not convert the material into new substances. In other words, no new chemical make up or composition.

15 Evidence a Physical Change has Breaking occurred: Changing shape (slicing, beating) Change in temperature: Boiling and freezing Changes in state of matter (Steam/Melting/ Hardening) Mixing something together / separating items

16 Examples of evidence that a chemical change or reaction has occurred: Light Heat Color Change Gas Production (bubbles can count) Odor Sound Rusting/Tarnishing Combustion (FIRE!)

17 Question #1 A student sets a marshmallow on fire. The marshmallow begins to burn, turns black, and releases carbon dioxide gas. This indicates: a. no change has occurred b. a chemical change has occurred c. a physical change has occurred d. a biological change has occurred

18 Question #2 When vinegar and baking soda are combined, bubbling, foaming, and fizzing occur. What evidence is there that a chemical change has occurred? a. color change b. release of a gas c. production of a precipitate d. production of light

19 Question #3

20 Property changes practice: Label each change either A = Physical change or B = Chemical change. 1. a glass jar breaking 2. a rusting bicycle 3. fireworks exploding 4. water evaporating from a cup 5. cutting grass 6. Butter melts in the microwave 7. Roller skates left out in the rain for several weeks become rusty 8. Chocolate covered berries are frozen in the freezer.

21 What is the formula for density? Density = mass volume Units for density: g cm 3 OR g/ml

22 Tools to Measure Matter triple-beam balance digital scale tape measure graduated cylinder

23 Reading a triple beam balance What is the reading on this balance? 163.7g

24 Finding Volume Way #1 REGULARLY shaped object: length x width x height Tools ruler Way #2 IRREGULARLY shaped object Tools graduated cylinder

25 Using a graduated cylinder To find volume Step 1 read volume of water Step 2 place object in water Step 3 Read NEW volume of water Step 4 SUBTRACT the 2 numbers!!!

26 Reading the meniscus Read the bottom of the curvve!

27 Liquid Layers Imagine that the liquids on the right have the following densities: 15g/cm 3 10g/cm 3 3g/cm 3 9g/cm 3 7g/cm 3 12g/cm 3 Match the colors to the correct densities. 3g/cm 3 9g/cm 3 12g/cm 3 7g/cm 3 10g/cm 3 15g/c m 3

28 Density practice: The object below represents an unknown substance. If the object has a mass of 100 g and a volume of 20 cm 3, what is the density? a. 5 g/cm 3 b. 0.2 g/cm 3 c. 4 g/cm 3 d. 2 g/cm 3

29 Density practice answer: The object below represents an unknown substance. If the object has a mass of 100 g and a volume of 20 cm 3, what is the density? a. 5 g/cm 3 b. 0.2 g/cm 3 c. 4 g/cm 3 d. 2 g/cm 3

30 More density practice: volume An object is placed into a graduated cylinder that is holding 50 ml of water. The water level rises to 83 ml. What is the volume of that object? a. 113 ml b. 33 ml c. 83 ml d. 53 ml

31 More density practice: volume answer An object is placed into a graduated cylinder that is holding 50 ml of water. The water level rises to 83 ml. What is the volume of that object? a. 113 ml b. 33 ml c. 83 ml d. 53 ml

32 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

33 Minerals (6.6C) The student is expected to test the physical properties of minerals, including hardness, color, luster, and streak. Physical Properties of minerals: 1. Color - Color is the easiest to observe mineral property and the least useful. The color of a mineral and the streak color can be different! Luster the way a mineral shines in reflected light. There are two main types, metallic luster and nonmetallic luster. Other terms are shiny and dull, these are used to describe minerals.

34 The Mohs Hardness Scale: The term hardness means the resistance to being scratched

35 Streak Streak test tells the TRUE color of a mineral!

36 Rock vs. Minerals How can I tell the difference? Minerals 1. Have a definite chemical composition 2. Minerals are inorganic compounds. Rocks 1. Do not have definite chemical composition 2. Can be made of organic and inorganic compounds

37 Changes in Force and Motion 6.8B Identify and describe the changes in position, direction, and speed of an object when acted upon by unbalanced forces 6.8C Calculate average speed using distance and time measurements 6.8D Measure and graph changes in motion

38 Balanced and unbalanced forces Balanced forces: Balanced forces do not cause change in motion They are equal in size and opposite in direction Unbalanced forces: An unbalanced force always causes a change in motion When unbalanced forces act in opposite directions you subtract the numbers When forces act in the same direction, you add the numbers

39 Forces practice What type of forces can cause an object to start moving, stop moving, or change direction? a. balanced forces b. unbalanced forces

40 Forces answer What type of forces can cause an object to start moving, stop moving, or change direction? a. balanced forces b. unbalanced forces

41 Forces practice The student was riding in the car with his mother when she suddenly slammed on the brakes. How did the bodies of the student and his mother move as the car came to a sudden stop? a. They continued to move forward. b. They stopped immediately. c. They moved sideways. d. They moved backwards.

42 Forces answer The student was riding in the car with his mother when she suddenly slammed on the brakes. How did the bodies of the student and his mother move as the car came to a sudden stop? a. They continued to move forward. b. They stopped immediately. c. They moved sideways. d. They moved backwards.

43 Forces practice Imagine a bat swinging with a force of 1,000 N hitting a ball pitched with a force of 200 N. At what net force does the ball move away from the bat? A N B. 800 N C. 600 N D. Net force of zero

44 Forces answer Imagine a bat swinging with a force of 1,000 N hitting a ball pitched with a force of 200 N. At what net force does the ball move away from the bat? A N B. 800 N C. 600 N D. Net force of zero

45 Formula for speed and Average Speed speed = distance time Average speed = Total distance Total time

46 Speed practice If someone traveled 100 miles in 5 hours, what was their speed? (6.8C) a. 30 miles per hour b. 40 miles per hour c. 20 miles per hour d. 10 miles per hour

47 Speed answer If someone traveled 100 miles in 5 hours, what was their speed? (6.8C) a. 30 miles per hour b. 40 miles per hour c. 20 miles per hour d. 10 miles per hour

48 The graph shows the movement of an object at several points in time. What is the average speed of the object? Speed practice

49 Speed answer The graph shows the movement of an object at several points in time. What is the average speed of the object? Since total time =25min and total distance = 50m Then 50m/25min=2m/min

50 Speed practice A cyclist goes for a long bike ride. She begins slowly for the first two hours and picks up speed for the third hour. After three hours, she takes a break before finishing the final two hours of her ride. Using the graph above, what is the average speed of the cyclist?

51 Speed answer Average speed = total distance/total time 60km/6hr = 10km/hr

52 Simple machines 6.8E Investigate how inclined planes, pulleys, and levers can be used to change the amount of force to move an object

53 Work Work is the result of force moving an object Work = force x distance Simple machines will change the length of the distance or the amount of force, but will do the same amount of work. Once again, it makes the work easier, but does not change the amount of work!

54 simple machines A simple machine has few or no moving parts. They often use only the force (effort) of a person to do the work.

55 Inclined Planes An inclined plane is a slanted surface that makes work easier. You can use an inclined plane to help move an object to a higher place or a lower place. The disadvantage is that you have to move it a farther distance. Examples: Ramp, stairs, slides

56 An example Which answer choice below describes the amount of force used to move the two boxes? Hint: use w=fxd if you need! 15N 5N It requires less force to lift the box straight up. Lifting the box straight up requires no force. Pushing the box up the ramp requires less force. It requires the same amount of force to move each box.

57 Pulleys A pulley is a simple machine with a wheel and with a rope. There is a groove on the wheel. This groove allows the rope or chain to not fall off the wheel. You can use a pulley to lift a load up, down or even sideways!

58 Single fixed pulley Pulleys 1. What are the forces acting on it? 2. What are the directions of the forces? 3. What is the advantage of using this type of pulley? It changes the direction of the force it does NOT change the amount of force!

59 Pulleys Single movable pulley What are the forces acting on it? Forces are gravity, and the person s effort 2. What are the directions of the forces? gravity person s effort 3. What is the advantage of using this type of pulley? You only have to use ½ of the load s weight in effort to lift it. However, the distance (rope) is doubled.

60 In question format How does using a moveable pulley help you? A. It changes the direction of the force. B. It changes the amount of the force needed. C. It changes the amount of gravity acting upon the load. D. It changes the amount of friction on the rope. Answer B: it changes the amount of force needed (even with one pulley!)

61 Pulleys Compound pulley Advantage here? The more pulleys you have in a system, the greater the mechanical advantage. In other words, less force is needed to move the object!

62 Test your knowledge! Which machine takes the least amount of force to move the object? Why? The more pulleys you have in a system, the less force needed to move the object. Each pulley adds a mechanical advantage. But what is the difference between system D and E? Pulley system E could be rearranged with the same number of pulleys to have 4 supporting ropes requiring only ¼ the force to lift the object (hint: MOVEABLE pulleys!)

63 Energy Sources (6.7AB) The student is expected to research and debate the advantages and disadvantages of using coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power, biomass, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and solar resources

64 Sources of Energy Non-Renewable an energy source that is used much faster than it can be replaced. Examples: fossil fuels (oil/petroleum, coal, natural gas) and nuclear Renewable an energy source that can be replaced by natural processes in a short period of time. Examples: hydropower, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal

65 Non-Renewable Advantages: 1. Inexpensive 2. Usually widely available 3. Produces large amounts of energy Disadvantages 1. Most forms cause pollution 2. Take a long time to replenish

66 Renewable Advantages: 1. Little to no pollution 2. Are considered inexhaustible or replaceable in our lifetime Disadvantages 1. Technology is trying to keep up with demand 2. Expensive 3. Not always available 4. Produces smaller amounts of energy

67 Thermal Energy (6.9AB) The student is expected to investigate methods of thermal energy transfer, including conduction, convection, and radiation AND verify through investigations that thermal energy moves in a predictable pattern from warmer to cooler until all the substances attain the same temperature Conduction, Convection and Radiation

68 The Movement of Heat Heat is thermal energy moving from a warmer object to a cooler object. This is known as thermal transfer.

69 Heat Transfer Facts: Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place o Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room temperature o Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room temperature

70 Question If a cup of coffee and a popsicle were left on the table in this room what would happen to them? Why? Answer: The cup of coffee will cool until it reaches room temperature. The popsicle will melt and then the liquid will warm to room temperature.

71 How is Heat Transferred? Heat transfers in THREE ways: Conduction Convection Radiation

72 CONDUCTION Transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another in an object without the movement of the object. It is the movement of heat from one molecule to another. Conduction = CONTACT

73 Conduction When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat travels to the other end. As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and so is the heat. We call this? Conduction

74 CONVECTION Convection is the movement that transfers heat within fluids (air and gas) Thermal Energy is transferred by currents within the fluid or gas Convection = VENTS through air and liquid particles Convection moves in a circular pattern

75 Examples of Convection: Have you ever noticed that the air near the ceiling is warmer than the air near the floor? Or that water in a pool is cooler at the deep end? Examples: air movement in a home, pot of heating water.

76 Convection currents in the mantle are caused by the inner core heating the layers and the heat rises Examples of Convection How does the heating from the sun affect pool temperatures?

77 Convection What happens to the particles in a liquid or a gas when you heat them? The particles spread out and become less dense. This effects fluid movement. What is a fluid? A liquid or gas.

78 Fluid movement Cooler, more d, ense fluids sink through w, armer less dense fluids. In effect, warmer liquids and gases r ise up. Cooler liquids and gases s. ink

79 RADIATION Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves Radiation does NOT require matter to transfer thermal energy

80 1. Fire 2. Heat Lamps 3. Sun Examples of Radiation

81 Terms Related to Heat Insulation or insulator something that does not let heat and electricity go through it easily Think of a hot summer day. You sit on a shiny metal slide, OUCH! It's very hot and burns your legs! The slide is made of metal, it is a good conductor Conductor - something that lets heat and electricity go through it If you slide down a plastic slide, it may be warm, but it will not burn you like a metal slide. Plastic is a good insulator

82 Energy Transformations (6.9C) The student is expected to demonstrate energy transformations such as energy in a flashlight battery changes from chemical energy to electrical energy to light energy. Transformation means To change

83 Potential Energy An object can store energy as the result of its position

84 Kinetic Energy Definition: Kinetic Energy is energy in motion or the energy of a moving object.

85 Forms of Energy are: Chemical Electrical Radiant Mechanical electrical mechanic al Thermal Nuclear nuclear

86 Chemical Energy (is potential energy) Energy STORED in matter because of its CHEMICAL bonds. It is released during a chemical reaction (change). Examples: Battery Digestion Burning Wood/Fuel

87 Electrical Energy Energy in the form of electricity. Energy from flowing electrons (negatively charged particles). Examples: To light a bulb Turn a motor Run a hairdryer

88 Radiant or Light Energy Type of energy from the sun. Energy carried by ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. Radiant=LIGHT Examples: Visible Light/Sunlight (What you see) X-Rays (invisible) Microwaves (invisible) UV Light (invisible)

89 Mechanical Energy Energy that an object (such as a machine) has because of its movement or position. Or you can say that energy of matter caused by its POSITION or MOTION. Examples: Moving Cars Wind Waterfalls Running Sound

90 Thermal Energy The energy of heat, which transfers from hotter objects to colder objects. Energy comes from the motion of atoms and molecules. The faster the particles in an object move, the more thermal energy is produced. Examples: Heating food Drying clothes Heat from a hairdryer

91 Nuclear Energy Energy that is released when the nuclei of atoms are split (fission)or combined (fusion). Huh? Ok, think of it like this: When two cars crash, it makes a lot of noise and parts flying everywhere. When you smash two atoms together, there are parts of the atom flying off as well as energy. Example: Nuclear Power Plant

92 Law of Conservation of Energy The law states: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. What does this mean? It means that energy can only change its form from one type to another. The energy of the world is a constant because the total amount of the energy does not change. For example: Let s look at a flashlight. It runs on batteries. The battery has chemical energy. When the flashlight is turned on, the chemical energy is first transformed into electrical energy and then into light energy.

93 Electrical Plants How can they make energy? Electrical plants take an energy source (whatever it is), go through a process that involves a turbine and a generator which coverts this energy into electricity

94 What are the energy transformations in a hydro-electrical power plant?

95 What is a turbine? A turbine has blades at one end and electromagnets at the other which create electricity as the blades move. Turbines are using in creating electricity from wind, water and steam power. The generator converts The mechanical energy to Electrical energy. The water spins the blades of the turbine, turning the shaft (pole).

96 1. Water flows down and turns the blades of the turbine 2. The shaft of the turbine spins 3. The generator stores the power that is converted from mechanical to electrical energy. 4. Power lines carry the electricity away Hydro-power

97 The energy transformations in an (coal-based)electrical power plant: Coal is burned Water is heated Steam turns the blades of a turbine Turbine spins coil in generator Generator produces electricity

98 Layers of Earth (6.10A) The student is expected to build a model to illustrate the structural layers of Earth, including the inner core, outer core, mantle, crust, asthenosphere, and lithosphere.

99 The Crust The crust is a thin, rocky layer of the lithosphere. It is made of silicon and oxygen (SiO 2 ). The depth of the crust can range anywhere from 5-40 km. The crust is thinnest under the ocean. The lithosphere is the rigid coating of Earth. The lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost (rigid) part of the mantle.

100 The Mantle The mantle is made of hot, but mostly solid material. Toward the upper part of the mantle is a layer of soft but solid material a few hundred kilometers thick. It flows slowly like slow liquid (ex. tar). When a solid can flow like a liquid, it is called plasticity. Has both the lithosphere and the asthenosphere.

101 Lithosphere vs. Asthenosphere The Lithosphere is part of the crust and upper mantle. The Asthenosphere is part of the mantle ONLY and plays a huge part of the plate movements. How?

102 Core (Inner and Outer) Outer Core: The outer core surrounds the inner core. Scientists believe the core is made of iron and nickel Inner Core: The inner core is a sphere of hot, solid metal. It is hot enough to melt the metal in the inner core, but because the pressure is so great, it remains solid

103 Classifying Rocks (6.10B) The student is expected to classify rocks as metamorphic, igneous, or sedimentary by the processes of their formation.

104 Rock Cycle Igneous Rock forms when magma or lava cools Metamorphic Rock forms when heat and pressure are applied to an existing rock Sedimentary Rock forms when existing rock is weathered, eroded (carried away) and then deposited somewhere. Then the sediment is compacted and cemented.

105 Rock Cycle What is W? What is X? What is Y? What is Z?

106 Tectonic Plates (6.10CD) The student is expected to identify the major tectonic plates, including Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, Pacific, North American, and South American; and describe how plate tectonics causes major geological events such as ocean basins, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building.

107 About the Plates Most plates are made up of both oceanic crust and continental crust; only a few plates are made up of only oceanic crust. FACT: Most of the United States is located on the North American Plate (what s not on it?) The plates move very, very slowly only a few centimeters or inches per year! (That s about as fast as your fingernails grow!) As the plates move, the continents that are sitting on top of the plates also move across Earth s surface.

108 Main Features of Plate Tectonics: The Earth's surface is covered by a series of crustal plates. The ocean floors are continually moving, spreading from the center, sinking at the edges, and being regenerated. Convection currents beneath the plates move the crustal plates in different directions.

109 What s causing the plates to move? The source of heat driving the convection currents is radioactivity deep in the Earth's mantle.

110 Convergent Plate Boundary To converge means to collide Convergence usually results in subduction. One of the plates is forced down into the mantle, where it begins to melt When convergence happens in the ocean, a depression, called a trench, forms.

111 Convergent Plates The denser plate will sink below the lighter plate. Again, the oceanic crust is denser so it will submerge (go under).

112 The Results of Plate Convergence Oceanic to oceanic molten rocks rises to the surface and forms volcanic islands. Example: Aleutian Islands Oceanic with continental ocean crust is denser and subducts under continental crust. Example: Nazca Plate Andes Mountains Continental with Continental no subduction, buckling and compression along boundary forms mountain ranges. Example: Himalayan Mountains

113 Divergent boundary Places where plates are coming apart are called divergent boundaries. Sea floor spreading new ocean basin, new crust and new rocks are being formed

114 Transform Plate Boundary Plates slide past each other: At transform boundaries, plates do not subduct or collide. There is a transform boundary where the Pacific and North American plates are in contact. Example: San Andreas Fault

115

116 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (6.12AB) The student is expected to understand that all organisms are composed of one or more cells AND recognize that the presence of a nucleus determines whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Cell Theory: 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells. 2. A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism 3. New cells come only from other living cells.

117 A small cell lacking a nucleus or any other membrane -enclosed organelle Prokaryotic

118 A cell containing a membraneenclosed nucleus and organelles Eukaryotic

119 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic no nucleus! no membrane enclosed organelles does have genetic material (DNA) Construction of the cell itself is simpler nucleus Has membrane enclosed organelles does have genetic material (DNA) A more complex cell (makes up organisms)

120 Cell membrane Cell membrane the outside boundary of a cell. Controls what can enter or leave the cell. Things can move in and out of the cell

121 What is a Nucleus? This is the Nucleus! The nucleus contains genetic material and it is responsible for controlling the activities of the cell. It is found in eukaryotic cells.

122 Chloroplast Chloroplast a structure in the cell of plants that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. enlarged: Chloroplast

123 Find the cell wall Find the large vacuole Where are the chloroplasts? What is their function? Plant Cell

124 Animal Cell Find the cell membrane in this picture Find the fluid filled space this is called a vacuole

125 Plant cells Comparison: Animal cells Large, central vacuole Chloroplasts Rigid cell wall outside of cell membrane small vacuole No chloroplasts No rigid cell wall (only a membrane)

126 Classification of Organisms (6.12CD) The student is expected to recognize the broadest taxonomic classification of living organisms is divided into currently recognized Domains and identify the basic characteristics of organisms, including prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multi-cellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and mode of reproduction, that further classify them in the currently recognized Kingdoms. Look through the power points on my website Unit 5

127 Domains Eukarya Archaea Eubacteria Kingdoms Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Archaebacteria Eubacteria (Extreme conditions) (Most are decomposers: some cause disease) How energy is acquired? Heterotrophs Autotrophs Heterotrophs Autotroph or Heterotroph Autotroph or Heterotroph Autotroph or Heterotroph Method of reproduction Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Number of cells Multicellular Multicellular Most are Multicellular Few can be Unicellular (yeast) Usually Unicellular and microscopic Some algae are Multicellular Unicellular Unicellular Nucleus? Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Prokaryote Prokaryote

128 Interactions in an Environment (6.12EF) The student is expected to describe biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem in which organisms interact AND diagram the levels of organization within an ecosystem, including organism, population, community, and ecosystem. Biotic Factors living organisms!!

129 These are NON LIVING things in the environment that help organisms meet their needs for survival. Examples are: Temperature, sunlight, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, soil, nutrients, space

130 Biotic and abiotic factors combine to create a system or more precisely, an ecosystem. An ecosystem is a community of living and nonliving things considered as a unit. Both factors interact and influence each other within this ecosystem.

131 These interactions are important for survival Ex. Chloroplasts in a plant cell allows them to interact with sunlight.

132 Levels of Organisms

133 How do I prepare for the CBA? Look at old tests for ideas of the types of questions that might be asked Review the power points that are on Mrs. Thomas website. Get a good night s sleep and a filling breakfast