Darrell J. Henry and Charles V. Guidotti, 1985, Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator mineral: an example from the staurolitegrade metapelites of NW
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1 Darrell J. Henry and Charles V. Guidotti, 1985, Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator mineral: an example from the staurolitegrade metapelites of NW Maine, American mineralogist, vol 70 p 1-15 Franco Piranjno and R. H. Smithies, 1992, The FeO/(FeO + MgO) ratio of tourmaline: a useful indicator of spatial variations in granite-related hydrothermal mineral deposits, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol. 42, p Vincent J. van Hinsberg et al., 2006, Hourglass sector zoning in metamorphic tourmaline and resultant major and trace-element fractionation. American mineralogist, v 91, p Vincent J. van Hinsberg, John C. Schumacher. 2007, Intersector element partitioning in tourmaline: a potentially powerful single crystal thermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol vol p
2 Hardness : 7 7 ½ Density : Tourmaline 'Absence' of cleavage Hexagonal: class 3m, space group R3m Unit cell : a = 15.95, c = 7.24 General Formula XY 3 Z 6 T 6 O 18 (BO 3 )V 3 W (Na,Ca)(Li,Mg,Al)(Al,Fe,Mn) 6 (BO 3 ) 3 (Si 6 O 18 )(OH) 4
3 In the Mg-Li-Fe solid solution : schorl (Fe), elbaite (Al-Li), dravite (Mg) Schorl and elbaite usually granitic and pegmatitic, whereas dravite is more commonly sedimentary (detrital) and metamorphic (Pirajno, 1992) Related to weathering susceptibility of host rock?
4
5 Cyclosilicate: rings of SiO4 tetrahedron (note the orientation) Reactive ions (Na,Ca) occupies the rings' centre (X site) as a dodecahedron Densely packed unit cell Bond length generally close to 2 Å No obvious plane of weaker bonds
6 Absence of any symmetry element perpendicular to the long axis (C axis). Symmetry
7 Zoning Tourmaline composition factors P, T Chemical environmental Bulk composition Mineral paragenesis Fluid composition Core-rim zoning, perpendicular to C axis What's happening along the C axis?
8 Core to rim abrupt colour change Zoned rim vs homogenous core Constant colour variations Composition change Possible cause Change in host rock paragenesis. Detrital provenance of the core. Homogenization at thermal peak of metamorphism. Respective problems Properties are inconstant with continuous growth. Similarities between core and rim, widespread occurrence Variability of core to rim relative diameter ratio, textural relationship often inconsistent
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11 Hourglass sector zoning Vincent Van Hinsberg et al., 2006, Hourglass sector zoning in metamorphic tourmaline and resultant major and trace-element fractionation. American mineralogist, v 91, p
12 Hourglass sector zoning along the c axis Observed in other minerals Non symmetrical composition in both directions Inclusions may lead to the presence of shadows
13 Electron microprobe wavelength dispersive element X-ray maps
14 Many compositional variation between sectors Superimposition of sector zoning and growth zoning Compositional differences are variable relative to the distance along the c axis
15 Why? Uneven incorporation of elements in different growth surfaces (which face does what?). Dipolar charge of the tetrahedron rings Site morphology of the r faces Preservation of crystal disequilibrium caused by slow diffusion rate. Is this type of sector zoning present tourmaline from other geological settings?
16 . Hourglass sector zoning has now been observed in tourmaline from other geological settings. Magmatic tourmaline seems to show the hourglass sector zoning along the o face more frequently.
17 Intersector element partitioning Vincent j. Van Hinsberg, John C. Scumacher Intersector element partitioning in tourmaline: a potentially powerful single crystal thermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol vol p
18 Conclusion Properties derived from the crystal structure of tourmaline make a good potential mineral indicator. Abundance reduces the direct use of its presence as a discriminant information. Variability in chemical composition may hint to the crystallization environment. Sector zoning, along with growth zoning, need to be taken into account in order to obtain valid tourmaline chemistry assessment. Intersector element partitioning may reveal information on crystallization environment history.
19 Other use: Spatial relation indicator in granite-related hydrothermal deposits However: needs a well constrained system, dependance on wall rock composition. Relation with zoning? (Pirajno, 1992)
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