LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF GEOLOGY «ROCK-FORMING MINERALS OF OLIVINE GROUP»
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1 LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF GEOLOGY «ROCK-FORMING MINERALS OF OLIVINE GROUP» A.B. Shefel
2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Goal: Review of modern literature in order to summarize information about minerals of olivine group Specific questions: Abundance of minerals of olivine group in different kind of rocks Structure and chemical composition of olivines What petrological information may be obtained using olivine
3 ROCKS CLASSIFICATION IGNEOUS INTRUSIVE EFFUSIVE ROCKS METAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARY
4 CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS MINERALS OF MAGMATIC ORIGIN ROCK- FORMING SECONDARY ACCESSORY More 5% Less 5% Quota of percent
5 MINERALS OF OLIVINE GROUP The most common minerals group isomorphous series: forsterite Mg 2 (SiO 4 ) fayalite Fe 2 (SiO 4 ). This is tetrahedral orthosilicates. UK.gif The most common shaped crystals of olivine. Left is a forsterite, right is a fayalite. (Betekhtin., 1951) Group minerals olivine have the following properties: Luster vitreous, greasy. Streak white. Hardness 6,5-7. Cleavage average or imperfect. The fracture is often shelly.
6 STRUCTURE General formula: А 2 TO 4. A divalent cations (Mg, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Co, Ca, Pb). O T A T three - and tetravalent cations (Si, Al, Ti). The crystal lattice is constructed of individual blocks (А and Б). Tetrahedrons of SiO 4 are directed up and down. Small circles is magnesium ions. Betekhtin, 1951
7 Ionic radius (nm) FACTORS CONTROLLING MINOR ELEMENT CONTENTS Distribution coefficient and element concentration in melt K D = Х min /Х melt K D = f (T, P)
8 OLIVINE GROUP MINERALS Forsterite Mg 2 SiO 4 Hortonolite (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 Fayalite Fe 2 SiO 4 Knebelite (Fe,Mn) 2 SiO 4 Tephroite Mn 2 SiO 4 Picrotephroite (Mn,Mg) 2 SiO 4 Chemical composition of main minerals of olivine group. (Betekhtin, 1951)
9 MINERALS OF GROUP OLIVINE Monticellite CaMgSiO 4 Kirschsteinite CaFeSiO 4 Glaucochroite CaMnSiO 4 Calcio-Olivine Ca 2 SiO 4 Larsenite PbZnSiO 4 Ca-Larsenite PbCaSiO 4 The composition of minerals olivine group in the system Ca-Fe-Mg
10 ABUNDANCE OF OLIVINE IN MAGMATIC ROCKS Rock group SiO 2 content Examples Ultrabasic 30-45% dunite, olivinite, peridotite, pyroxenite, kimberlite Basic 45-53% gabbro, basalt, labradorite Intermediate 53-65% diorite, andesite, trachyte 65-78% granite, rhyolite
11 REACTIONS WITH OLIVINE Serpentinization (hydrothermal alteration of olivine) occurs at temperatures below 400 о С Typical weathering of olivine Olivine => serpentine, talc Olivine => serpentine, asbestos, talc, chlorite, magnetite, hematite, limonite In SiO 2 saturated melts orthopyroxene (enstatite) forms instead of olivine: (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 + SiO 2 => (Mg,Fe) 2 Si 2 O 6
12 OLIVINE GROUP FORMULAS Most common isomorphic components Chemical formula (Mg,Fe,Mn) 2 [SiO 4 ] (Fe,Mg,Mn) 2 [SiO 4 ] (Mn,Fe,Mg) 2 [SiO 4 ] Mineral forsterite fayalite tephroite Some empirical chemical formulas of olivines Chemical formula (Mg 1, 34 Fe 2+ 0, 56 Ca 0, 06 Mn 0,04 ) [SiO 4 ] (Fe Mg 0.32 Mn 0.17 Fe ) [(Si 0.97 Al 0.03 )O 4 ] (Mn 1, 25 Fe 2+ 0, 65 Mg 0,06 Ca 0, 02 ) [SiO 4 ] Mineral forsterite fayalite tephroite The composition of olivine often presented as #Mg=MgO/(MgO+FeO)
13 OLIVINE IS A VALUBALE SOURCE OF PETROLOGICAL INFORMATION Subduction zone. The heavier oceanic crust sinks under the continental crust. Peridotite xenolith in basalt Tokskoe ore deposit. ~15х8 cm. Photo: А.А. Evseev.
14 OLIVINE CRYSTALLISATION Olivine settling in magmatic reservoir The heavier olivine in the melt falls to the bottom of gabbroid camera. A.L. Perchuk: ctions/petrol/petrolect2.pdf
15 OLIVINE IN BASALTS sbasalt.htm e12269-basalt.jpg
16 Thanks for your attention!
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12 Chemistry (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 Olivine is forms what is called an isomorphous solid solution series that ranges between two end members: Forsterite Mg
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Unit 2: Minerals and Rocks Practice Questions
Name: Date: 1. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 6. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the photograph of a sample of gneiss below.
Mineral List : Rock List:
Team Name Mineral List : A. Lepidolite B. Calcite C. Dolomite D. Feldspar E. Halite AB. Quartz AC. Apatite AD.Hematite AE. Magnetite BC. Galena BD. Pyrite BE. Gypsum CD. Chalcopyrite CE. Staurolite DE.
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