WEDNESDAY, 21 MAY 1.00 PM 3.30 PM. Date of birth Day Month Year Scottish candidate number

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1 FOR OFFICIAL USE Total X043/2/0 NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS 204 WEDNESDAY, 2 MAY.00 PM 3.30 PM GEOLOGY HIGHER Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below. Full name of centre Town Forename(s) Surname Date of birth Day Month Year Scottish candidate number Number of seat This paper consists of three sections, A, B and C. You are advised to spend about hour on Section A, half an hour on Section B and hour on Section C. 2 You should attempt all of the questions in Sections A and C and only one question in Section B. 3 All answers should be written in the spaces provided in this answer book and should be written clearly and legibly in ink. 4 The marks allocated to each question or part of a question are shown at the end of each question or part of a question. 5 Additional space for answers or rough work will be found at the end of this book. If further space is required, supplementary sheets may be obtained from the Invigilator and should be inserted inside the front cover of this booklet. You should draw a line through anything which you do not wish the examiner to mark. 6 Before leaving the examination room you must give this book to the Invigilator. If you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper. LI *X043/2/0*

SECTION A All questions in this section should be attempted. Forty marks are allocated to this section.. (a) Complete the table below classifying igneous rocks.

2 SECTION A All questions in this section should be attempted. Forty marks are allocated to this section.. (a) Complete the table below classifying igneous rocks. Make your selection from the following: Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite, Dolerite, Mylonite, Coarse grained, Migmatite, Peridotite. Acidic Intermediate Basic Ultrabasic Granite Diorite Gabbro Medium grained Microgranite Microdiorite Not found Fine grained Not found 3 (b) Choose the correct statement. A Igneous rocks are mainly composed of oxide minerals. B Ultrabasic rocks may contain 40% quartz. C Igneous rocks are mainly composed of silicate minerals. D Plutonic acidic rocks contain more SiO 2 than volcanic acidic rocks. Give only the letter (c) Study the thin section of a medium grained igneous rock below. Mineral A Mineral B Mineral C (i) Identify the minerals shown A B C (ii) Name this rock 3 [X043/2/0] Page two

3 . (continued) (d) Explain why there is no quartz in this igneous rock although it contains 50% SiO 2. (e) Name a type of igneous intrusion composed of this rock. [Turn over [X043/2/0] Page three

4 2. Study the three borehole logs below. (a) Use six dotted lines to complete the diagram (above) to correlate the sequences in the three borehole logs. 3 [X043/2/0] Page four

5 2. (continued) (b) Choose the correct statement. A As graptolites evolved there was an increase in the number of their stipes. B Ammonites are used to date Ordovician rocks. C Good zone fossils are facies dependent. D A diachronous bed differs in age along its length. Give only the letter (c) Choose the correct statement. A One unconformity is present in borehole log A. B Three unconformities are present in borehole log B. C The geological structure in borehole log B was produced by tensional forces in the crust. D Correlation involves the matching up of sequences in different areas. Give only the letter [Turn over [X043/2/0] Page five

6 3. Study the map below which shows rates of isostatic uplift in millimetres per year across Scandinavia. Kiruna 9 A 8 Gulf of Bothnia Rate of isostatic uplift (mm/year) (a) Calculate by how many metres the crust has risen at point A over the last 8000 years. Space for working Answer m (b) Explain why the rates of isostatic uplift vary across the area of the map. 2 [X043/2/0] Page six

7 3. (continued) (c) Explain why a negative gravity anomaly exists across Scandinavia. Use a diagram to support your answer. Explanation Space for diagram 2 (d) A large iron ore deposit has been found at Kiruna. What kind of gravity anomaly would you expect to find here? Give a reason for your answer. Type of anomaly Reason (e) Suggest four exploration techniques which could have been used to locate the iron ore deposit. Technique Technique 2 Technique 3 Technique 4 2 [Turn over [X043/2/0] Page seven

8 4. Study the table below which shows information about the different elements which make up crustal rocks. Element Symbol Charge or Valency Ionic radius (in nanometres) Oxygen O Silicon Si Aluminium Al Iron Fe Calcium Ca Sodium Na Potassium K Magnesium Mg (a) Choose the correct statement. A Magnesium and aluminium may replace each other in the atomic structure of the mineral olivine. B Forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ) and Fayalite (Fe 2 SiO 4 ) are polymorphs of olivine. C Ionic substitution in minerals can occur where elements have similar charges and ionic radii. D Isomorphous compounds do not show solid solution. (b) Give only the letter Explain how calcium and sodium can substitute for each other in plagioclase feldspar. 2 [X043/2/0] Page eight

9 [Turn over for Question 5 on Page ten [X043/2/0] Page nine

10 5. Study the diagram of the quarry face below. Sequence (a) Sequence was deposited by a turbidity current. Which one of the following terms describes the environment of deposition of Sequence correctly? A: Deltaic B: Desert C: Marine D: Lacustrine Give only the letter [X043/2/0] Page ten

11 5. (continued) (b) Describe and explain how the energy of the environment of deposition changed from beds A to E in Sequence. Diagrams must be used. Space for diagrams 3 (c) The rocks in Sequence contain more than 5% clay minerals. Choose the correct term for the metamorphic rock found at G. A: Hornfels B: Mylonite C: Schist D: Marble Give only the letter (d) The granite in the quarry has been dated radiometrically at 430 million years. Give a relative age for Sequence. (e) A sample of the gneiss from point H was dated using the potassium argon decay scheme which has a half life of 300 million years. Complete the table below to calculate the age of the gneiss. Potassium atoms (K) Argon atoms (Ar) Number of half lives Age in millions of years H Space for working (f) The radiometric age of the gneiss at J is 430 million years old. Suggest a reason for the difference in the ages of the gneiss at J and H. [X043/2/0] Page eleven [Turn over

12 6. (a) Complete the map below to show the rock outcrops and two faults. N F A B Key Rocks in order of age F Fault Arkose sandstone A Outcrop A Conglomerate B Borehole B Dolerite dyke Stream showing direction of flow Limestone Shale Sandstone 60 Strike direction with dip in degrees Horizontal strata Coal measure rocks Mudstone metres 2 [X043/2/0] Page twelve

13 6. (continued) (b) What is the direction of dip of the sandstone at outcrop A on the map? Give a reason for your answer. Direction Reason 2 (c) Data obtained from a borehole (B) contains coal seams with a vertical thickness (V) of two metres. The angle of dip (D) is 60. Using the formula below, calculate the true thickness (T) of the coal seams. T = VcosD T = Space for working (d) The coal measures contain cyclothems. From the list below, choose one rock typically found in coal measure cyclothems. A Greywacke B Seatearth C Conglomerate D Breccia Give only the letter Section A: Total (40) marks [Turn over [X043/2/0] Page thirteen

14 SECTION B This section consists of three questions. Only ONE question should be attempted. Fifteen marks are allocated to this section. Candidates should write their answer on pages 5, 6, 7 and 8. Additional space for answers may be found at the end of this book. 7. Write an essay on ores. Credit will be given for the use of diagrams. Give details as follows. (a) The formation of ores by magmatic, hydrothermal and contact metasomatic processes (b) The formation of ores at the Earth s surface; for example, placer deposits, secondary enrichment and residual deposits (c) Methods of extracting ore deposits 8. Write an essay on minerals. Credit will be given for the use of diagrams and reference to specific minerals. Give details as follows. (a) The identification of minerals in hand specimen (b) Optical properties of rock - forming minerals under a polarising microscope (c) Polymorphism and isomorphism 9. Write an essay on plate tectonics. Credit will be given for the use of maps and diagrams. Give details as follows. (a) Sea-floor spreading and magnetic anomalies (b) Transform faults (c) Geological processes associated with destructive plate margins (d) Possible mechanisms for plate movement (5) (5) (5) Section B: Total (5) marks NOW GO TO SECTION C ON PAGE NINETEEN [X043/2/0] Page fourteen

15 SPACE FOR ANSWERS [X043/2/0] Page fifteen [Turn over

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SECTION C All questions in this section should be attempted. Forty marks are allocated to this section. 0. Examine the photograph below of a coastal cliff.

19 SECTION C All questions in this section should be attempted. Forty marks are allocated to this section. 0. Examine the photograph below of a coastal cliff. Conglomerate Fine grained sandstone The fine grained sandstone is dipping 3 to the east. The conglomerate is horizontally bedded. Use a series of labelled diagrams to explain why the sandstone and conglomerate dip at different angles. 3 [X043/2/0] Page nineteen [Turn over

20 . Examine the photograph below taken during a fieldwork excursion. 3 2 The sequence of rocks in the photograph is the correct way up. Suggest how the environment has changed as the three layers were deposited. 3 [X043/2/0] Page twenty

21 2. Examine the photograph below of vesicular andesite. (a) Using labelled diagrams, explain how the vesicles were formed. 2 (b) Comment on the likely viscosity of the lava. [X043/2/0] Page twenty-one [Turn over

22 3. Study the map (on the separate worksheet) and answer the questions based on it. (a) How many unconformities are present? (b) Using map evidence only, explain why the dolerite forms a sill as opposed to a lava flow. (c) The fault plane along fault F2 dips at 80 north-west. (i) On which side of fault F2 have the rocks been upthrown? Give a reason for your answer. Answer Reason (ii) What type of fault is F2? Give a reason for your answer. Answer Reason (iii) What type of fault is F3? Give a reason for your answer. Answer Reason [X043/2/0] Page twenty-two

shown under plane or crossed polar light? Give a reason for your answer. Answer Reason (ii) Name minerals A and B in rock P.

23 3. (continued) (d) Samples of rocks P and Q are shown below in thin section. Rock P is igneous and rock Q is metamorphic. Rock P Rock Q Biotite Mineral Plagioclase B Mineral C Mineral A Orthoclase 3 0 Quartz Mineral B mm mm (i) Is the thin section of rock P shown under plane or crossed polar light? Give a reason for your answer. Answer Reason (ii) Name minerals A and B in rock P. Name of mineral A Name of mineral B (iii) Name Rock P 2 (iv) Explain why cleavage is shown in only one direction in some of the crystals of mineral A. [Turn over [X043/2/0] Page twenty-three

24 3. (continued) (v) In rock Q mineral C is transparent, but always appears black in crossed polarised light. Which of the following describes this optical property? A B C D Heliotropic Isotropic Anisotropic Mesotropic Give only the letter (vi) Name mineral C (vii) Name Rock Q (e) On the topographic profile, (on the separate worksheet), complete the geological section between points X and Y on the map. 5 [X043/2/0] Page twenty-four

25 3. (continued) (f) Place the geological events of this map area in the correct position by inserting the correct letters from the list below. The events in this table are not in the correct order. A B C D E Deposition of conglomerate and arkose sandstone Folding Intrusion of rock P Intrusion of dolerite Deposition of sandstone, limestone, shale and greywacke F Formation of mylonite, rock Q and F3. G H I Fault F2 Formation of Gneiss Fault F (Give only the letters) YOUNGEST I C B OLDEST 3 [Turn over [X043/2/0] Page twenty-five

26 4. Study the map below and answer the questions on the next page C B 30m A 20m kilometres [X043/2/0] Page twenty-six

27 4. (continued) A constantly dipping coal seam has been found in boreholes A and B at depths shown and at the surface at C on the map opposite (a) (b) Draw structure contours across the whole of the map for the base of the coal seam. At what angle and direction does the base of the coal seam dip? 4 Angle Space for working Direction 2 (c) (d) Draw the outcrop of the coal seam. Shade the area where the coal seam will not be found beneath the surface. 3 Section C: Total (40) marks [END OF QUESTION PAPER] [X043/2/0] Page twenty-seven

28 SPACE FOR ANSWERS OR FOR ROUGH WORK [X043/2/0] Page twenty-eight

29 SPACE FOR ANSWERS OR FOR ROUGH WORK [X043/2/0] Page twenty-nine

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33 FOR OFFICIAL USE X043/2/ NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS 204 WEDNESDAY, 2 MAY.00 PM 3.30 PM GEOLOGY HIGHER Worksheet for Question 3 Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below. Full name of centre Town Forename(s) Surname Date of birth Day Month Year Scottish candidate number Number of seat To be inserted inside the front cover of the candidate s answer book and returned with it. LI *X043/2/*

34 Worksheet Q3 [X043/2/] Page two

35 Figure Q3 (e) [END OF WORKSHEET] [X043/2/] Page three

36 [BLANK PAGE]

WEDNESDAY, 27 MAY 1.00 PM 3.30 PM. Date of birth Day Month Year Scottish candidate number

FOR OFFICIAL USE Total X043/12/01 NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS 2015 WEDNESDAY, 27 MAY 1.00 PM 3.30 PM GEOLOGY HIGHER Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below. Full name of centre Town Forename(s)