79 N Glacier. Sea ice. 20 km
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1 79 N Glacier Sea ice 20 km LandSat March 2014
2 Glaciers Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
3 Glaciers DefiniCon: a perennial body of ice that moves over land/water and forms from the accumulacon and compaccon of snow Flows down slope from their own weight and gravity Flows due to the processes of gravity, sublimacon and pressure melcng SublimaCon directly from solid to gas Pressure melcng pressure forces water to open areas to refreeze Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
4 Global Glacier Volume Region Volume (10 6 km 3 ) Sea level Equivialent (m) East AntarcCc Ice Sheet West AntarcCc Ice Sheet 2 5 Ice Shelves 1 Peripheral Ice Caps Greenland Ice Sheet 3 7 Rest of World Marshall (2012)
5 Temperature Change over 50 years West AntarcCc Ice Sheet Unstable East AntarcCc Ice Sheet Stable NASA/GSFC ScienCfic VisualizaCon Studio
6 Glacier Terminology Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
7 Types of Glaciers Alpine confined by surrounding bedrock; relacvely small (Alps, Alaska) Cirque semicircular basins on mountainsides or heads of valleys Valley conform to pre exiscng valleys (U shaped) Ice caps tops of mountains (Himalayas) Piedmont Alpine glacier that reaches lowlands and spreads outs Tidewater piedmonts or valleys that reach sea water ConCnental ice sheet Greenland/AntarcCca Rock surfaced by rock, fragments and unconsolidated material Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
8 Types of Glaciers Alpine Muddy River Glacier, Frederick Sound, Alaska (1948) Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
9 Alpine Glacier ExtremIceSurvey.org
10 Types of Glaciers Piedmont Bylot Island glacier Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
11 Types of Glaciers Piedmont Elephant Foot Glacier, NE Greenland GEUS
12 Types of Glaciers Tidewater Outlet glaciers, Royal Society Fiord, Nunavut Bay, Canada Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
13 Types of Glaciers Ice sheets/caps Ice cap complex, Iceland Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
14 Glacier Budget DefiniCon : difference between annual gain and loss of snow and ice When accumulacon exceeds ablacon the net budget is posicve and glacier grows Zones : AccumulaCon area where precipitacon is adding snow & ice to glacier AblaCon area where ice is removed by melcng, sublimacon, wind erosion (ablacon), and somecmes calving Equilibrium line separated the two areas (where process is balanced) Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
15 Glacial Zones Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
16 Ice tongue calving 2010 Petermann Glacier, Greenland NASA
17 Petermann Gletscher Central melt Channel 2009 Greenpeace
18 Glacial Flow Glaciers always move from zone of accumulacon to zone of ablacon AccumulaCon zone glacier and ice move downward relacve to glacier bed AblaCon zone glacier and ice move outward and up Internal deformacon movement within ice due to fractures, gravity and ice crystals deforming Basal sliding pressure and temperature cause melcng at ice/ground interface creacng less friccon Kevin Mullins, Flagstaff
19 NaConal Park Service
20 Greenland AntarcCca Petermann Glacier Himalaya Alaska Rice University
21
22 Glacial Flow (velocity) Temperature impacts velocity Generally closer ice is to melcng point the faster it flows Angle of slope impacts velocity Terminus floacng impacts velocity Surge periods of increased velocity Weather paferns Calving AccumulaCon of water near terminus
23 hfp://extremeicesurvey.org/
24 Glacier Dynamics ConservaCon of Mass ConservaCon of Momentum þ rð~uhþ ¼_a _m, ð3þ where H is the ice thickness, ~u ¼ðu, vþ is the vertically averaged velocity vector with across- and along-stream r ~S þ ~r~g ¼ 0; Stress tensor generally NOT proporconal to strain tensor (Non Newtonian Fluid) ConservaCon of Energy
25 Strain rate tensor relates to stress tensor: The most widely used flow relation for glacier ice is (Glen, 1955; Steinemann, 1954) ε ij = Aτ n 1 σ (d) ij. (1) with n 3, and where ε ij and σ (d) ij are the strain rate tensor and the deviatoric stress tensor, respectively. The rate factor A = A(T ) depends on temperature and other parameters like water content, impurity content and crystal size. The quantity τ is the Viscosity depends on effeccve stress < > Yikes A Newtonian viscous fluid, like water, is characterized by the viscosity η ε ij = 1 2η σ(d) ij. (2) By comparison with Equation (1) we find that viscosity of glacier ice is η = 1 2Aτ n 1.
26 Estuarine CirculaCons: Salt wedge, Hudson River PaCally mixed, Delaware Estuary (neap Cde) Well mixed, Delaware Estuary (spring Cde) Fjord type, Pudget Sound
27 Helheim Glacier Front x x 7 6 Helheim Glacier Greenland 5 x 2009 CTD (Aug.) 2009 XCP (Aug.) CTD (Mar.) 3 Tiniteqilaaq 2 1 Tasiilaq 5 km N Straneo et al. ( 2011)
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