The landforms of Svalbard
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- Percival Bell
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1 The landforms of Svalbard Content Periglacial landforms -) ice-wedges -) rock glaciers -) pingos -) solifluction -) avalanches -) debris flows -) rock falls -) nivation -) aeolian landforms Glacial landforms -) surge glaciers Hanne H. Christiansen -) Geology Department, The University Centre in Svalbard, UNIS -) Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo
2 Polygons ice-wedges
3 MAAT: -6ºC Ice-wedges a continuous permafrost landform
4 Norsk Polarinstitutt & Geografisk Institutt UiO, 2000
5 Polygonal networks in former cold-climatic areas in S Sweden
6 Danish ice wedge cast and sand wedge ka (TL/OSL) ka (TL/OSL) ka (TL) 75 7 ka (OSL) Christiansen, 1993 Christiansen, 1998
7 Ice wedge formation Ice-wedge cracking controlled by: -) TTOP -) ground thermal gradient -) snow cover 25 cm
8 Pingos
9 Permafrost hydrology taliks
10 Cyclic pingo formation
11 Pingo distribution on Svalbard
12 Open system pingos This pingo type is usually found in high relief permafrost areas Growth rate newer measured directly
13 Rock glaciers Rock glacier: A thick lobate or tongue-shaped body of frozen debris that moves slowly downslope through deformation of internal ice or ice-rich sediment. Moves due to permafrost creep. PF temp. and the amount of ice regulates the speed. Two types: Talus rock glaciers (talus-derived or protalus RGs) Glacigenic rock glaciers (debris or morainic RGs) Activity status: Active (mobile) m/yr. Inactive (immobile; contains internal ice) Relict (immobile: no perennial internal ice) AG-204
14 Rock glacier characteristics Steep margins m high Surface microrelief: closed depressions longitudinal ridges & furrows transverse ridges & depressions. Surface layer of unfrozen coarse debris 1-5 m thick overlies ice-rich sediment and pure ice. Internal ice: 50-90% of RG volume. Glacigenic RGs: glacier ice. Talus RGs: ice segregation, burial of surface snow and ice.
15 Rock glaciers
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18 Annual permafrost net growth rate: 0-5 cm
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21 Slow and rapid mass movements Slow Fall Creep Rapid Flow
22 Solifluction lobes
23 Solifluction small lobes
24 Solifluction sheets Solifluction/gelifluction in PF areas occur because of PF + segregated ice lenses providing excess water reducing internal friction and cohesion in the soil
25 Taubane towers as solifluction monitoring instruments
26 Old Longyearbyen house piles (tree trunks) registering solifluction
27 Creep and gelifluction = solifluction Creep = Heave*tan(slope ) Δl=h tan(σ)
28 Solifluction styles
29 Small-scale slope failures in the active layer, >1 m deep. Occur when shear strength is reduced, because of increased ice/water content. Triggers: rapid spring thaw or summer rain Active layer detachment slides
30 Debris flows Erosion area Transport area Depositional area
31 Debris flow June 2003 Longyearbyen
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33 Rockfalls
34 Free faces Weathering: Transport & depostion Thawing of ice in permafrost Loosening of rock particles in fractures Shear strength reduced below stresses from gravity
35 Traffic and snow avalanches
36 Building the first systematic database with all slope activity to access meteorological control on snow avalanches Nov more than 300 avalanches since 1 January 2007
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38 Tors Free Blockfields rock Top of face rockwall / rockwall Weathering landforms
39 Wind a very important geomorphological factor in Svalbard!
40 Wind erosion and transport in periglacial landscapes - Svalbard
41 Wind transport and deposition in periglacial landscapes - Svalbard
42 Wind erosion in periglacial landscapes - Svalbard
43 High geomorphic activity in permafrost regions at altitudes near the ELA rock falls, avalanches, glaciers, rock glaciers, snowpatches, streams, solifluction, etc. Site: Northern side of Hiorthfjellet, near Longyearbyen, Svalbard. North is towards bottom of figure Figure measures 3000 x 2400 m
44 Paulabreen surge 2005
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47 Physical Geography at Department of Geology Investigating modern meteorology at selected landforms Study periglacial processes - pingo formation Svalbard, with its extensive (>60%) glacier cover, is a natural laboratory for studying present-day glacial processes, permafrost, periglacial processes and linkages between climate, glaciers and geomorphic processes. Quantification of slope processes - avalanches Study ice wedges and their palaeoclimatic history
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