Dynamic Planet B. The Yellow packet This is the main test. You may take this packet apart and write on it as you wish.

Transcription

1 Dynamic Planet B Welcome to the 2010 National Science Olympiad. The following is some information that will help you to be successful in the Dynamic Planet test. You have received a folder with a yellow packet, a blue packet and a green packet. At the top of each packet is a label. Please make sure that the information is correct at the top of the packets. The Yellow packet This is the main test. You may take this packet apart and write on it as you wish. The Blue Packet The representative tasks will require you to complete activities that may require a ruler or compass. The information that is answered in the blue packet will not be graded but will help you in answering the questions on the answer sheet. The Green Packet This is the answer sheet. This is the only page that will be scored. Please place your names at the bottom of the green packet. Tie-breaker questions are listed at the top of the test. In the event that those questions do not successfully break a tie, your answers to Representative Task B #3 will be compared, followed by Representative Task A. All cell phones and communication devices must be turned off. Teams found using a communication device, or allowing one to ring during the test session will be disqualified. You may use a calculator on any part of this test, however graphing calculators are prohibited. Each team is allowed one 8.5 x 11 sheet of notes. When you complete the test, please staple the answer document back together (if you took it apart) and place all of your testing documents back in the folder. Return your folder to the event supervisor. Good Luck!

2 Dynamic Planet Test Division B

3 Directions: Enter the correct answer for each question on the answer sheet provided. Tie-breaker questions: 9, 12, 31, 51, 63, 68 1) What is true about the worldwide distribution of earthquakes? 1. They occur at random and unpredictable locations 2. They usually occur at or near a plate boundary 3. They only occur where plates meet at a subduction zone 4. They only occur at the sites of active volcanoes 2) What is true about the worldwide distribution of volcanoes? 1. Active volcanoes only erupt on the Pacific Ring of Fire 2. Volcanoes are evenly distributed around the world 3. Volcanoes most frequently occur at plate boundaries 4. All volcanoes erupt at hot spots 3) A volcano that has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years is considered. 1. dormant 2. a hot spot 3. active 4. extinct 4) An active volcano 1. might be considered dormant 2. has had an eruption at least once in the last 100,000 years 3. must be currently erupting 4. all of the above 5) A dormant volcano 1. is not currently erupting 2. is expected to erupt again 3. both a and b 4. none of the above 6) A hot avalanche of ash, pumice, small rock pieces, and gases that flow close to the ground down a volcano is called a. 1. lahar 2. landslide 3. pyroclastic flow 4. vent 7) Mud and debris flows formed by rapid snowmelt and pyroclastic flows is called a. 1. hot spot 2. lahar 3. caldera 4. mudslide

4 8) Rock fragments ejected into the atmosphere from a volcanic eruption are called. 1. lava 2. andesite 3. ash 4. tephra 9) The largest portion of gas released into the atmosphere during a volcanic eruption is. 1. carbon dioxide 2. sulfur dioxide 3. hydrochloric acid 4. water vapor 10) What can be the damaging result of volcanic gases in the atmosphere? 1. acid rain 2. water contamination 3. asphyxiation of livestock 4. all of the above 11) What is the biggest hazard resulting from lava flows? 1. their speed catches people off guard and are responsible for many deaths. 2. property destruction 3. flooding from snow and ice melt 4. both b and c 12) What is the result of a giant volcanic eruption that coats large stretches of land or the ocean floor? 1. flood basalt 2. lava flow 3. andesite lava 4. lava with very high viscosity 13) A secondary hazard of volcanoes is famine because 1. volcanoes destroy property 2. volcanoes destroy crops 3. tephra makes for more fertile soil 4. none of the above 14) An earthquake 1. always forewarns that a volcano is about to erupt. 2. can be a good warning sign for an upcoming volcanic eruption. 3. is not a good volcano warning tool because they always begin when a volcano has stopped erupting. 4. is the only tool scientists have to predict a volcanic eruption.

5 15) Which of the following can help scientists predict a volcanic eruption? 1. satellite imagery 2. deformation of the ground 3. both a and b 4. none; volcanoes can t be predicted 16) What geologic feature is the reason for volcanoes near the middle of Iceland? 1. Mid-Atlantic Ridge 2. hot spot 3. both of the above 4. none of the above 17) For what reason was air travel interrupted due to the volcanic eruption in Iceland? 1. low visibility 2. hot, molten rock flying through the air 3. an ash plume in the atmosphere 4. all of the above 18) A reverse fault with a dip of 45 degrees or less is termed. 1. normal 2. transform 3. thrust 4. oblique 19) The Yellowstone has been active for at least 15 million years, producing a chain of volcanic features along the Snake River Plain. 1. caldera 2. hot spot 3. geyser 4. vent 20) This seafloor feature spews super-hot, mineral-rich water that helps support a diverse community of organisms. 1. hot spot 2. hydrothermal vent 3. subduction zone 4. seamount 21) Based on the theory of seafloor spreading, what would you expect to be true about the ages of rocks as you move further from the spreading ridges? 1. Rocks would be older as you move further from the spreading ridges. 2. Rocks would be younger as you move further from the spreading ridges. 3. There is no correlation to seafloor spreading and the ages of rocks. 4. Magma coming from the opening in the seafloor makes it impossible to determine the ages of the rocks.

6 22) How does the age of the seafloor compare to the age of the continental crust? 1. They are the same age. 2. The seafloor is younger. 3. The seafloor is older. 4. It is impossible to tell the age of either surface. 23) This type of earthquake is shallow, aligned along the axis of spreading, usually smaller than a magnitude spreading center 2. subduction zone 3. transform fault 4. intraplate 24) These kinds of earthquakes are the biggest in the world and can exceed magnitude spreading center 2. subduction zone 3. transform fault 4. intraplate 25) These earthquakes occur far from plate boundaries. 1. spreading center 2. subduction zone 3. transform fault 4. intraplate 26) The San Andreas Fault is an example of a. 1. spreading center 2. subduction zone 3. transform fault 4. intraplate 27) What data can be gathered from a single seismogram? 1. magnitude of an earthquake 2. distance to the epicenter 3. depth to the focus 4. all of the above 28) A seismogram cannot provide which of the following: 1. duration of an earthquake 2. the damage done by an earthquake 3. direction of plate movement 4. all of the above

7 29) Why is the US Geological Survey recently interested in studying animal behavior? 1. They want to keep animals safe during natural disasters. 2. Some believe that animals behave strangely before an earthquake. 3. In the past, authorities have successfully evacuated cities before a quake based on animal behavior. 4. both b and c 30) How do scientists characterize faults? 1. position of the fault plane 2. break in the rock 3. movement of the two rock blocks 4. all of the above 31) People of ancient times had widely different views of what caused earthquakes than we have today. What did Aristotle believe? 1. Winds within the Earth whipped up occasional shaking of Earth s surface 2. Giant spiders and turtles lived under the ground 3. Greek gods were angry 4. Earthquakes were caused by the orbit of the planets 32) What must be true about movement of the seafloor to generate a tsunami? 1. There must be a mid-ocean ridge. 2. The seafloor must move vertically. 3. There must be an earthquake along a transform boundary. 4. none of the above 33) Which of the following cannot generate a tsunami? 1. landslides 2. avalanche 3. volcanic eruption 4. tides 34) What is not true about a tsunami wave? 1. In the deep ocean, they usually reach their maximum height. 2. The first wave to reach the shore is usually smaller than those that follow. 3. They move very fast across the deep ocean. 4. none of the above 35) What information is conveyed in a tsunami warning? 1. Magnitude of the earthquake generating the tsunami 2. Anticipated size of the tsunami wave 3. arrival times at selected communities that could be reached by the tsunami in a few hours 4. all of the above

8 36) As a tsunami approaches the continental slope, 1. the amplitude and wavelength both increase 2. the amplitude and wavelength both decrease 3. the amplitude increases while the wavelength decreases 4. the amplitude decreases while the wavelength increases 37) Which seismic waves are the fastest? 1. Primary waves 2. Secondary waves 3. Surface waves 4. all waves move at the same speed 38) How can an accurate focal depth be determined? 1. pp waves must be identified on a seismogram 2. sp waves must be identified on a seismogram 3. both a and b 4. neither a nor b 39) On what is earthquake intensity based? 1. focal depth 2. how long local accelerations persist 3. magnitude 4. p-waves 40) How is earthquake magnitude measured? 1. By the Mercalli Scale 2. By the Richter Scale 3. by asking people who experienced it 4. both a and b 41) A road in Iceland was recently washed away by floodwaters from a melting glacier. What caused this glacial melt? 1. Global Warming 2. A volcanic eruption 3. An earthquake 4. None of the above 42) Fossils of Mesosaurus have been found on both sides of the South Atlantic and nowhere else in the world. What explains this phenomenon? 1. Evolution 2. Species was eliminated elsewhere in the world due to a natural disaster. 3. Continental drift 4. None of the above

9 Determine if each of the following hazards generated from earthquakes are primary or secondary. 43) flood 44) buckled roads 45) rapid ground shaking 46) landslides For exercises 47 51, name each type of plate boundary. 47) 48) 49) 50) 51) Below are some pros and cons for using High-rate GPS or a seismometer to measure an earthquake. Determine if each description goes with the GPS or the seismometer. 52) Sensitive only to larger earthquakes 53) Direct Measurement 54) Can clip amplitude 55) No upper limit to amplitude 56) Very sensitive even to remote earthquakes

10 Matching: Climate Effects of Volcanic Eruptions 57) Ozone Effect 58) Greenhouse Effect 59) Haze Effect A: Results in global cooling as dust and ash block out earth s sunlight; generates exceptionally red sunsets B: Volcanic aerosols provide a catalyst for destruction of O 3 ; future eruptions will cause fluctuations in the recovery process of this part of the stratosphere C: Volcanic eruptions can enhance global warming by adding CO 2 to the atmosphere. 60) Which of the three climate effects above affects Earth s climate the most? 61) Some scientists look at the levels of groundwater to predict an earthquake. Put the following observations in order by time starting with the event that would occur furthest from the actual earthquake a. Water levels begin lowering at an accelerated rate b. Water levels rise rapidly c. Groundwater levels are observed to be slowly lowering 62) State the two types of crust. 63) Which type of crust has the greatest density? 64) What is used to determine the amount of damage caused by an earthquake? 65) What evidence of seafloor spreading is illustrated below?

11 In the illustrations below, label each type of fault. 66) 69) 67) 68) 40) Label each type of volcano illustrated below: 70) 71)

12 Representative Task A Locate an Epicenter Through Triangulation Directions: 1. Record the Station Code (upper right corner of the seismogram) in the table. 2. Use the seismograms to perform any necessary calculations to fill in the table and determine the epicenter of the earthquake using triangulation. 3. Enter the latitude and longitude of the epicenter on the answer sheet.

13 Representative Task B The map below gives the ages of selected islands and seamounts, and their distances from the Island of Hawaii. On the next page, plot points on the graph for each island or seamount for which there are data given on the map. Then answer the questions that follow on the answer sheet.

14 1. What compass direction is the Pacific Plate currently moving? 2. For approximately how long has the Pacific Plate been moving in this direction? 3. Calculate the velocity of the Pacific Plate over the last 10.3 million years in km/million years and cm/year (v=d/t). 4. In the past 50 millions years, during which interval of time was the velocity of the Pacific Plate the slowest? 5. What was the velocity during this slowest interval, in km/million years and cm/year?

15 Dynamic Planet State Division B Official Answer Sheet Please carefully transfer all of your test answers to this sheet, as it is the only sheet that will be looked at during the grading process. 1) B 23) A 45) Primary 2) C 24) B 46) Secondary 3) D 25) D 47) divergent at ocean ridge 4) A 26) C 48) ocean-ocean convergence 5) C 27) D 49) divergent at continental rift valley_ 6) C 28) B 50) ocean-continent convergence 7) B 29) D 51) transform at mid-ocean ridge 8) D 30) D 52) GPS 9) D 31) A 53) Seismometer_ 10) D 32) B 54) Seismometer_ 11) D 33) D 55) GPS 12) A 34) A 56) Seismometer_ 13) B 35) C 57) B 14) B 36) C 58) C 15) C 37) A 59) A 16) C 38) C 60) Haze Effect 17) C 39) B 61) C A B 18) C 40) B 62) 1. Oceanic 19) B 41) B 2. Continental 20) B 42) C 63) Oceanic 21) A 43) Secondary 64) _Mercalli Scale 22) B 44) Primary 65) Magnetic Reversal

16 66) Normal 67) Reverse 68) Normal 69) Strike slip or Transform 70) Cinder cone 71) Composite or strato Representative Task A Fill in all the answers on the data table and map provided. Latitude: between 34.5 and 35 N Longitude: 111 W Representative Task B 1. In what compass direction is the Pacific Plate currently moving? NW 2. For approximately how long has the Pacific Plate been moving in this direction? 38.7 my 3. Calculate the velocity of the Pacific Plate over the last 10.3 million years in km/million years and cm/year (v=d/t). Round all answers to the nearest hundredth km/10.3 my = km/my = cm/yr 4. In the past 50 millions years, between which two seamounts was the velocity of the Pacific Plate the slowest? Between Abbott and Koko 5. What significant geological event caused the Pacific Plate to change direction? The Indian Plate collided into the Eurasian Plate

17 Dynamic Planet Official Answer Sheet Please carefully transfer all of your test answers to this sheet, as it is the only sheet that will be looked at during the grading process. 1) 23) 45) 2) 24) 46) 3) 25) 47) 4) 26) 48) 5) 27) 49) 6) 28) 50) 7) 29) 51) 8) 30) 52) 9) 31) 53) 10) 32) 54) 11) 33) 55) 12) 34) 56) 13) 35) 57) 14) 36) 58) 15) 37) 59) 16) 38) 60) 17) 39) 61) 18) 40) 62) 1. 19) 41) 2. 20) 42) 63) 21) 43) 64) 22) 44) 65)

18 66) 67) 68) 69) 70) 71) Representative Task A Fill in all the answers on the data table and map provided. Latitude Longitude Representative Task B 1. In what compass direction is the Pacific Plate currently moving? 2. For approximately how long has the Pacific Plate been moving in this direction? 3. Calculate the velocity of the Pacific Plate over the last 10.3 million years in km/million years and cm/year (v=d/t). Round all answers to the nearest hundredth. 4. In the past 50 millions years, between which two seamounts was the velocity of the Pacific Plate the slowest? 5. What significant geological event caused the Pacific Plate to change direction?