Sedimentologie si sisteme depozitionale Conf.dr. Relu D. Roban. Curs 14 Sisteme depozitionale marine: şelful, sisteme de apă adâncă
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1 Sedimentologie si sisteme depozitionale Conf.dr. Relu D. Roban Curs 14 Sisteme depozitionale marine: şelful, sisteme de apă adâncă
2 terigenous siliciclastics or shallow water carbonates siliciclastic turbidites pelagic red clay pelagic carbonate biogenic siliceous and red clay (pelagic siliceous biogenic pelagic sediments glacial-marine sediments - light blue- terigenous siliciclastics or shallow water carbonates - dark blue- glacial-marine sediments - light green siliceous biogenic pelagic sediments - lavender pelagic red clay - pink biogenic siliceous and red clay (pelagic) - dark green siliciclastic turbidites - white pelagic carbonate sediments
3 Selful siliciclastic Distributia selfurilor actuale Tipuri de bazine sedimentare unde se pot dezvolta sisteme de self Diviziunile selfului in functie de adancime si tipuri functie de factorii de control Sedimente actuale si reclicte Corpuri sedimentare si secvente specifice
4 După poziţia tectostructurală şi dinamica crustei, Swift şi Thorne (1991) au separat trei tipuri de bazine sedimentare unde se pot dezvolta şi evolua prismele de şelf : - şelfuri dezvoltate pe marginile pasive (marginea de E a Americilor); - şelfuri situate în zona marginilor convergente în zonele de subducţie (marginea de V a Americilor); - şelfuri în bazinele de foreland; Cadrul tectostructural al şelfurilor continentale: a) margine pasivă; b) margine convergentă; c) bazin de foreland (după Swift, Thorne, 1991, din Johnson, Baldwin, 1996)
5 Selful Distribuţia şelfurilor actuale - areale negre (după Johnson, Baldwin, 1996)
6 După gradul de deschidere spre largul mării (sau oceanului) (Heckel, 1972, în Davis, 1992): - şelf deschis - - şelf barat sau închis (semiînchis)
7 - şelf intern (upper offshore), cu extindere până la adâncimea de m; corespunde cu zona "subtidală" (sinonim: infralitoral şi circalitoral superior); - şelf extern (lower offshore), care se dezvoltă până la pragul continental de 200 m adâncime şi se află sub influenţa curenţilor oceanici şi a curenţilor de densitate (geostrofici) (sinonim: circalitoral inferior);
8 - şelfuri dominate de furtuni (şelful Oregon - Washington, şelful Californiei) - şelfuri dominate de valuri (Marea Baltică, Golful Hudson); - şelfuri dominate de maree (Golful Fundy, Canalul Mânecii (English Channel), Marea Nordului).
9 Sedimente actuale şi relicte Oscilaţiile nivelului mării în Pleistocen; se poate urmări profilul ascendent al transgresiunii holocene (după Curray 1965, din Davis, 1992)
10 Selful siliciclastic Corpuri sedimentare si secvente specifice Corpuri lutitice Corpuri nisipoase: Reprelucrate de maree Reprelucrate de valuri si furtuni
11 Corpurile mâloase Morfologia şelfului lutitic (Oregon) Deplasare tractivă accentuată în timpul iernii datorită aportului mare de sediment din zona costieră şi acţiunii valurilor de furtună până la o adâncime de 125 m (după Kulm et al., 1975, din Johnson, Baldwin, 1994)
12 Şelfurile dominate de maree Corpuri nisipoase Depresiuni erozionale şi valuri pietrişoase (furrows and gravel waves) Bare de nisip (sand ribbons) Valuri de nisip (sand waves) Pânze de nisip (sand patches)..
13 Corpuri nisipoase (creste de nisip) active, asociate cu zonele litorale. Reprelucrari mareice Distribuţia grupului de valuri de nisip în arealul sud-estic al Mării Nordului, Norfolk Ridges, ilustrând o secvenţă transgresivă, laterală, de la crestele parabolice active de nearshore, la cele inactive de offshore (A). Model de creştere şi dezvoltare a valurilor de nisip mareice lineare (stadiile 1-6) (B) (după Johnson, Baldwin, 1996)
14 Şelfurile dominate de valuri şi furtuni Corpurile nisipoase ataşate zonei litorale Profilul proximal-distal al şelfului german Bight, dominat de valuri şi furtuni: a) profil lateral şi vertical, definind proximitatea faţă de zona costieră; b) variaţia laterală de facies într-o secvenţă tempestitică individuală (după Aigner, Reineck, 1982, din Johnson, Baldwin, 1996)
15 Corpurile nisipoase detaşate de zona litorală Reprelucrari ale valurilor si furtunilor Creste nisipoase de şelf, detaşate; reprezintă depozite de shoreface, costiere, care datorită transgresiunii devin izolate şi sunt supuse proceselor de şelf (după Field 1980, din Johnson, Baldwin, 1996)
16 Secvente specifice Influenta mareica Asociaţii verticale de facies şi direcţiile paleocurenţilor din formaţiunile Dakkovarre şi Gamasfjeel de vârstă Precambrian superior din Norvegia de Nord, interpretate în termenii barelor liniare proximale şi distale şi ai canalelor mareice (după Johnson, 1977, din Johnson, Baldwin, 1986)
17 Secvente specifice Influenta valurilor Formaţiunea de Gallup, de vârstă Cretacic superior, din New Mexico, S.UA. (Tillman, 1985, din Davis, 1992) poate fi un exemplu sugestiv pentru secvenţe regresive dominate de valuri şi furtuni. Partea superioară a gresiei de Gallup, New Mexico, interpretată ca o tranziţie de la depozite de şelf intern la depozite de plajă (după Tillman, 1985, din Davis, 1992)
18 Shoreface unitatea din top care sta erozional peste depozite de shelf (offshore). (foto B. Varban)
19 Depozite de self tipice gresiile sunt depozite de furtuna ce alterneaza cu mudstone. Trasatura principala a lor este caracterul heterolitic (interbedded mudstone-fine sandstone) si continuitatea laterala a stratelor. De asemenea se pot separa secvente de ordinul metrilor sandier up care sunt in fapt echivalentul lateral (distal) al shoreface-urilor.
20 Sisteme de apa adanca Morfologia reliefului in domeniul de apa adanca Procese specifice Subsisteme: procese, corpuri sedimentare si secvenmte specifice
21 Deep Marine Sedimentation
22 Sisteme de apă adâncă Zona sursa Zona de transfer Zona de acumulare Factori regionali Aport de sedimente Subsidenta si inaltare in bazin Eroziune/Transport/acumulare
23 Procese Alunecari Deformari= slumping Curgeri gravitationale Depuneri din Suspensie Procese chimice
24 ELEMENTELE DEPOZITIONALE (ARHITECTURI, SUBSISTEME, MACROFORME -Canioane, canale si complexe canale -Lobi depozitionali -Campii bazinale
25 Faciesuri sedimentare- conul turbiditic
26 Asociatii de facies: secvente specifice 26
27 Brushy Canyon Group - Base of Slope - Permian Basin Margin of submarine fan channel incised into "overbank". Channel fill with amalgamation as well as flowage & injection of sand into the surrounding strata of the channel walls. Kendall Photo U.S. Highway south of Guadalupe Pass 27
28 Lob turbiditic Eocen, Gresia de tarcau, Romania
29 C-U succession, small Cenozoic fan, southern California
30 Margine de lob 30
31 Campia abisala- sedimente pelagice 31
32 32
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