Conventional 14 C Age ± error (y BP) Material Dated. 3 Squirrel R GSC-6321 basal woody peat 3010 ± (1)

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1 Table 1. Location, basal date, and areal carbon mass of peat cores located in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada (HBL), sorted by latitude. All conventional 14 C dates were re-calibrated with the IntCal09 calibration curve 25. New HBL basal peat dates (n=33) contributed by the authors, appear in bold. Note: *Basal peat depth not identified in reference. **Carbon content determined via loss-on-ignition, at a level of 48 % carbon. ***Areal carbon mass determined by direct measurement of complete peat profiles (n=38), including samples (N) 10, 12, 40-44, 52-62, 64-66, 68-71, 83-86, 89-92, 101, 102, 106, 128. If peat physical data were not available (n=62), total carbon mass was estimated using a regression model (see methods). N 3 Squirrel R GSC-6321 basal woody peat 3010 ± (1) 7 Harricana R Qu-498 wood base of peat 4200 ± (2) 8 Birthday R Y-1164 basal peat 4110 ± (3) 9 Birthday R GSC-1493 basal peat 3920 ± (4) 10 KR3A** UGAMS wood fragments 6020 ± Current Study 12 PL UGAMS ± Current Study 13 Old Man bog XXX-06b basal peat 5980 ± (5) 14 Oldman bog Beta basal peat 5920 ± (6) 15 Jaab L site WAT-2571 basal peat 5560 ± (7) 17 Sesi M. SWF-8506A Beta basal peat 5200 ± (6) 18 Sesi-bog Beta basal peat 5220 ± (6) 19 Sesi-bog-INT Beta basal peat 5260 ± (6) 20 Rupert R GSC-5018 basal peat 5370 ± (8) 21 Rupert R GSC-5019 basal peat 5830 ± (8) 22 Rupert R GSC-5016 basal peat 5350 ± (8) 23 Rupert R Qu-494 wood base of peat 5920 ± (2) 24 Rupert R Qu-493 basal peat 5020 ± (9) 25 Albany Forks GSC-831 basal peat 7140 ± (10)

2 26 Cheepay SFen Beta basal peat 4550 ± (6) 27 Cheepay bog Beta basal peat 3700 ± (6) 28 Albany R Beta basal peat 4810 ± (6) 29 Cheepay SFen Beta basal peat 3910 ± (6) 30 Albany Forks GSC-885 basal peat 5820 ± (10) 31 Coastal fen site WAT-2541 basal peat 1090 ± (7) 32 Carling L site WAT-2543 basal peat 4110 ± (7) 33 Interior fen site WAT-2542 basal peat 1960 ± (7) 34 Kinosheo L, WAT-2549 basal peat 2580 ± (7) 35 Kinosheo L, WAT-2554 basal peat 2870 ± (7) 36 Kinosheo L, WAT-2556 basal peat 3450 ± (7) 37 Kinosheo L, WAT-2557 basal peat 3910 ± (7) 38 Kinosheo L, WAT-2572 basal peat 4110 ± (7) 39 Kinosheo L, WAT-2567 basal peat 3160 ± (7) 40 KJ UGAMS bryophyte 4100 ± Current Study 41 Kinosheo L Bog** TO-4318 wood near basal 4000 ± (11) 42 KJ UGAMS wood fragments 3630 ± Current Study 43 KJ KJ wood + herb stems wood + herb stems 4170 ± Current Study 4130 ± Current Study 45 Sesi M SFen-8505A Beta basal peat 5370 ± (6) 46 Belek L bog-8507a Beta basal peat 3960 ± (6)

3 47 Belec L Int 9210A Beta basal peat 4010 ± (6) 48 Belec L-fen-9210B Beta basal peat 3840 ± (6) 49 Wabassie bog Beta basal peat 4500 ± (6) 50 Blackbear-8508A Beta basal peat 3730 ± (6) 51 Albany R WAT-1504 basal peat 1350 ± (1) 52 D Beta bulk peat 5240 ± Current Study 53 D Beta bulk peat 5080 ± Current Study 54 D Beta bulk peat 5100 ± Current Study 55 D Beta bulk peat 5420 ± Current Study 56 D Beta bulk peat 4400 ± Current Study 57 D Beta bulk peat 5060 ± Current Study 58 D Beta bulk peat 2900 ± Current Study 59 D Beta bulk peat 6300 ± Current Study 60 VM UGAMS wood fragment 5530 ± Current Study 61 VM Beta conifer fragments 5890 ± (12) 62 VM UGAMS needles; wood 5550 ± Current Study 63 MS15 R wood fragements 5745 ± Current Study 64 VM Beta conifer needles 5640 ± (13) 65 VM UGAMS wood fragments 5620 ± Current Study 66 VM UGAMS wood fragments 5750 ± Current Study 67 TS seeds 5140 ± Current Study

4 68 VM UGAMS VM UGAMS herbaceous 4390 ± Current Study 4470 ± Current Study 70 VM UGAMS wood 4100 ± Current Study 71 VM UGAMS wood fragments 4980 ± Current Study 72 IB wetland Beta basal peat 4920 ± (14) 73 OFL wetland Beta basal peat 4970 ± (14) 74 BF Beta Picea needles, conifer bark 110 ± (-4) (14) 78 Attawapaskat GSC-31 basal peat 5670 ± (15) 79 Attawapiskat R GrN-1925 basal peat 4940 ± (16) 80 ML UGAMS ± Current Study 81 Hawley L GSC(24)7 basal peat 5580 ± (17) 82 Palsa bog BGS-6 basal peat 1897 ± (18) 83 HL UGAMS HL UGAMS ± Current Study 2700 ± Current Study 85 HL04A(West) UGAMS wood fragments 4960 ± Current Study 86 HL04B(East) UGAMS wood 4400 ± Current Study 87 C Henrietta Maria GSC-231 basal peat 1210 ± (17) 88 Shagamu R 027a* BGS-702 basal peat 4020 ± (19) 89 PB UGAMS stems 610 ± Current Study 90 PB-SF UGAMS wood fragments 1340 ± Current Study 91 PB UGAMS stems F 14 C=1.01 ± Modern Current Study

5 92 PB UGAMS stems 610 ± Current Study 93 Shagamu R 208a * BGS-708 basal peat 5600 ± (19) 94 Shagamu R 62Ca * BGS-822 basal peat 2350 ± (19) 95 Shagamu R 62Ba * BGS-709 basal peat 2060 ± (19) 96 Shagamu R 62Aa * BGS-820 basal peat 800 ± (19) 97 Charlebois GSC-2760 basal peat 6280 ± (20) 99 Thibaudeau Stn GSC-5213 basal peat 6240 ± (18) 100 Silcox GSC-5245 basal peat 3120 ± (21) 101 Herchmer Bog ** AECV-1715C basal peat 5970 ± (22) 102 Herchmer Fen ** AEVC-1714 bulk peat 5580 ± (23) 103 Lost Moose/O'Day GSC-5221 basal peat 4270 ± (21) 106 McClintock Bog ** AECV-1718C wood 5810 ± (22) 108 Fletcher L GSC-3988 basal peat 3400 ± (24) 123 Shagamu R 027b * BGS-800 basal peat 5050 ± (19) 124 Shagamu R 208b * BGS-801 basal peat 5270 ± (19) 125 Shagamu R 62Cb * BGS-710 basal peat 2250 ± (19) 126 Shagamu R 62Bb * BGS-821 basal peat 1725 ± (19) 127 Shagamu R 62Ab * BGS-701 basal peat 700 ± (19) 128 McLintock Fen ** AECV-1717C basal peat 4060 ± (23)

6 Gorham, E., Lehman, C., Dyke, A., Clymo, D. & Janssens, J. -term carbon sequestration in North American peatlands. Quat. Sci. Rev. 58, 77-82, doi: /j.quascirev (2012) Dionne, J. C. Radiocarbon dates on peat and tree from the James Bay area, subarctic Quebec. Can. J. Forest Res. 9, (1979). Stuiver, M., Deevey, E. S. & Rouse, I. Yale natural radiocarbon measurements VIII. Radiocarbon 5, (1963). Skinner, R. Quaternary stratigraphy of the Moose River basin, Ontario. (Geologic Survey of Canada, Bulletin 225, 1973). Hansen, B. C. Conifer stomate analysis as a paleoecological tool: An example from the Hudson Bay Lowlands. Can. J. Bot. 73, (1995). Glaser, P. H., Siegel, D. I., Reeve, A. S., Janssens, J. A. & Janecky, D. R. Tectonic drivers for vegetation patterning and landscape evolution in the Albany River region of the Hudson Bay Lowlands. J. Ecol. 92, 1054-U1052, doi: /j x (2004). Klinger, L. F., Zimmerman, P. R., Greenberg, J. P., Heidt, L. E. & Guenther, A. B. Carbon trace gas fluxes along a successional gradient in the Hudson Bay Lowland. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 99, , doi: /93jd00312 (1994). McNeely, R. Geological Survey of Canada Radiocarbon Dates XXXIII. (Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2001, 2002). Dionne, J. C. Formes et phenomenes periglaciaires en Jamesie, Quebec subarctique. Geogr. Phys. Quat. 32, 187 (1978). Craig, B. G. e-glacial and postglacial history of the Hudson Bay region. (Earth Science Symposium on Hudson Bay, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 68-53, 1969). Kettles, I. M., Garneau, M. & Jette, H. Macrofossil, pollen, and geochemical records of peatlands in the Kinosheo Lake and Detour Lake areas, northern Ontario. (Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 545, 2000). Bunbury, J., Finkelstein, S. A. & Bollmann, J. Holocene hydro-climatic change and effects on carbon accumulation inferred from a peat bog in the Attawapiskat River watershed, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada. Quat. Res. 78, , doi: /j.yqres (2012). O'Reilly, B. C., Finkelstein, S. & Bunbury, J. Pollen-derived paleovegetation reconstruction and long-term carbon accumulation at a fen site in the Attawapiskat River watershed, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research (2014). Pendea, I.F., Costopoulos, A., Nielsen, C., & Chmura, G.L. A new shoreline displacement model for the last 7 ka from eastern James Bay, Canada. Quaternary Res.73, (2010). Dyck, W. & Fyles, J. G. Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates I and II ( Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 63-21, 1963). Terasmae, J. & Hughes, O.L. Glacial retreat in the North Bay Area, Ontario. Science 131, (1960). Blake, W., Dyck, W. & Fyles, J. G. Geological Survey of Canada Radiocarbon Dates IV. (Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 65-4, 1965). Railton, J. B. & Sparling, I. H. Preliminary studies on the ecology of palsa mounds in northern Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 51, (1973). Protz, R., Ross, G.J., Martini, I. P. & Terasmae, J. Rate of podzolic soil formation near Hudson Bay, Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. 64, (1984). Klassen, R. W. Surficial geology of north-central Manitoba. (Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 419, 1986). Dredge, L. A. & Mott, R. J. Holocene pollen records and peatland development, northeastern Manitoba. Geogr. Phys. Quat. 7, 7-19 (2003). Kuhry, P. Palsa and peat plateau development in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada: timing, pathways and causes. Boreas 37, , doi: /j x (2008). Kuhry, P. e Holocene permafrost dynamics in two subarctic peatlands of the Hudson Bay Lowlands (Manitoba, Canada). Eurasian Soil Sci. 31, (1998). Blake, W. Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XXV. (Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 85-7, 1986). Reimer, P. J. et al. INTCAL09 and MARINE09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51, (2009).

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