Study Guide for Advanced Geology Multiple Choice ( Earth Science Textbook: Holt Earth Science) Subject Key Points Key Vocabulary (Textbook page #)
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1 Study Guide for Advanced Geology Multiple Choice ( Earth Science Textbook: Holt Earth Science) Subject Key Points Key Vocabulary (Textbook page #) Time (Unit 3, Chapter 8) a. relative - geologic laws - interpret cross-section: put events in order - broad overview of changes in life over time b. absolute - define half-life - reflect on Virtual Isochron - do simple calculations/problems as done in class or lab - significant ages (see handout); Eras: names, ages, - relate absolute data to cross-sections (like we did with clicker quiz) Law of superposition (187) Half-life (194) Principle of fossil succession Relative dating (186) Absolute dating (191) Radioactivity (193) Radiometric dating (193) Radiocarbon dating (190) Cross-cutting relationships (190) Unconformity (189) Principle of original horizontality (187) Index fossil (200) Disconformity (189) nonconformity (189) Minerals (Unit 2, Chapter 5) - define - identifying characteristics - physical features - types of minerals - structure of silicate minerals - examples of non silicate minerals - composition of the crust Igneous Rocks (Unit 2, Chapter 6) - what conditions favor the melting of rocks - describe the grain size, color, and mineralogy of the most common igneous rocks - describe the general chemistry of the most common igneous rocks - describe Bowen s discontinuous and continuous reaction series - interpret the texture of igneous rocks - recognize the different types of intrusive features Angular unconformity (189) Mineral (103) Hardness (111) Cleavage (110) Luster (110) Streak (110) Silicate Minerals (104) Crystal form (106) Extrusive (131) Intrusive (131) Phenocryst Aphanitic texture Bowen s reaction series (127) Glassy texture (131) Pyroclastic texture Pegmatitic texture Mafic (132) Ultramafic Felsic (132) Volatiles
2 Sedimentary Rocks (Unit 2, Chapter 6) Metamorphic Rocks (Unit 2, Chapter 6) Coastal features and processes (Unit 5, Chapter 18) Why study them? Define/describe beds, clastic Describe the common clastic, chemical, and biogenic sedimentary rocks. Recognize common sedimentary structures and describe an environment they form in. Describe common environments of deposition for sedimentary rocks. Describe the factors that influence metamorphism. Describe the classification of metamorphic rocks. Describe confining and directed pressure and how they influence foliation. Describe the changes in a rock during progressive metamorphism. Describe the foliation and composition of metamorphic rocks. Describe the locations where metamorphism takes place 1. Explain longshore drift. 2. Describe/identify the landscape features made by deposition in a coastal environment. 3. Describe/identify the landscape features made by erosion in a coastal environment. 4. Explain how and where groins, breakwaters and seawalls can cause problems along a beach. Granitic Basaltic Clastic (137) Organic*** (biogenic, book says biochemical) (136) Chemical (136) Lithification Cementation (135) Compaction (135) Sediment (135) Sorting (138) Environment of deposition (138) Weathering & Erosion*** Cross-bedding (139) Clastic texture (138) Mud crack (140) Ripple mark (140) Contact metamorphism (142) Hydrothermal metamorphism Foliated textures (143) Gneissic texture (143) slaty cleavage porphyroblastic texture Regional metamorphism (142) Schistosity Slaty cleavage Parent rock Recrystallization Longshore drift (454) Groin Breakwater Seawalls Berm (453) Barrier island (457) Baymouth bar Jetty Tombolo (454)
3 Glaciers (Unit 5, Chapter 17) 1. Describe the present-day distribution of alpine glaciers, ice sheets and ice caps. 2. Describe the conditions that favor the formation and advance/retreat of glaciers. 3. How do glaciers erode their beds? 4. Describe and identify (erosional and depositional) landscape features of alpine glaciers. 5. What is the difference between till and outwash. 6. What are the types of moraines and recognize them on a map or diagram. 7. What are the landscape features made of stratified drift (outwash) and recognize them on a map, diagram, or photo. 8. Describe the distribution of ice sheets in the recent geologic past. 9. Describe the indirect effects of glaciation (changes in sea level, pluvial lakes). 10. Describe two hypotheses for glaciation. 11. What are some of the parameters associated with the Milankovich cycle? Submergent coastline (456) Emergent coastline (456) Beach (453) Estuary (456) Delta (383) Spit (454) Wave-cut cliff Wave-cut platform Tidal flat Marine terrace Headland Valley glaciers (420) Alpine glaciers (420) Ice sheets (420) Ice shelves (422) Ice caps Piedmont glacier Firn (419) Plastic flow (421) Basal slip (421) Zone of fracture Crevasses (422) Surges Zone of accumulation Snowline (419) Zone of wastage Calving Glacial budget Zone of fracture Ablation Plucking Abrasion (423) Rock flour Glacial striation (425) U-shaped glacial trough (425) Hanging valleys (425) Arete (424) Horn (424) Truncated spur
4 Groundwater (Unit 5, Chapter 16) 1. Draw an unconfined aquifer and label the zones of aeration and saturation and the water table. 2. Define porosity and permeability. 3. What materials are good aquifers. 4. What materials commonly make aquicludes. 5. Draw a cross-section of a hillside that produces a spring. 6. Describe a setting for a well that would provide water all year long. 7. Draw a confined aquifer and label the recharge area, aquicludes, aquifer, the water table and the potentiometric surface 8. Describe and identify karst features. 9. General characteristics of groundwater in Michigan. Medial moraine (427) Lateral moraine (427) End moraine (427) Terminal moraine (427) Recessional moraine (427) Ground moraine (427) Drumlin (427) Kettles (428) Kame (427) Esker (428) Pluvial lake Outwash plain (428) Cirque (424) Glacial drift (426) Till (426) Water table (399) Ground water (397) Aquifers (397) Confining beds Karst (408) Sinkholes (407) Solution valleys Springs (402) Disappearing streams Zone of aeration (399) Zone of saturation (399) Speleotems Stalactites (406) Stalagmites (406) Artesian wells Nonflowing artesian well Flowing artesian well Recharging (401) Capillary fringe (399) Gaining stream Losing stream Porosity (397) Permeability (398) Aquitards
5 Volcanoes (Unit 4, Chapter 13) Earthquakes (Unit 4, Chapter 12) 1. Be able to distinguish the seven types of volcanoes we describe in class based on shape, size, rock composition, and volcanic material. 2. Be able to recognize or describe types of lava, pyroclasts, or gases. 3. What factor control the violence of volcanic eruptions 4. Describe the distribution of volcanoes. 1. Explain elastic rebound theory. 2. Describe the movement of P- and S-waves. Which is faster. Which travels through solids? Liquids? 3. Explain how earthquakes are located. Aquifers (397) Hydraulic gradient (400) Hydraulic conductivity/darcys law? Spring (403) Perched water table (400) Geysers (404) Caverns (406) Well (402) Drawdown, cone of depression? (402) Shield Volcano (328) Cinder cone (328) Composite cone (328) Scoria cone Stratovolcano (328) Hotspot (323) Fissure (322) Caldera (329) Volcanic neck Xenoliths Pahoehoe flow (326) Block lava (326) Pillow lava (322) Pyroclastic flow (326) Lahar Aa flow (326) Viscosity (325) Volatiles Sills (133) Laccoliths (133) Batholiths (133) Continental volcanic arc Intraplate volcanism (323) Island arcs (321) Focus (296) Hypocenter Faults (300) Elastic rebound (295) Aftershocks
6 Plate Tectonics (Unit 4, Chapter 10) 4. Compare and contrast earthquake intensity and magnitude. 5. Where are there shallow, intermediate, and deep-focus earthquakes? Relate this to plate tectonics. 6. What are the effects of earthquakes? e.g. fire, etc 7. Explain how earthquakes were used to locate the base of the crust, the lithosphere, the core, and he inner and outer core. 1. Outline Wegener s evidence for continental drift 2. Explain why his model was not widely accepted 3. Describe Hess sea-floor spreading model 4. What is the evidence for sea-floor spreading 5. Be able to recognize profiles of tectonic boundaries (MORs, trenches) and hot spot volcanoes 6. Know the types (convergent, divergent, and transform ) and characteristics of plate boundaries 7. Provide or locate (classic) examples of each of three types of boundaries 8. Describe the distribution of earthquakes (shallow, intermediate, and deep), volcanoes (stratovolcanoes, shields) and rock compositions (basalt, andesite, granite) at boundaries 9. Be able to determine the relative motion between two locations. Foreshocks (308) Seismology (301) Surface waves (296) Body waves (296) Primary (P) Waves (297) Secondary (S) Waves (297) Long (L) Waves (297) Epicenter (296) Intensity (304) Magnitude (303) Modified Mercalli Scale (304) Richter Scale (303) Moment magnitude (303) Liquefaction Seiches Tsunami (305) Landslide (305) Continental drift (261) Pangaea (258) Oceanic ridge system (242) Seafloor spreading (243) Geomagnetic reversal (243) Normal polarity (245) Reverse polarity (245) Convergent boundaries (250) Divergent boundaries (249) Transform fault boundaries (251) Mid-ocean ridges (249) Trenches (250) Spreading centers (249) Rift valley (243,249) Deep-ocean trench Hot spot volcanoes (323) Volcanic island arc (250) Slab pull (254) Ridge push (253) Slab suction Mantle drag
7 Streams (Unit 5, Chapter 15) 1. What are the global reservoirs for water? 2. What is the largest reservoir for freshwater? 3. Describe the hydrologic cycle. 4. Given a cross-section of a stream channel, show the area of maximum water velocity and explain why the water moves at different speeds. 5. Use the discharge equation to solve for an unknown parameter. 6. What is a hydrograph? Be able to read a hydrograph. What are they used for? 7. Be able to read and interpret a floodfrequency curve. 8. What is base level? What is the base level of the Grand River? Trace the path of water from the Grand River to the ocean. 9. How is grain size and velocity related to erosion of particles? 10. Describe how steams erode their channels. 11. Describe how steams transport material. 12. Given a map that shows streams draw a line around a drainage basin. 13. What are 4 types of stream patterns and what do they indicate about the underlying geology? 14. Identify and describe features of stream valleys/floodplains. 15. Tell a braided stream from a meandering stream. 16. Be able to recognize a terrace. Plate resistance Lithosphere (247) Asthenosphere (247) Hydrologic cycle (375) Laminar flow/turbulent flow (Which?) Sheet flow Infiltration capacity Discharge (380) Longitudinal profile Hydrograph Base level Graded stream Dissolved load (380) Suspended load (380) Bed load (380) capacity Settling velocity Sorting Alluvium (383) Bars (381) Point bars Playfair s Law Braided stream (382) Flood plain (384) Mouth (380) Back swamps Yazoo tributaries Natural levee (384) Alluvial fans (383) Deltas Terrace Drainage basin Meander (381) Cutoff Oxbow lake (381) Meander scar Dendritic pattern Radial pattern Rectangular pattern
8 Trellis drainage pattern Floods (384) Recurrence interval Return period BE ABLE TO PLACE ROCKS IN THEIR SUBGROUPS: Sedimentary (clastic, chemical, biogenic), Metamorphic (foliated, non-foliated) AND KNOW THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THEIR TEXTURES KNOW THE ROCK CLASSIFICATION CHARTS Sedimentary: Table 7.1, p. 214; Figure 7.17, p. 227 Metamorphic: Figure 8.12, p. 255 (8th edition) Tips: 1. Which of these would best be asked about by diagrams, graphs, or photographs? 2. Which diagrams in the book match these specific topics? 3. How did I ask questions on these topics on the old exam. 4. Review your quizzes. Tips: 1. Which of these would best be asked by diagrams or graphs? 2. Which diagrams in the book match these specific topics? 3. Which homework questions match these specific topics? 4. How did I ask questions on these topics on old exam? 5. What lab activities support these lecture topics?
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