A Correlation of Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology 2014

Transcription

1 A Correlation of Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology 2014 To Ohio s New Learning Standards for Science, 2011 Physical Geology, High School Science Inquiry and Application Course Content

2 Introduction This document demonstrates how Earth, An Introduction to, meets for Science, 2011, Physical Geology, for Grades Science Inquiry and Application references are to the Student and Teacher Edition feature and page levels. Course content references are to the chapter and section levels. This 11 th edition of Earth, An Introduction to Physical Geology, is intended to be a meaningful, nontechnical survey for students taking their first course in geology. This up-todate, informative program meets students needs with an engaging book that is a highly usable tool for learning the basic principles and concepts of geology. Distinguishing Features The main focus of the program is to promote student understanding of the basic principles of geology. The book s language is straightforward and written to be understood. Geology is highly visual, and art and photographs play a critical role in this book. Michael Collier, an award-winning geologist-photographer, brings geology alive with his contributions. New to the 11 th Edition SmartFigures; Students use their smartphones to watch art come alive with 6-7 QR codes per chapter (3-4 minute Art feature with narration) Active Learning Path; Chapters include numbered learning objectives, identified student knowledge and skills, Concept Checks, and challenging questions in the Give It Some Thought feature Eye on Earth; two to five aerial or satellite images per chapter in which students must apply basic facts and principles An Unparalleled Visual Program; new photos, satellite images, and new figures by geoscience illustrator Dennis Tasa with additional labeling MasteringGeology ; Assignable activities focused on course objectives, instructor resources, and a robust Student Study Area Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates 2

3 COURSE DESCRIPTION Physical geology is a high school level course, which satisfies Ohio Core science graduation requirements of Ohio Revised Code Section This section of Ohio law requires a three-unit course with inquiry-based laboratory experience that engages students in asking valid scientific questions and gathering and analyzing information. Physical geology incorporates chemistry, physics and environmental science and introduces students to key concepts, principles and theories within geology. Investigations are used to understand and explain the behavior of nature in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that incorporate scientific reasoning, analysis, communication skills and real-world applications. SCIENCE INQUIRY AND APPLICATION During the years of grades 9 through 12, all students must use the following scientific processes with appropriate laboratory safety techniques to construct their knowledge and understanding in all science content areas: Identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations; Opportunities to address the standards in Science Inquiry and Application can be found in the end of chapter exercises Give It Some Thought. See, the following pages: SE/TE: Question #7, p. 195; Question #4, p. 332; Question #6, p. 359; Question #8, p. 420; Question #1, p. 512; Question #7, p. 552; Question #1, p. 661; Question #2, p. 700; Question #4, p. 851 See also Eye on Earth and MasteringGeology Encounter activities. Design and conduct scientific investigations; Opportunities to address the standards in Science Inquiry and Application can be found in the end of chapter exercises Give It Some Thought. See, the following pages: SE/TE: Question #10, p. 115; Question #4, p. 150; Question #5, p. 195; Question #6, p. 266; Question #1, p. 392; Question #4, p. 552; Question #1, p. 589 See also Eye on Earth and MasteringGeology Encounter activities. 3

4 Use technology and mathematics to improve investigations and communications; Formulate and revise explanations and models using logic and evidence (critical thinking); Recognize and analyze explanations and models; and Communicate and support a scientific argument. Opportunities to address the standards in Science Inquiry and Application can be found in the end of chapter exercises Give It Some Thought. See, the following pages: SE/TE: Question #8, p. 332; Question #9, p. 359; Question #3, p. 392; Question #11, p. 420; Question #12, p. 421; Questions #1-2, p. 632; Question #6, p. 701; Question #4, p. 739; Question #5, p. 777; Question #1, p. 850 See also SmartFigures, Concepts in Review Walk It Out and Calculate It activities, and MasteringGeology Encounter activities. Opportunities to address the standards in Science Inquiry and Application can be found in the end of chapter exercises Give It Some Thought. See, the following pages: SE/TE: Question #1, p. 78; Question #12, p. 229; Question #5, p. 301; Question #5, p. 392; Question #9, p. 457; Question #1, p. 485; Question #8, p. 589; Question #5, p. 633; Question #4, p. 701; Question #9, p. 777 See also Concepts in Review Model It, Draw It, Pattern Recognition, and Missing Analogue activities, and MasteringGeology GEODe activities. Opportunities to address the standards in Science Inquiry and Application can be found in the end of chapter exercises Give It Some Thought. See, the following pages: SE/TE: Question #6, p. 78; Question #12, p. 228; Question #10, p. 333; Question #3, p. 359; Question #1, p. 456; Question #2, p. 485; Question #12, p. 553; Question #4, p. 661; Question #5, p. 739 See also Concepts in Review Debate It activities, Give It Some Thought problems, and MasteringGeology Gigipan activities. SE/TE: Question #2, p. 78; Question #10, p. 150; Question #7, p. 392; Question #2, p. 456; Question #6, p. 589; Question #8, p. 633; Question #3, p. 700; Question #9, p. 739; Question #10, p. 777 See also Concepts in Review Plot It, Debate It, Tell a Story, Paradigm Shift, and Teach the Controversy activities. 4

5 COURSE CONTENT The following information may be taught in any order; there is no ODE-recommended sequence. MINERALS Atoms and elements SE/TE: Chapter 3, Section: 3.2 Chemical bonding (ionic, covalent, metallic) SE/TE: Chapter 3, Section: 3.3 Crystallinity (crystal structure) SE/TE: Chapter 3, Sections: 3.1, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6; Chapter 4, Sections: 4.1, 4.6; Chapter 7, Section: 7.7 Criteria of a mineral (crystalline solid, occurs in nature, inorganic, defined chemical composition) Properties of minerals (hardness, luster, cleavage, streak, crystal shape. fluorescence, flammability, density/specific gravity, malleability) SE/TE: Chapter 1, Section: 1.8; Chapter 3, Sections: 3.1, 3.4, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10 SE/TE: Chapter 3, Sections: 3.5, 3.6 IGNEOUS, METAMORPHIC AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Igneous SE/TE: Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 23 Mafic and felsic rocks and minerals SE/TE: Chapter 4, Section: 4.2 Intrusive (igneous structures: dikes, sills, batholiths, pegmatites) Earth s interior (inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle, Mohorovicic discontinuity, crust) Magnetic reversals and Earth s magnetic field SE/TE: Chapter 4, Sections: 4.1, 4.3, 4.8; Chapter 23, Section: 23.7 SE/TE: Chapter 1, Section: 1.7; Chapter 12, Sections: 12.1, 12.3 SE/TE: Chapter 2, Section: 2.8; Chapter 12, Section: 12.5 Thermal energy within the Earth SE/TE: Chapter 12, Section: 12.4 Extrusive (volcanic activity, volcanoes: cinder cones, composite, shield) Bowen s Reaction Series (continuous and discontinuous branches) SE/TE: Chapter 4, Section: 4.1; Chapter 5, Sections: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 SE/TE: Chapter 4, Section: 4.6 Metamorphic SE/TE: Chapter 8 5

6 Pressure, stress, temperature and compressional forces Foliated (regional), non-foliated (contact) Parent rock and degrees of metamorphism Metamorphic zones (where metamorphic rocks are found) SE/TE: Chapter 8, Sections: 8.1, 8.2 SE/TE: Chapter 8, Section: 8.3 SE/TE: Chapter 8, Sections: 8.2, 8.4 SE/TE: Chapter 8, Section: 8.6 Sedimentary SE/TE: Chapters 3, 7, 16, 20, 21 The ocean SE/TE: Chapters 1, 2, 13, 20 Tides (daily, neap and spring) SE/TE: Chapter 20, Section: 20.9 Currents (deep and shallow, rip and longshore) SE/TE: Chapter 20, Section: 20.3 Thermal energy and water density SE/TE: Chapter 13, Section: 13.6 Waves SE/TE: Chapter 20, Sections: 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 Ocean features (ridges, trenches, island systems, abyssal zone, shelves, slopes, reefs, island arcs) SE/TE: Chapter 1, Section: 1.9; Chapter 2, Sections: 2.5, 2.6, 2.7; Chapter 13, Sections: 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.7, 13.8 Passive and active continental margins SE/TE: Chapter 13, Section: 13.2 Division of sedimentary rocks and minerals (chemical, clastic/physical, organic) SE/TE: Chapter 3, Section: 3.10; Chapter 7, Sections: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.7 Depositional environments SE/TE: Chapter 7, Sections: 7.8 Streams (channels, streambeds, floodplains, cross-bedding, alluvial fans, deltas) Transgressing and regressing sea levels SE/TE: Chapter 7, Sections: 7.8, 7.9; Chapter 16, Sections: 16.5, 16.6, 16.7 SE/TE: Chapter 7, Section: 7.8; Chapter 20, Section: 20.3; Chapter 21, Section:

7 EARTH S HISTORY The geologic rock record SE/TE: Chapter 9 Relative and absolute age SE/TE: Chapter 9, Sections: 9.1, 9.4 Principles to determine relative age SE/TE: Chapter 9, Section: 9.1 Original horizontality SE/TE: Chapter 9, Section: 9.1 Superposition SE/TE: Chapter 9, Section: 9.1 Cross-cutting relationships SE/TE: Chapter 9, Section: 9.1 Absolute age SE/TE: Chapter 9, Section: 9.4 Radiometric dating (isotopes, radioactive decay) SE/TE: Chapter 9, Section: 9.4 Correct uses of radiometric dating SE/TE: Chapter 9, Section: 9.4 Combining relative and absolute age data SE/TE: Chapter 9, Section: 9.5 The geologic time scale SE/TE: Chapters 2, 9 Comprehending geologic time SE/TE: Chapter 9, Sections: 9.5, 9.6 Climate changes evident through the rock record SE/TE: Chapter 2, Section: 2.2; Chapter 9, Sections: 9.1, 9.2 Fossil record SE/TE: Chapter 2, Section: 2.2; Chapter 9, Sections: 9.5, 9.6 PLATE TECTONICS Internal Earth SE/TE: Chapter 1, Section: 1.7; Chapter 12, Section: 12.1 Seismic waves SE/TE: Chapter 11, Sections: 11.3, 11.4; Chapter 12, Sections: 12.2, 12.3 S and P waves SE/TE: Chapter 11, Sections:11.3, 11.4 Velocities, reflection, refraction of waves Structure of Earth (Note: specific layers were part of grade 8) SE/TE: Chapter 12, Sections: 12.2, 12.3 SE/TE: Chapter 12 7

8 Asthenosphere SE/TE: Chapter 12, Section: 12.3 Lithosphere SE/TE: Chapter 12, Section: 12.3 Mohorovicic boundary (Moho) SE/TE: Chapter 12, Section: 12.3 Composition of each of the layers of Earth SE/TE: Chapter 12, Section: 12.3 Gravity, magnetism and isostasy SE/TE: Chapter 12, Section: 12.5 Thermal energy (geothermal gradient and heat flow) Historical review (Note: this would include a review of continental drift and sea-floor spreading found in grade 8) Paleomagnetism and magnetic anomalies Paleoclimatology Plate motion (Note: introduced in grade 8) SE/TE: Chapter 12, Section: 12.4 SE/TE: Chapters 2, 12, 21 SE/TE: Chapter 2, Sections: 2.5, 2.8; Chapter 12, Section: 12.5 SE/TE: Chapter 2, Section: 2.2; Chapter 21, Section: 21.2 SE/TE: Chapters 2, 5 Causes and evidence of plate motion SE/TE: Chapter 2, Sections: 2.9, 2.10 Measuring plate motion SE/TE: Chapter 2, Section: 2.9 Characteristics of oceanic and continental plates Relationship of plate movement and geologic events and features SE/TE: Chapter 2, Sections: 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 SE/TE: Chapter 2, Sections: 2.2, 2.9 Mantle plumes SE/TE: Chapter 2, Section: 2.8; Chapter 5, Section: 5.9 EARTH S RESOURCES Energy resources SE/TE: Chapters 21, 23 Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources and efficiency Alternate energy sources and efficiency o Resource availability SE/TE: Chapter 23, Sections: 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 23.5 SE/TE: Chapter 21, Section: 21.4; Chapter 23, Sections: 23.4,

9 Mining and resource extraction SE/TE: Chapter 23, Sections: 23.6, 23.8, 23.9 Air SE/TE: Chapter 21 Primary and secondary contaminants o Greenhouse gases SE/TE: Chapter 21, Sections: 21.3, 21.4, 21.6 Water SE/TE: Chapter 17 Potable water and water quality SE/TE: Chapter 17, Sections: 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8 Hypoxia, eutrophication SE/TE: Chapter 17, Section: 17.9 Soil and sediment SE/TE: Chapters 6, 15, 16, 17 Desertification SE/TE: Chapter 6, Section: 6.9 Mass wasting and erosion SE/TE: Chapter 6, Section: 6.9; Chapter 15, Sections: 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5 Sediment contamination SE/TE: Chapter 16, Sections: 16.2, 16.4, 16.5, 16.7; Chapter 17, Section: 17.8 GLACIAL GEOLOGY Glaciers and glaciation SE/TE: Chapter 18 Evidence of past glaciers (including features formed through erosion or deposition) Glacial deposition and erosion (including features formed through erosion or deposition) SE/TE: Chapter 18, Sections: 18.8, 18.9, SE/TE: Chapter 18, Sections: 18.3, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6, 18.7, 18.8 Data from ice cores SE/TE: Chapter 18, Section: 18.9 Historical changes (glacial ages, amounts, locations, particulate matter, correlation to fossil evidence) Evidence of climate changes throughout Earth s history Glacial distribution and causes of glaciation SE/TE: Chapter 18, Sections: 18.9, SE/TE: Chapter 18, Sections: 18.9, SE/TE: Chapter 18, Section:

10 Types of glaciers continental (ice sheets, ice caps), alpine/valley (piedmont, valley, cirque, ice caps) Glacial structure, formation and movement SE/TE: Chapter 18, Section: 18.1 SE/TE: Chapter 18, Sections: 18.1,