Coastal and Estuarine Studies

Transcription

1 Coastal and Estuarine Studies Series Editors' Malcolm J. Bowman Christopher N.K.

2 Coastal and Estuarine Studies 50 Charitha Pattiaratchi (Ed.) Mixing in Estuaries and Coastal Seas American Geophysical Union Washington,

3 Series Editors Malcolm J. Bowman Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York Stony Brook, N.Y , USA Christopher N.K. Mooers Division of Applied Marine Physics RSMAS/University of Miami 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy. Miami, FL , USA Editor Charitha B. Pattiaratchi University of Western Australia Nedlands, W.A Australia Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mixing in estuaries and coastal seas / Charitha Pattiaratchi, editor. p. cm.- (Coastal and estuarine studies; 50) "Papers... presented at the 6th International Biennial Conference on Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, held in Margaret River, Western Australia, in December 1992"--- ef. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN Estuarine oceanography--congresses. 2. Coasts--Congresses. 3. Ocean mixing--congresses. I. Pattiaratchi, Charitha, II. International Conference on Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas (6th: 1992 : Margaret River, Augusta-Margaret River Shire. W.A.) III. Series. GC96.5.M '09 dc CIP ISSN ISBN Copyright 1996 by the American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009, U.S.A. Figures, tables, and short excerpts may be reprinted in scientific books and journals if the source is properly cited. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the intemal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the American Geophysical Union for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $1.00 per copy plus $0.10 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, MA /96/$ This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for creating new collective works or for resale. The reproduction of multiple copies and the use of full articles or the use of extracts, including figures and tables, for commercial purposes requires permission from AGU. Printed in the United States of

4 CONTENTS PREFACE... xi PART I: INTRODUCTION I Introduction C. Pattiaratchi... 1 PART II: INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF PROCESSES 2 The Response of Stratified Shelf Waters to the Leeuwin Current and Wind Forcing: Winter Observations off Perth, Western Australia D. Mills, N. D'Adamo, A. Wyllie and A. Pearce... Measurements of the Wave, Current and Sea Level Dynamics of an Exposed Coastal Site K. Black, M. Rosenberg, G. Symonds, R. Simons, C. Pattiaratchi, and P. Nielsen The Lagrangian Barycentric Method to Compute 2D and 3D Long Term Dispersion in Tidal Environments J. C. Salomon, P. Garreau and M. Breton Modelling Oil Slick Trajectories in Spencer Gulf, South Australia P. J. Bills, D. W. F. Standingford and B. J. Noye Tide-Induced Residual Currents Generated by the Stokes Layer in the Rotating Tidal Basin H. Yasuda Wave and Dispersion Studies in Shallow Water Using Side-Scan Sonar S. A. Thorpe, A. Graham and A. Hall Detailed Cross-Frontal Structure of a Tidal Front in the Kii Channel, Japan T. Yanagi, T. Yamamoto, T. Ishimaru and T. Saino PART III: SHELF-ESTUARY EXCHANGE PROCESSES 9 A Field Investigation of Water Exchange Between a Small Coastal Embayment and an Adjacent Shelf P. E. Holloway...

5 10 A Note on the Influence of a Deep Ship Channel on Estuarine-Shelf Exchange in a Broad, Shallow Estuary W. W. Schroeder, J. R. Pennock and W. J. Wiseman Jr Tidal and Low Frequency Flushing of a Coastal Lagoon Using a Flexible Grid Model N. P. Smith Circulation and Transport in Sarasota Bay, Florida: The Effect of Tidal Inlets on Estuarine Circulation and Flushing Quality Y. P. Sheng, S. Peene and E. Yassuda PART IV: ESTUARINE PROCESSES 13 Internal Tidal Asymmetry in Channel Flows: Origins and Consequences D. A. Jay and J. D. Musiak Relative Contributions of Interfacial and Bed Generated Mixing to the Estuarine Energy Balance R. E. Lewis Short Salt Wedges and the Limit of No Salt Wedge J. B. Hinwood A Spring-Neap Flushing Box Model Z. Z. Ibrahim Studies on Transport Times and Water Quality in the Weser Estuary (Germany) I. Grabemann, H. Kiihle, B. Kunze, and A. Miiller PART V: SEDIMENT PROCESSES 18 Modelling Suspended Sediment Dynamics in Tidally Stirred and Periodically Stratified Waters: Progress and Pitfalls S. E. Jones, C. F. Jago and J. H. Simpson Bottom Friction Reduction in Turbid Estuaries B. King and E. Wolanski Tidal Dynamics and Sediment Transport in a Shallow Macrotidal Estuary G. Lessa Net Transport of Fine Sediment in a Homogeneous Tidal Channel J. van de Kreeke...

6 22 Seasonal Variability of Mobile Mud Deposits in the Tamar Estuary R. J. Uncles, M. L. Barton and J. A. Stephens Dry Season Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport in a Mangrove Creek P. Larcombe and P. V. Ridd Uniform Bottom Shear Stress and Equilibrium Hyposometry of Intertidal Flats C. T. Friedrichs and D. G. Aubrey PART VI: OCEAN OUTFALLS 25 Dispersion of Effluent from Sydney's New Deepwater Outfalls. Part 1: Ocean processes R. S. Lee and T. R. Pritchard Dispersion of Effluent from Sydney's New Deepwater Outfalls. Part 2: Observations of Plume Behaviour: Winter and Summer Examples T. R. Pritchard, R. S. Lee and A. Davison Monte Carlo Simulation of Sydney Deepwater Outfalls T. Webb and D. Cox Study of Thermal Discharge with Satellite and Airborne Data S. Onishi PART VII: THEORETICAL STUDIES 29 Distortion and Dispersion: Dilution of Solutes in Coastal Waters R. Smith Capillarity Correction to Periodic Solutions of the Shallow Flow Approximation D. A. Barry, S. J. Barry and J.-Y. Parlange LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS...

7 PREFACE Continental shelves, coastal seas and estuaries contain many valuable resources for economic, social, tourist and recreational activity. The majority of the world's largest cities are located on the coastline. For example, 86 % of the total Australian population is located in the coastal zone. Almost 75 % of the global harvest of fisheries comes from coastal areas. However, it is also the region into which anthropogenic wastes are discharged, leading to degradation of the environment. As we become more aware of the consequences of these discharges, and develop new management strategies to avoid detrimental effects in estuaries and coastal regions, it is clear that an understanding of mixing processes plays a very important role in dispersion of introduced contaminants. This volume consists of 30 papers, each dealing with different aspects of mixing processes in the marine environment. The following topics are covered: inner continental shelf processes, shelf-estuary interactions, estuarine processes, sedimentransport processes, ocean outfalls, and theoretical studies. The majority of the papers include results of field experiments with some degree of integration with numerical and/or analytical models. A wide variety of environments from different countries are presented. These include microand macro-tidal environments, areas influenced by major oceani current systems, enclosed and semi-enclosed embayments, and mangrove environments. All papers included in this volume are based on presentations the 6th International Biennial Conference on Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, held in Margaret River, Western Australia, in December The theme of the conference was "Mixing Processes in Estuaries and Coastal Seas." Previous conferences in this series have been held in Hamburg, Miami, Qingdao, Monterey, and Gregynog, and each of these conferences, except Qingdao, has resulted in a volume in the Coastal and Estuaries Studies series. The aim of these conferences is to promote the exchange of information and interaction between physical oceanographers and coastal engineers. The Margaret River venue provided a very relaxed, informal atmosphere in which papers were presented in plenary session followed by a generous time for discussion. This stimulated a rich exchange of ideas many of which are reflected in the contents of the final papers included here. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the contributions made by several individuals and organisations which resulted in a successful conference at Margaret River and the subsequent preparation of this volume. The contributors whose research is presented here are thanked for their patience, as well as the numerous (more than 70) external reviewers for their comments on the manuscripts, which ensured a high scientific quality in the papers included in this volume. The international steering committee for the conference consisted of J6rg Imberger (Centre for Water Research, The University of Western Australia); Ralph Cheng (U.S. Geological Survey); David Prandle (Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, UK); and David Aubrey (Woods Hole Oceanographic Instituti_qon, USA). I am very grateful for the support and advice of these individuals as well

8 from Co van de Kreeke (University of Miami). Financial assistance, which was vital for this endeavor, was provided by: Department of Industry Technology and Commerce (Australia); CSIRO Division of Oceanography; Steedman Science and Engineering Pty Ltd (now WNI Science and Engineering): ALCOA Australia; Environmental Protection Authority (WA); American Geophysical Union; and the Centre for Water Research, The University of Western Australia. Malcolm Bowman (State University of New York at Stony Brook) is thanked for his support and encouragement in the preparation of the volume. My deepest appreciation goes to Lorraine Dom, who initially contributed to the organisation of the conference correspondence and the preparation of the volume of extended abstracts and then painstakingly undertook the task of producing the complete camera-ready copy of the manuscript; without her dedicated efforts this volume would not have materialised. Finally, I would like to thank my family: Gabi, Nafyn and Tesni for their patience and understanding during my extended absences from home which was necessary to complete this volume. Charitha Pattiaratchi Centre for Water Research University of Western Australia Nedlands, Western