Earth Science in the City' A Reader

Transcription

1 Earth Science in the City' A Reader Grant Heiken Robert Fakundiny John Sutter Editors American Geophysical Union Washington, DC

2 Published under the aegis of the AGU Books Board Jean-Louis Bougeret, Chair; Gray E. Bebout, Carl T Friedrichs, James L. Horwitz, LisaA. Levin, W. Berry Lyons, Kenneth R. Minschwaner, Dart'ell Strobel, and William R. Young, members. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Earth science in the city: a reader / Grant He[ken, Robert Fakundiny, John Sutter, editors. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN Urban geology. I. Heiken, Grant. II. Fakundiny, Robert H. III. Sutter, John F. QE39.5.U7E '51' dc ISBN Back Cover: Washington, DC, photographed on June 1, 2000, with the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA's Terra satellite. NASA GSFC, MITI, ERSDAC, JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC Figures, tables, and short excerpts may be reprinted in scientific books and journals if the source is properly cited. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specifi clients, is granted by the American Geophysical Union for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $1.50 per copy plus $0.35 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, MA /03/$ This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for creating new collective works or for resale. The reproduction of multiple copies and the use of full articles or the use of extracts, including figures and tables, for commercial purposes requires permission from the American Geophysical Union. Printed in the United States of America.

3 CONTENTS Preface Grant Heiken, Robert Fakundiny, and John Sutter... v Introduction Grant Heiken... 1 Section I. Background--Earth Science in the Cities Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Large Urban Concentrations: A New Phenomenon George Bugliarello... 7 Geoantiquities in the Urban Landscape: Earth History Records in the Cities Marjorie A. Chan, Donald R. Currey, Andrea N. Dion, and Holly S. Godsey Engineering Geology of New York City: Continuing Value of Geologic Data Charles A. Baskerville and Robert H. Fakundiny Section II. Natural Hazards and the City Chapter 4 Towards Integrated Natural Hazard Reduction in Urban Areas Greg A. Valentine Chapter 5 Seismic-Risk Evaluation in Cities of New York and Surrounding Regions: Issues Related to all Intraplate Cities Robert H. Fakundiny Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Facing Volcanic and Related Hazards in the Neapolitan Area Giovanni Orsi, Sandro de ta, Mauro A. Di ki'to, Roberto Isaia, Rosella Nave, and Grant Heiken Tsunami Impact and Mitigation in Inhabited Areas G. T. Hebenstreit, E I. Gonzdlez, and J. Preuss Landslides and Cities: An Unwanted Partnership Richard J. Pike, David G. Howell and Russell W. Graymer

4 Section III. Urban Hydrology Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Effects of Urbanization on Groundwater Systems J. M. Sharp, Jr., J. N. Krothe, J. D. Mather, B. Garcia-Fresca, and C. A. Stewart Integrated Environmental Modeling of the Urban Ecosystem Timothy N. Mc?herson, Steven J. Burian, Michael J. Brown, Gerald E. Streit, and H. J. Turin Urban Environmental Modeling and Assessment Using Detailed Urban Databases Steven J. Burian, Timothy N. McPherson, Michael J. Brown, Gerald E. Streit, and H. J. Turin Section IV. The Remotely Sensed City Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Mapping the City Landscape From Space: The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) Urban Environmental Monitoring Program Michael S. Ramsey Airborne Laser Topographic Mapping: Applications to Hurricane Storm Surge Hazards Dean Whitman, Keqi Zhang, Stephen P Leatherman, and William Robertson Section V. Integrated Earth Sciences and Urban Development and Sustainability Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Integrating Geological Information into Urban Planning and Management: Approaches for the 21 st Century B. R. Marker, J. J. Pereira, and E. E J. de Mulder Greater Phoenix 2100: Building a National Urban Environmental Research Agenda Jonathan Fink, Frederick Steiner, Nancy B. Grimm, and Charles L. Redman Modeling Cities--The Los Alamos Urban Security Initiative Grant Heiken, Greg A. Valentine, Michael Brown, Steen Rasmussen, Jonathan Dowell, Sudha Maheshwari, and Denise C. George Contributors

5 Preface Today nearly half of the Earth's peoples live in cities, and projected trends indicate a rise to five billion city dwellers by the year All cities become increasingly coupled with and vulnerable to their environment as they grow. For cities to be safe and sustainable we must be ever aware of the inter-relationships between natural processes and the urban environment, effects on the population, and--in turn--the effects of population on the environment. Many of these relationships, which become issues or problems of public note usually when we are faced with immediate conditions of risk--including water use sustainability or hazard mitigation from natural disasters--must be addressed via the geosciences. And geo- science researchers should be aware that the results of their work are vital to solv- ing urban problems both in the practical and theoretical domains, and for immediate and future needs. The present book speaks to such concerns. We hope it also serves to stimulate discussion of, and research on, urban geoscience for professionals in the field or associated with it, and for students entering the field. The current book derives from presentations given at "Earth Sciences in the Cities," a Union Session of the spring 2000 meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The 22 presentations also represented at least seven of the eleven sections that comprise the AGU, including: atmospheric sciences, hydrology, geodesy, ocean sciences, tectonophysics, seismology, and volcanology. The session highlighted current geosciences contributions to significant urban issues from disaster mitigation to environmental degradation, planning, and more. Organization of the session was enthusiastically supported by the meeting program chair Carol Simpson and by AGU staff. We also thank the many reviewers of chapters in this book, our AGU acquisitions editor, Allan Graubard, and our production editor, Terence Mulligan. The Editors