IODP Proposal Cover Sheet

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1 IODP Proposal Cover Sheet New Revised Addendum Please fill out information in all gray boxes Above For Official Use Only Please check if this is Mission proposal Title: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: implications for hazard assessment and long term magmatic evolution of the arc Proponent(s): Anne Le Friant, Georges Boudon, Jean-Christophe Komorowski, Christine Deplus, Benoît Villemant, Steve Sparks, Peter Talling, Jess Trofimovs, Malcolm Hart, Martin Palmer, Richard Robertson, Steve Carey, Barry Voight, Osamu Ishizuka. Keywords: Subduction, island arc, volcanism, debris avalanche, sedimentation Caribbean Area: (5 or less) Contact Information: Contact Person: Anne Le Friant Department: Equipe Géologie des Systèmes volcaniques Organization: Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), CNRS UMR 7154 Address 4, place Jussieu, Case 89, Paris Cedex 05 - FRANCE Tel.: 33 (0) Fax: 33 (0) lefriant@ipgp.jussieu.fr Permission to post abstract on IODP Web site: Yes Abstract: (400 words or less) Although island arc volcanism is a fundamental process in Earth Sciences, several issues remain poorly constrained. Results from previous on-land and marine geophysical studies indicate that flank collapse with emplacement of voluminous potentially tsunamigenic debris avalanches is the key recurrent process controlling the evolution of Lesser Antilles volcanoes. Moreover, analysis of piston sediment cores in Martinique and Montserrat identified many more explosive eruptions than deduced from on-land studies, showing that marine sediments contain a more complete record of volcanic history (time span : ~ 25 ka and 250 ka respectively). Distal turbidites associated with large submarine volcanic landslides have been already drilled by the Ocean Drilling Program (e.g. Hawaii, Canary). However, our project would provide the first cores through volcanic debris avalanche deposits in an area where the frequency of flank collapse events (15 in the last 12 ka) is larger than has been recognized in other regions (e.g. Hawai: 1/ 350 ka). Drilling is the only way to understand the timing and emplacement processes of these large debris avalanches. Only drilling will allow to: 1/ extend the knowledge of the arc over a much longer eruptive record; 2/ quantify the nature, rate of sedimentation and magma production in different parts of the arc; 3/ determine the dynamics of tsunamigenic debris avalanche emplacement, mobility, and erosive potential; 4/ determine the number, age and volumes for collapses; 5/ determine the influence of tephra diagenesis on volcanic material. We select ten sites around Martinique, Dominica and Montserrat to produce a complete record of the contrasted style, impact of volcanic activity and sedimentation record along the arc over the last 1 to 5 Ma. Onboard logging and analysis will be combined with post-cruise studies to: 1/ characterize geochemically, petrologically, mineralogically, sedimentologically, geochronologically (laser heating Ar/Ar) all volcanic layers; 2/ provide a detailed δ 18 Ostratigraphy with selective 14 C ages from key pelagic sediment layers to date eruptive layers and debris avalanches; 3/ undertake stratigraphic, morpho-structural analysis of geophysical data and cores to determine the transport processes and the volume of debris avalanche deposits and incorporated sediments; 4/ develop onland-offshore correlative analysis. Results from this project will significantly improve our understanding of the eruptive history over a large time span for three of the most active volcanic Caribbean islands which have an exceptional record of edifice collapse. Their active volcanoes remain inherently instable and thereby constitute a significant risk to circum-caribbean populations concentrated on the shore.

2 Scientific Objectives: (250 words or less) The main objective of this non-riser leg is to obtain a complete record of eruptive activity and volcanoclastic sedimentation of the most active volcanic complexes of the Lesser Antilles arc over the last 1 to 5 Ma (Martinique, Dominica, Montserrat) focusing on edifice collapse and debris-avalanche emplacement, a dominant process in Caribbean volcanism. Results from this leg will significantly improve our understanding of the history and evolution of volcanic centers in this area. Analysis of samples will address the following questions: 1/ What processes and spatio-temporal scales characterize eruptive activity and its migration along the arc? 2/ What is the nature of volcanism during the early marine or subaerial stages of construction of the composite volcanoes (chemical composition, production rate, explosivity, role of constructional over destructional processes)? 3/ What is the age and what mechanisms control triggering, transport, and deposition of submarine potentially tsunamigenic debris avalanches from collapsing island volcanoes? 4/ What is the role of erosion, incorporation of sediments and water, and fragmentation on debris-avalanches mobility with implication for risk assessments? 5/ What is the influence of tephra diagenesis on volcanic material? Volcanism on Martinique, Dominica, and Montserrat is representative of the breadth of processes and time scales of Lesser Antilles arc volcanism, which in turn shares similarities to that of other island arcs. Please describe below any non-standard measurements technology needed to achieve the proposed scientific objectives. Leg will use non-riser drilling technology Site Name CARI-01B CARI-02B CARI-03B CARI-04B CARI-05B CARI-06B CARI-07B CARI-08A CARI-09A CARI-10A Position N, W N, W N, W N, W N, W N, W N, W N, W N, W N, W Proposed Sites: Water Penetration (m) Depth Bs (m) Sed Total m Brief Site-specific Objectives Tephrochronology from Montserrat volcanoes Debris avalanche deposits + erosional processes, Montserrat Distinction between debris avalanches emplacement, Montserrat Volcaniclastic turbidites generated by collapse events, Montserrat Debris avalanche deposits, proximal facies with blocks, Dominique Debris avalanche deposits, distal facies, Dominique Superimposed debris avalanche deposits + impact on aerial erosion, Martinique Debris avalanches deposits + erosional processes, Martinique Volcaniclastic turbidites + tephras layers from Pitons du Carbet, Martinique Tephrochronology from northern Martinique volcanoes

3 DRILLING VOLCANIC LANDSLIDE DEPOSITS AND VOLCANICLASTIC SEDIMENTS IN THE LESSER ANTILLES ARC: IMPLICATIONS FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND LONG TERM MAGMATIC EVOLUTION ON THE ARC 1. INTRODUCTION Drilling volcaniclastic sediments and volcanic landslide deposits in the Lesser Antilles Arc will advance significantly our understanding of eruptive history, magmatic evolution in volcanic arcs, as well as the timing and emplacement processes of large debris avalanches. Major advances in understanding will result from, for instance, recovering the first cores through large scale volcanic debris avalanches, and analysing the relative timing of eruptions. The Lesser Antilles volcanic arc constitutes a unique setting where volcanic activity since the mid-oligocene has resulted in the construction of numerous volcanic edifices. More than 12 of these edifices have been active in the last years, and they are characterized by an exceptional diversity of arc magma compositions and eruptive styles along-strike, showing marked differences from north to south. Large but infrequent flank collapse events in the south and frequent smaller events in the north and variation of sedimentation and magma production rates are probably related to the morphology and construction of the arc (Boudon et al., 2007). Such variations have not been observed at Izu Bonin arc where ODP holes have previously been recovered (leg 126, e.g. Taylor, 1992; Fujioka et al., 1992). Volcanism and igneous arc processes have been extensively studied in the Lesser Antilles, generating a large body of information. This database provides a robust framework for a drilling project that is developed to answer fundamental questions about earth processes in a subduction setting. Recent studies show that at least 47 flank collapse events have occurred on volcanoes of the Caribbean arc, fifteen of which have occurred within the last years (Boudon et al., 2007). Le Friant et al. (in press) have shown that up to 70% by the volume of erupted products in the arc are delivered and stored in the surrounding marine environment. Areas of intraplate active volcanism associated with large submarine volcanic landslides have been drilled by the Ocean Drilling Program such as in Hawaii (ODP leg 126: e.g. Garcia, 1993, Garcia et al., 1994; leg 200: e.g. Garcia et al., 2006) or around the Canary Islands (ODP leg 157: e.g. Schneider et al., 1997, Goldstrand, 1998, Schmincke et al., 1998). However all of these drill sites targeted distal turbidites away from proximal debris avalanche deposits, and at depths of ~4000 m or greater. Seismic surveys around the Canary or Hawaiian islands have not penetrated volcanic debris avalanche deposits. In contrast, 2D seismic surveys around Lesser Antilles volcanoes have provided excellent images of debris avalanche deposits, and have penetrated through these deposits to image the basal surface (e.g. Deplus et al., 2001, Le Friant et al., 2003a). The emplacement processes for these huge collapses are still poorly 1

4 understood. Some of these events have generated tsunami, but related investigations are incomplete and controversial. This project would provide the first cores to penetrate through volcanic debris avalanche deposits in an area where the frequency of flank collapses is an order of magnitude larger than for other regions (e.g. Hawaii: 1/ 350 ka, Moore et al., 1989). Thus drilling in the Lesser Antilles area offers a unique opportunity to collect critical information that cannot be obtained in any other way, to investigate constructive and destructive volcanic processes at the scale of an entire island arc, as well as elucidating processes of recycling volcanogenic sediment into ocean basins. The objectives of the project will be achieved by documenting the evolution of three volcanic centres in the Lesser Antilles arc which represent the range of behaviours and eruptive styles: Montserrat in the north, where the Soufrière Hills volcano has been erupting and resulting in serious hazards and social disruption since 1995; Martinique (with the sadly famous Montagne Pelée volcano); and Dominica, where several large silicic eruptive centres are considered as active and pose serious potential regional hazards due to occurrence of large magnitude ignimbrite-forming eruptions in the recent geological past. We identify three main topics (1+2+3) and one additional (4) which are inter-related with the themes of understanding arc volcanic systems and the effects of volcanism on the environment, including implications for understanding global change: (1) to understand much better the timing and emplacement processes of debris avalanches produced by flank collapse, with implications for tsunami hazards; (2) to document the long-term eruptive history of the arc, to guide the prognosis of future volcanic activity and to document volcano evolution (cycles of construction and destruction); (3) to access critical information on the long term magmatic evolution of the arc; (4) to document the dispersal of sediment into the deep ocean. The proposal addresses the major theme Recycling of Oceanic Lithosphere into the Deeper Mantle and Formation of Continental Crust, identified in the IODP Initial Plan This theme has been identified as an under-represented scientific theme by a SSEP s working group (Granada, 2004). Explosive eruptions, flank collapse and dome collapse events with associated tsunamis are geohazards on-land and at sea. The study of geohazards has recently been identified as an important theme of IODP (Shanghai 2005 Working Group). The themes of this project are fully integrated in high-priority research supported by French national programs from INSU, CNRS, IFREMER, and IPGP (in charge of volcano observatories of Martinique, Guadeloupe and Montserrat), by UK projects (NERC), by US projects supported by NSF, and in Japan. The project thus addresses major emerging themes in a region characterized by a rapidly expanding population and many small island nations that are particularly vulnerable to hazards. 2

5 2. THE LESSER ANTILLES ARC Geodynamic Setting The Lesser Antilles arc results from the subduction of the Atlantic oceanic plate beneath the Caribbean plate (Fig. 1). Recent convergence of the plates has been slow (2 to 4 cm yr -1 ; Feuillet et al., 2002) and magma productivity has been low relative to other arcs, estimated at 3 to 5 km 3 Ma -1 km -1 (Sigurdsson et al., 1980; Wadge, 1984; MacDonald et al., 2000). Arc volcanism has been active since 40 Ma (Martin-Kayes, 1969; Bouysse et al., 1990). Fig 1: The Lesser Antilles arc. Predicted bathymetry Fig 2: Extent of debris avalanche deposits superimposed from Smith et Sandwell (1997). on swath bathymetry and proposed drill sites. rth of Dominica, the arc is divided in two chains of islands and is built on a Cretaceous ocean island arc (Bouyssse & Guennoc 1983; Wadge, 1986). The eastern chain corresponds to an older extinct arc where thick carbonate platforms now cover the volcanic basement. The western chain is the site of active volcanism since 20 Ma (Briden et al., 1979). South of Dominica, the older and recent arcs are superimposed, forming one chain of islands bordered to the west by the 2900 m deep back-arc Grenada Basin which has been a major depocentre for large debris avalanches (Fig. 2), volcanogenic turbidites, large pyroclastic flow deposits and hemipelagic sediment (Sigurdsson et al., 1980; Deplus et al., 2001, Picard et al., 2006, Boudon et al., 2007). The background hemipelagic sedimentation rate varies from 1-2 cm /1000 years west of the northern islands of the arc to 10 to 20 cm/1000 years to the south in the Grenada Basin (Reid et al., 1996; Duchoiselle, 2003). As a consequence, knowledge of 3

6 the volcanic history of the arc from the marine record is largely confined to a period less than 300 ka (and in most places << 100 ka) due to absence of any deep drilling. Previous marine data in the area Previous work has involved on-land geological, geochemical, petrological, geochronological, and geophysical studies and offshore marine studies. Much of the information is summarised in MacDonald et al. (2000) and in the Volcanic Hazards Atlas of the Lesser Antilles (Lindsay et al., 2005a). The Endeavour cruise of 1979 gathered a regional collection of piston cores allowing assessments of rates of volcanism and sedimentation, dating of major explosive eruptions, recognition of submarine pyroclastic flow deposits and establishment of a biostratigraphic framework for the eastern Caribbean (Sigurdsson et al., 1980; Sparks et al., 1980a, b.; Reid et al., 1996). Westbrook et al. (1986) analysed large scale seismic experimental data on the overall arc crust and showed that the history of subduction has been episodic (e.g. shift of the axis of volcanism in the Lesser Antilles at the beginning of the Pliocene). Marine geophysical data were gathered during two cruises of the R.V. L Atalante: Aguadomar (December January 1999) and Caraval (March 2002) and one cruise on the R.R.S. James Clark Ross: JCR123 (May 2005). During the first two cruises (PI: C. Deplus and G. Boudon), Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data, 3.5 khz echosounder, gravity, magnetic and six-channel seismic reflection data were collected from Montserrat to St. Vincent (Deplus et al., 2001). During Caraval, seismic profiles using a 24-channel streamer (Deplus et al., 2002), sediment piston cores and dredge samples were collected. During the JR123 cruise (P.I.: R.S.J. Sparks), sediment cores were collected from around Montserrat, to study the submarine pyroclastic deposits from the recent eruption (Trofimovs et al., 2006). Two NERC-funded cruises took place in December The first cruise (PI: M. Palmer) collected box cores and shallow gravity cores at ~ 34 sites around Montserrat to constrain how diagenesis of tephra from the recent eruptions has influenced seawater geochemistry. The second cruise, a component of the SEA-CALIPSO seismic experiment sponsored by NSF, NERC, and collaborating agencies (PIs: Profs. S. Sparks and B. Voight), aimed at imaging the interior of Montserrat and the Soufrière Hills volcano, using source seismic techniques in combination with ~240 onshore seismometers and offshore OBS (Voight et al., 2008; Sparks et al., 2008). The drilling at site 30 of DSDP Leg 4 took place in 1969 to investigate the geologic history of the Aves Ridge (west of the Grenada Basin). Site 48 of DSDP Leg 15 was located north of the site 30, which also investigated the Aves Ridge. However, no DSDP, ODP or IODP sites have been performed in the Grenada Basin or close to the Lesser Antilles islands. 4

7 3. SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES Theme 1: Processes and timing of debris avalanche emplacement Volcano flank-collapses are increasingly recognized as a normal process in the construction and destruction of volcanic edifices (Ida and Voight, 1995; McGuire, 1996; Voight, 2000). They play a significant role in the evolution of volcanic edifices, on the dynamics of subsequent eruptions, and are a significant component of volcanic hazards. The recognition of flank-collapse events is based on mapping debris avalanche deposits that can be traced to a generally horseshoe-shaped collapse depression (Voight et al., 1981). The most voluminous events (volumes from tens, to hundreds, or even thousand of km 3 ) have been recognized on oceanic islands: Hawaii (Lipman et al., 1988; Moore et al., 1989), La Réunion (Labazuy, 1996, Oehler et al., 2004, 2008), and in the Canary Archipelago (Holcomb and Searle, 1991; Watts and Masson, 1995, Urgeles et al., 1997; Krastel et al., 2001). On volcanoes of the Lesser Antilles arc, at least 47 flank-collapse events have been identified, Fig. 2 (Deplus et al., 2001; Le Friant 2001; Le Friant et al., 2002, 2003a-b, 2004; Boudon et al., 2007). In the northern part of the arc, flank collapses are repetitive, do not exceed 1 km 3 in volume, can occur in all directions and are promoted by intense hydrothermal alteration and well-developed fracturing of the summit part of the edifices. In the southern part of the arc, flank-collapses are larger (with volumes up to tens of km 3 ), always directed to the west, and related to the higher overall slopes of the leeward side of the islands. Edifice collapses are of high concern on the small Caribbean islands as a large portion of the debris avalanches flowed into the sea, generating potentially destructive tsunamis. Timing and triggering of debris avalanches? It is generally unclear what factors control the timing of large flank failures (Voight, 2000; Voight and Elsworth, 1997). In this project we will investigate whether specific events are random in time, or linked to some external or internal forcing factors. Are flank-collapses associated with magmatic intrusions, or major volcanic eruptions? Are failures triggered by factors such as more rapid volcano edifice construction, strength reduction by hydrothermal processes, or by rapid sea level change (Quidelleur et al., 2008) as might occur in the future? Do flank-collapses lead to changes in magmatic evolution by de-pressurizing the magma system (Voight, 1981; Pinel and Jaupart, 2000)? An important objective is to place each flank failure examined into the local volcanic history, and to provide accurate ages of events. Conventional coring during the Caraval cruise (2002) failed to penetrate the sediments down to the top of the debris avalanche deposits, and drill cores are needed to recover samples. The ages of events will improve quantification of 5

8 the return periods, which is important for hazards assessment. Drill cores will be used to date debris avalanche deposits around Montserrat, Dominica and Martinique, and to replace them into the long-term (2-5 Ma) eruptive histories of these islands. Emplacement processes and mobility of debris avalanches? Understanding whether significant substrate erosion occurs is crucial for determining the mobility of debris avalanche and for including realistic parameters in numerical simulations of flow processes (Heinrich, 2001; Le Friant 2003b; Kelfoun and Druitt, 2005). Deplus et al. (2001) proposed that submarine debris avalanches in the Lesser Antilles erode significantly into underlying sedimentary layers during emplacement, incorporate large amounts of marine sediment, and disturb underlying stratigraphy. Such erosion and sediment deformation is apparent in some seismic profiles (Fig. 9b). In addition, the volume of deposits deduced from seismic data (several hundreds of km 3 ) is thus typically one order of magnitude larger than the estimated collapsed volume on-land (Le Friant et al., 2003a). Are bulking, erosion and sediment incorporation the same for subaerial and sub-marine landslides (Glicken, 1991; Komorowski et al., 1991; Voight, B., ed., 1978; Voight and Sousa, 1994, Schneider et al., 2004)? What is the dynamic role of the undrained loading of overridden compressible marine sediments (Voight and Elsworth, 1997)? Is the sedimentary substratum deformed with the emplacement of the debris avalanche (Schneider et al., 2004)? Do the matrix facies of the debris-avalanche more abundant at the bottom part of the deposit (Takarada et al., 1999)? Do the submarine debris avalanche deposits contain thin basal layers of thoroughly homogenized sediment, indicating that the avalanche was emplaced above a thin horizon of localized shear (Gee et al., 1999; Clavero et al., 2002, Shea et al., 2008)? Do the mixed facies (debris avalanche + incorporated substratum) outcrop essentially at the base of the unit (Reubi et al., 2000)? Or is the shearing more pervasive due to the postulated high proportion of wet marine sediments in the debris avalanche? Cores will document the internal facies architecture and stratigraphy of debris avalanche deposits (as well as distinct the boundaries between two superimposed deposits, e.g. Fig. 9b), which is usually poorly resolved in seismic profiles, and test the degree to which a given debris avalanche deposit volume results from erosion and entrainment during emplacement. One of the testable hypothesis is that a large part of these deposits consist of re-constituted volcanogenic sediments from the submarine flanks of the volcanoes. Coring through the entire debris avalanche can advance understanding of the mechanisms of marine debris avalanche emplacement. Tsunami magnitude? 6

9 Tsunamis generated by flank collapse constitute a significant hazard on volcanic islands (e.g. Bonaccorso et al., 2003; Harbitz et al., 2006). A critical and controversial issue is to understand how the collapses might evolve, and how the associated debris avalanches are emplaced into the marine environment. One extreme hypothesis considers that large flank collapses can be singular failures involving a rapid virtually instantaneous movement of the entire slide mass into the ocean (Ward & Day, 2001). Alternatively, collapses may occur retrogressively with several closely spaced failures leading to multiple debris avalanches (Wynn & Masson, 2003; Mattioli et al., 2007), and proportionately less severe consequences. The details of the collapse process in space and time determine the amplitudes of the tsunami waves and influence energy dissipation. Recently, entry of pyroclastic flows into the sea during the on-going eruptions of Soufrière Hills (Montserrat) generated small tsunamis locally on Montserrat (Heinrich et al., 1998) and neighbouring Guadeloupe on December , and also on July (run-up: 3 m, collapse volume 210 Mm 3 ) (Sparks et al. 2002; Mattioli et al., 2007, Voight et al., 2006). The rapid entry of much larger collapse volumes from Dominica could generate waves that reach several tens of meters in height, as also modeled for a collapse of Montagne Pelée (Martinique) by Le Friant (2001), for the last event (9 ka, V = 2 km 3 ). Tsunamis threaten densely populated shorelines of neighbouring Lesser Antilles islands, and Caribbean coasts South America. Drilling will enable us to document the composition and hence the origin of any sub-units within debris avalanche deposit, indicating multiple episodes of emplacement. Deposits of longer runout turbidity currents generated during debris avalanche emplacement may provide some of the best records of emplacement dynamics (Wynn & Masson, 2003). For instance, large scale flank collapse events on the Canary Islands and Hawaiian Islands have generated distinctive turbidites that comprise multiple fining-upward subunits (Wynn & Masson, 2003, Garcia and Meyerhoff Hull, 1994), which suggest that flank collapse occurred in a number of stages separated by days to weeks. Drill cores will also test whether the Caribbean debris avalanches generate turbidites, and whether those turbidites comprise a single fining-upward unit or multiple subunits. Why the Lesser Antilles volcanoes? Areas of intraplate active volcanism associated with large submarine volcanic landslides have been drilled by the Ocean Drilling Program, such as in Hawaii (ODP leg 126: e.g. Garcia 1993, Garcia et al., 1994; leg 200: e.g. Garcia et al., 2006) and around the Canary Islands (ODP leg 157: e.g. Schneider et al., 1997; Golstrand, 1998). However all these drill sites were located in distal turbidites, far away from proximal debris avalanche deposits. 7

10 Flank collapse deposits in those locations (e.g. Canary or Hawaiian Islands, and Izu Bonin Arc) extend to deeper (> 4000 m) water depths and are relatively thick, which limits the resolution and penetration of seismic surveys. Despite considerable efforts, avalanche deposits around the Canary and Hawaiian Islands or the Izu Bonin Arc have not been successfully penetrated and seismically imaged in much detail. In contrast, previous 2D seismic surveys show that debris avalanche deposits and their basal contacts can be imaged successfully in the Lesser Antilles (Deplus et al., 2001; Le Friant et al., 2004). This can be largely explained by the fact that collapse deposits around Montserrat occur in shallower water (< 1200 m), and that offshore Dominica and Martinique, the debris avalanche flow into the Grenada Basin and were emplaced on top of sedimentary units which provide good seismic reflectors. Seismic images in the Lesser Antilles thus provide the essential background information to facilitate effective drilling into debris avalanche deposits. In addition, different morphologies and deposit geometries have been observed on the Antillean debris avalanche deposits. Large hummocks (up to 2 km in size) characterize the debris avalanches off Dominica, whereas the morphology of the debris avalanches off Martinique is smooth. These differences are probably related to constrasted lithologies of the volcanic products (dominantly pyroclastic deposits versus massive lavas) (Boudon et al., 2007). rthern island volcanoes collapsed repeatedly and contrast with southern island volcanoes where collapses are infrequent. Such size and frequency variations along a volcanic arc have not been documented previously for any other arc. The range of features of Caribbean debris avalanche deposits, their high frequency of occurrence in comparison with Hawaiian volcanoes, and the ability to collect detailed seismic data, are important reasons for choosing the Lesser Antilles to study debris avalanche. This project would provide the first cores to penetrate through volcanic debris avalanche deposits. Theme 2: Eruptive history to assess major volcanic hazards and volcano evolution. It is often difficult to constrain the eruptive history of a volcano with much precision beyond the start of written historical records or beyond ages that are greater than those of young well-preserved subaerial tephra fall deposits (commonly only back a few thousand years). Deciphering a complete eruption record from onshore geology is commonly problematic, due to burial by deposits from younger events, dense vegetation which obscures the geologic deposits, erosion, and catastrophic removal of deposit by flank collapse events. Marine sediments typically preserve a much more complete record of volcanism. Marine tephra records in sediment cores collected by piston, gravity or vibrocoring extend volcanic 8

11 histories of Caribbean back by several tens of thousands of years (Sigurdsson et al., 1980; Le Friant et al., 2008). However, this improvement is still not sufficient to characterize the evolution of volcanic systems that can extend to a few million years and also insufficient to diagnose the return periods of very large magnitude, infrequent but very high consequence volcanic events, such as explosive eruptions and major flank collapses. Marine tephrochronology Integration of marine tephrochronology and onshore geologic studies are thus the principal way to investigate the complete history of volcanoes. Several important unanswered questions can be addressed by drilling. On the Lesser Antilles islands, many of the volcanic centres overlap in space and time (Lindsay et al., 2005a). In addition, volcanic activity commonly migrates from north to south (Montserrat, Harford et al., 2002) or vice versa (Martinique, Boudon et al., 2005), or is clustered in several contemporaneous centres (Dominica, Lindsay et al., 2005b). In each case discrete volcanic centres develop and appear to remain active for 5 x 10 5 to 10 6 years, although these inferred time scales are not very well constrained. The onset of activity of a volcano is generally unknown because the earliest products are not easily accessible through standard geological investigations. Are the volcanoes as discrete as onshore studies suggest? Are interpretations of the onshore record correct or will the much more complete marine record show that, in contrast to the ideas of episodic activity, volcanism is continuous with onshore geology reflecting an artifact of deposit preservation? What are the characteristics of products erupted at the onset of activity from a specific center, particularly if they initially develop below sea level? What processes control the migration from one volcanic centre to another? Is the end of activity of one centre and the onset of another centre synchronous or are there eruptive hiatuses? What is the nature of volcanism during the construction of a volcanic complex (magma evolution, production rate, eruptive styles, spatio-temporal distribution of eruptive vents and products, importance of constructional versus destructional processes)? Are there systematic patterns in the time series of volcanic eruptions in terms of eruptive style, eruption magnitude and repose periods? If so, can these systematic patterns be linked to major processes of volcano construction and destruction (e.g. flank collapse), external factors (e.g climate and sea level) or to deeper magmatic processes? Can the information from such studies be used to inform assessments of the present-day hazards from the active arc volcanoes? Marine tephrochronological studies have been undertaken for several volcanoes of the Lesser Antilles arc from piston cores gathered during the Caraval cruise (Duchoiselle, 2003; Vennat, 2004; Le Friant et al., 2008, Fig. 5, Machault, 2008). Correlations have been made 9

12 between tephra sampled in a core off one island and pyroclastic deposits from different volcanoes of different islands. In the case of Montagne Pelée volcano in Martinique, the cores extended the eruptive record for more than 25,000 years (for a piston core of 7 meters). A significantly greater number of volcanic ash layers (tephra) were recognized in this core than from onshore studies (for example, 25 tephra were identified in the core between 5 ka and 15 ka, whilst only 10 magmatic events were previously recognized on-land). For SHV (Montserrat) the record has been extended back to about 250 ka in a 5.8 m core in an area of low sedimentation rate. The marine core records several plinian explosive eruptions which have yet to be identified on-land, Fig. 5 (Le Friant et al., 2008). However, conventional coring only samples the recent activity (ten to hundred of thousand years). Drilling the marine record will allow us to sample products from the three Montserrat volcanic centers (Silver Hills, Centre Hills and Soufrière Hills), at least three of the Martinique centres (Montagne Pelée, Pitons du Carbet and Morne Jacob), and most of the nine Pliocene and Pleistocene centres of Dominica. Each of the volcanic islands has distinctive mineralogy and geochemistry (Sigurdsson et al., 1980, Lindsay et al., 2005a), owing to systematic changes in magma types along the arc, so that distinguishing the sources for tephra layers in cores is straightforward. Implications of submarine alteration of volcanic material The nature and timing of submarine alteration of volcanic material likely varies as a function of the species of interest (e.g. high field strength elements such as Hf and Zr appear to be largely unaffected, whereas alkali elements can be very mobile), the nature of the volcanic material (e.g. basaltic versus silicic volcanic products and the effect of grain size) and the physical emplacement mechanism (e.g. thin air fall deposits versus thick debris flows). Although there have been sporadic studies of tephra layers at individual IODP and ODP sites (e.g. Gardner et al., 1986; Gerard & Person, 1994; Martin, 1994; Utzmann et al., 2002) there has been no systematic attempt to study this process as a function of the variables outlined here. Answering this question is not only of relevance to furthering our understanding of global biogeochemical cycles, it also has implications for the use of geochemical and isotopic systems in dating individual volcanic layers in marine sediments and in correlating volcanic layers between sites. Machault (2008) shows that in a piston core sample west of Guadeloupe, several tephra are correlated with large plinian eruptions originated from volcanoes of Dominica (ex. Roseau tuff eruption). Chemical analysis (trace and major on incompatible and non-mobile elements during initial alteration stage) on glass from tephra in the cores and glass from pumiceous deposits on-land combined with mineral assemblages allow correlation between marine and sub-aerial pyroclastic deposits. Machault 10

13 (2008) as well as Sigurdsson et al., (1980) showed that glass shards in marine sediments in the Caribbean region are not altered significantly. Drilling allows the investigation of the little explored issue of diagenesis of volcanic deposits. To what extent is volcanic material altered as it is buried and processes of compaction and diagenesis take place? How does the timing and style of alteration vary as a function of the nature and the thickness of the deposit? Why the Lesser Antilles volcanoes? The first reason to choose these volcanic islands includes a detailed database of onshore mapping and thorough stratigraphic studies, which will be used for chronostratigraphic control of drilling core analysis (i.e correlation between offshore and on-shore data when available). The Volcanic Atlas of Lesser Antilles by Lindsay et al. (2005a) presents a good synthesis of knowledge and available references on these volcanoes. Thus, together with the analysis of on-shore record, a relatively complete eruption history could be produced and currently unsolved questions can be addressed. Montserrat is particularly well suited for a study aiming to understanding eruption history, as we have analysed already a large set of short marine cores (<6 m) from around the island. The combined analysis of data tephra layers in the cores and subaerial deposits now provide a detailed record of eruption history since 250 ka (Le Friant et al., 2008; Trofimovs et al., 2008). Ongoing analysis of tephra layers from the recent eruption is providing unique insight into the varied and occasionally surprising processes by which ash is dispersed into the ocean (Trofimovs et al., 2008). We propose in this project to study three volcanic islands from the same arc but with distinct differences in magma composition, eruption style and rate and scale of flank-collapse. Volcanoes on Dominica and Martinique are characterized by silicic and subsidiary mafic magmas, rapid growth, and large collapses although Montserrat has an intermediate composition (andesitic) magma, lower production rates, and smaller flank collapse events. Theme 3: Magmatic cycles and long term magmatic evolution This 3 rd theme shares some common objectives with those aimed at elucidating volcanic history and behavior. Here we propose to focus on using the time-series and spatial records of variations in magma composition (mineralogy, major and trace element composition and isotopic signatures) and volume to make deductions about the processes governing magma production rates, differentiation and transfer. Of particular interest is the question of the episodicity of magmatism and volcanism. Much of the compositional variability in arc volcanoes can be related to the processes in the crust where magmas are generated and transported. Annen et al. (2006, 2008) provide a conceptual framework for understanding the 11

14 dynamics of magma generation, magma differentiation and transport, including the formation of differentiated magmas in deep hot zones, partial metling of the pre-exisiting crust, transport, and formation of shallow magma chambers in which phenomena such as degassing, crystallization and magma mixing can take place to control the characteristics of the erupted magmas and ultimately styles of volcanic activity. Magma flux rates are considered as the major control on the formation of shallow magma chambers containing eruptible magma and on their compositions. Understanding the igneous processes of volcanic arcs and the subduction zone engine is fundamental since they provide a viable mechanism to generate continental crust and are a key component of global-scale geochemical cycling. Drilling will provide data to constrain and develop models of arc magma genesis, in particular in relation to how magmatic systems evolve. There are many questions that can be addressed. Why do some magma systems remain steady state for long periods of time generating very similar magmas (e.g. Montserrat, Mount Pelée)? Why do others show much more variability in composition? Why are there marked excursions from mafic to silicic magmatism or vice versa? Are switches in composition sudden or gradual? Can change in composition be linked to major explosive eruptions or flank collapses that perturb the crystal magma systems or do these changes reflect internal dynamics of crustal magma systems, such as buoyancy instabilities related to accumulation of regions of partial melt? The unique contribution to these questions of offshore drilling in combination with onshore data, is through providing very long and continuous time series of magmatism that can provide either constraints or definitive answers on how rapidly magmatic systems change. Why the Lesser Antilles volcanoes? Volcanism varies markedly along the Lesser Antilles arc (MacDonald et al. 2000; Lindsay et al., 2005a). For example the magmas become enriched in incompatible elements, notably K, and radiogenic isotopes southward which may be related to the increasing influence of subducted Orinoco sediment from the South-American continent that is supplied into the forearc region from the south, as well as to variations in the subduction rate and subduction geometry normal to the arc. In the south, St Vincent, Grenada and the Grenadine islands are dominated by basalt to basaltic andesite magmas. Soufrière of St Vincent and the submarine Kick em Jenny are the two historically active centres in this area. In the central Lesser Antilles, St Lucia, Dominica and Martinique are large islands dominated by silicic magmas with subsidiary mafic magmas. Relatively high rates of volcanism can be inferred from the regional inventory of marine tephra fall layers from these islands (Sigurdsson et al., 1980) as well as the scale of the volcanic centres. Duchoiselle (2003) estimated a recurrence of

15 magmatic eruptions/1000 years for Montagne Pelée in Martinique. Volcanism in all the central islands has produced in the recent geological past several large Plinian-style explosive eruptions with associated ignimbrites. In the north, the small volcanoes of Soufrière Hills in Montserrat and Soufrière of Guadeloupe have produced dominantly andesitic magmas whereas Nevis, St Kitts, St Eustatius and Saba have erupted substantial volumes of basaltic as well as andesitic magmas. Their magma production rates and eruption frequency are comparatively low (e.g. 0.5 magmatic eruption/1000 years, Soufrière of Guadeloupe; Komorowski et al., 2005). The studied areas correspond to the central transition zone. In addition, in this zone, for the same volcanic center (see e. g. Mt Pelée and adjacent centers, Boudon et al., 2005, Annen et al., 2006, 2008) alternance of long production periods of almost constant magma compositions and short periods of large variations in the compositions of erupted magmas (from basalts to dacites) are typically observed at time scales ~ 1 Ma which are covered by the drilling project. Thus, the Lesser Antilles arc provides an outstanding opportunity to study magma genesis in time and space through the marine drilling record. Using onshore studies and drilling combined enables us to estimate the fluxes of evolved magmas through the crust, noting that much of the volcanic material is ultimately delivered as volcanogenic sediment in the ocean basins. Time series data for isotopic and trace element compositions of magmas over a few million years provide the basis to understand of the evolution of the arc crust. Theme 4: Dispersal of sediment into the deep ocean by processes other than debris avalanches The majority of detrital material resulting from the erosion of the islands of the arc is transported into the surrounding ocean (e.g. Sigurdsson et al., 1980; Le Friant et al., 2004; Picard et al., 2006). Studies of the offshore deposits from the 1902 eruption of St. Vincent (Carey and Sigurdsson, 1982), from the recent eruption of SHV (Le Friant et al., 2004; Hart et al., 2004; Trofimovs et al., 2006) and from prehistoric eruptions on Dominica (Sigurdsson et al., 1980; Whitham, 1989) demonstrate that most of the erupted material reaches the ocean. Volcanogenic sediments are channelled by debris flows, turbidity currents and persistent ocean currents through deep submarine canyons located west of the volcanoes and which, for Guadeloupe and Dominica, lead into the northern part of the Grenada Basin (Fig. 1). Our research at Montserrat has raised several questions: Do debris avalanches have the potential to generate associated turbidity currents? Are most turbidite units linked to volcanic eruptions? Can some (or many) be linked to non-volcanic processes such as submarine slope failures triggered by regional earthquakes or gravitational instabilities? Around Montserrat 13

16 there are examples of single, or multiple stacked, carbonate turbidites that contain re-worked shallow water sediment and fauna. These are likely sourced from large carbonate platforms associated with islands such as Antigua and Redonda. Understanding the origin of these bioclastic turbidites is important, because, for example, the volume exceeds that of volcaniclastic deposits associated with the more recent (< 100 ka) eruptions of the Soufrière Hills volcano. Shallow vibrocores have only recorded bioclastic turbidites associated with the late glacial period. One possibility is that they are caused by instability of carbonate platforms during rapid sea level rise at the end of major glaciations. Alternatively they may be triggered by major regional earthquakes, in which case the occurrence of such events may be unrelated to climatic cycles. Drill cores can test these alternative hypotheses by sampling turbidites through many glacial-interglacial cycles to establish if there is a correlation with periods of rapid sea level change or not. Drilling studies will contribute to understanding sedimentary facies in the submarine flanks and sedimentary basins that surround arc volcanoes and estimate local sedimentation rates and the relative fraction of volcanogenic sediment. The volume of the submarine part of volcanic islands is much larger than its subaerial counterpart. We surmise that many of the volcanic island centres will show patterns in lithofacies down drill holes that reflect emergence, as well as a prograding sequence from distal to proximal deposits as flanks build up. Drilling is the only way to study this process of volcanic island formation, and to provide the data to model the island s overall architecture. 4. DRILLING OBJECTIVES The depths of proposed drill sites have been deduced from: 1/ existing seismic reflection profiles using a seismic velocity of 1800 m/s (in accordance with Urgeles et al., 1997) for the debris avalanche deposits sites and, 2/ sedimentation rates (Reid et al., 1996, Le Friant et al., 2008, Duchoiselle, 2003) for the tephrochronology sites. We present data and expected results for each proposed drill site and we summarize key data to address each goal in Table 1 (p 22). MONTSERRAT : - Ar-Ar dating (Harford et al., 2002) indicates that volcanism started on Montserrat ~2.6 Ma in Silver Hills, moved to Centre Hills between Ma, with the youngest volcanism in Soufrière Hills (~ 300 ka-present). - The ongoing eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano started in Much of the research up to 1999 is summarised in special issues of Geophysical Research Letters (Vol. 25,. 18 & 19) (1998), of the Journal of Petrology (volume 44, no. 8, 2003), and in the Geological Society (London) Memoir edited by Druitt & Kokelaar, (2002). Activity has included lava 14

17 dome growth, pyroclastic flows from dome collapse, explosive activity with tephra fall and pumice flows, flank collapse with debris avalanches and volcanic blasts, and redistribution of pyroclastic materials by lahars on land and by turbidity currents offshore. Several minor tsunamis have been caused by the rapid entrance of volcanic material into the sea. Fig. 3: Geological map of Fig. 4: Montserrat. Shaded image of topography-bathymetry, debris Montserrat avalanche deposits and proposed drill sites. - Several prehistoric flank collapses have been recognized on Soufrière Hills volcano, Fig. 4 (Le Friant et al., 2004). The English s crater event occurred ~2000 years ago, producing deposit 1 (volume ~0.5 km 3 ) (Fig. 4). The debris avalanche deposit 2 (extent: 200 km 2, volume ~5 km 3 ) probably resulted from a combined submarine and subaerial flank collapse of the eastern flank of the volcano dated between 130 ka and 112 ka (Le Friant et al., 2004). CARI-01B ( N, W, 790m; Fig. 2). Drill site: The proposed drill site is located on a high point very close to core CAR-MON 2 (5.75 m long) taken during the Caraval cruise (2002). CAR-MON 2 core provides a sedimentary record that extends back ~250 ka, as determined by 18 O chronostratigraphy and the sedimentation rate (including tephra) is ~2.3 cm/ 1000 years, Fig. 5 (Le Friant et al, 2008). Expected results: drilling to a depth of 100 m should extend the volcanic history of Montserrat back to the birth of the island at around 2.5 Ma. Petrologic, lithologic, sedimentologic, and geochronologic analysis (Table 1) of volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic material from this site dating as far back as 4.3 Ma (assuming a sedimentation rate of 2.3 cm/ka) will provide significant new constraints on the early development of volcanism on Montserrat and on the spatio-temporal distribution of volcanic activity (Fig. 6). 15

18 Fig. 5. Age/depth plot of core CAR-MON 2. Major tephra layers in the core are indicated: grey lines represent peaks of abundance of glass shards (PL1-2 to PL6-2) corresponding to open-vent explosive eruptions and black lines represent peaks of abundance of dense and microcrystallised particles (D1-2 to D9-2) corresponding to dome-forming eruptions. Grey areas in the log represent the extent of the tephra deposits on both sides of some peaks of abundance (From Le Friant et al.,2008). Fig. 6: High precision, double spike, Pb isotope data (Palmer et al. 2006) indicate it is possible to discriminate between volcanic material derived from the volcanic centres. CARI-02B (16 43 N, W, 940 m depth): Drill site: We will drill to a depth of 200 m through the more than >70% of erupted material from the on-going eruption that has been transported to the sea (Le Friant et al., in press) as well as through the underlying debris avalanche deposit 1 and perhaps deposit 2 (Figs. 4, 7). Fig. 7. Montserrat, debris avalanche deposits. Seismic reflection Line 52 (Caraval cruise,2002). 16

19 Expected Results: - Analysis of the 5 m piston cores show that pyroclastic material from the 2003 SHV dome collapse mixed with seawater and immediately deposited the coarse components out of suspension (Trofimovs et al., 2006). We would like to drill further to reach the base of the coarse debris avalanche deposit to better understand emplacement processes. - Comparison between geochemical signatures (pore waters and sediments) of drill core material with surface sediments (from the 2007 cruise) will give a picture of the alteration rate of volcanic material in seawater. The geochemical studies will examine how the rate and style of diagenesis are dependent on grain size, layer thickness, admixture of sediments, etc. - Coring through both the larger debris avalanche deposit 1 and the smaller volume deposit 2 (Fig. 4, Fig. 7) will allow comparison of emplacement processes for debris avalanches of different magnitudes. On material from this core we will undertake detailed lithological, sedimentological, and textural fabric analysis of debris avalanche material at the macro and microscopic scale for different parts of the flow (e.g. base, middle, top) to investigate the transport and deposition processes, the nature and magnitude of erosional processes and interaction with the substratum (e.g. bulking), Table 1 (Komorowski et al., 1991; Glicken, 1991, 1996). These data will provide valuable insights into the chronology (one or several pulses), the debris avalanche mobility, and the issue of syn-transport flow transformation (e.g. debris avalanche into turbidity current), all of which have implications for tsunamigenesis. CARI-03B ( N, W, 1122m depth; Fig. 2). Drill site: We will drill 200 m through the large debris avalanche deposit 2 (Fig. 4, Fig. 7). Expected Results: Drilling the sediments which overlie the avalanche deposit will allow us to date this collapse event using 0 18 chronostratigraphy. We expect to recognize whether the avalanche occurred as a single event, or as in a series of closely spaced, separate events. Finally, we aim to test the hypothesis that the debris avalanche incorporated sediments eroded from the sea floor during its emplacement, by a detailed lithological, sedimentological, and textural fabric analysis of material within the debris avalanche including incorporated marine sediments, see Table 1. We hope to reach the bedded units below the chaotic debris avalanche unit and thus have access to the textural and structural characteristics of the sole of the debris avalanche (Komorowski et al., 1991; Glicken, 1991, 1996). Numerical models of avalanche flow need to better take into consideration the interaction of the avalanche with the substratum and its influence of the mobility of the flow. We will be looking for structural evidence of the development of shear zones from the sole of the avalanche into the overlying plug and fluidisation structures (clastic dykes) described in terrestrial avalanche deposits (e.g. Glicken, 1996; Voight et al., 2002; Gee et al., 1999; Clavero et al., 2002, Shea et al., 2008). 17

20 CARI-04B: ( N, W; 1200 m depth; Fig. 2) Drill site: We will drill through hemipelagic sediments and turbidites. Expected results: This drill core will yield a complete record of sediment to a depth of ~200 m. Work around the Canary Islands has shown that distal volcaniclastic turbidites generated by collapse events can be used to study the gross character of the initial landslide emplacement (Wynn & Masson, 2003). Results from the ODP Hole 1223A around Hawaii identified the association of several turbidite levels associated with landslides, showing that the Koolau Volcano collapsed repeatedly, and that landslides constituted a greater risk than has been previously assessed (Garcia et al., 2006). Previous analysis of cores taken during JCR123 suggested that distal turbidites provide a record of all the main pyroclastic flow events from the on-going eruption that entered the ocean, and can even record the waxing and waning phases of individual dome collapses (Trofimovs et al., 2006). Turbidites in these distal cores should therefore provide a record of dome collapses and flank-collapses. A drill core will also better constrain the long term sedimentation rate in the north part of the arc. DOMINICA Fig. 8: Dominica, shaded bathymetry Dominica is one of the highest risk nations in the Caribbean with nine volcanic centres (Lindsay et al., 2003; 2005b; 2005c). Marine and terrestrial evidence indicate a succession of at least three flank collapses (Fig. 8) (Le Friant et al., 2002). Dominica was the site for the generation of the most voluminous debris avalanches in this area (Fig. 8) with submarine deposits that cover 3500 km 2. The proximal debris avalanche deposit consists of megablocks (up to 2.8 km in length and 240 m in height) that reflect the predominance of lava flows and lava domes as observed in the source Plat Pays volcanic complex and in terrestrial relict debris avalanche material. Megablocks have been successfully mapped using marine geophysical data. CARI-05B ( N, W, 2643m depth; Fig. 2) 18

21 Drill site: the drill site is located in the hummocky part of the uppermost submarine debris avalanche deposit, which overlies an older more widely dispersed deposit (Fig. 8). Expected results: A drill core (300m long) in the megablock facies will penetrate through both deposits. On material from this core we will undertake detailed lithological, sedimentological, and textural fabric analysis of debris avalanche material at the macro and microscopic scale for different parts of the flow. We will thus: 1/ determine whether the deposit consists of one or more flow units, 2/ quantify the amount and origin of sediment incorporation through erosion at the base and its role on avalanche mobility, and 3/ investigate the transport and deposition processes (fragmentation, flow mechanism), see Table 1 (Komorowski et al., 1991; Glicken, 1991, 1996). These data could then be correlated with the proximal debris avalanche deposits observed on-land (Le Friant et al., 2002). Finally drilling through the underlying basal debris avalanche unit in its medial zone will provide a opportunity to compare and contrast debris avalanche textures, structure, lithology with that of the same unit in its distal parts (CARI-06B), and in particular the avalanche sole layer. CARI-06B ( N, W, 2821 m depth; Fig. 2) Drill site: The drill site is located in the distal part of the basal debris avalanche deposit. Expected results: This drill core (400 m) will collect the sediments which cover the deposit, in order to date the emplacement of the flow. We expect to compare the characteristics of both debris avalanche deposits, the hummocky proximal upper part and the smoother distal basal part, to improve the understanding of flow mechanisms, Table 1. Finally, as observed in Hawaii (Leg 200, Leg 136), we anticipate to find distal primary turbidite deposits that were formed ahead of the upper debris avalanche as it was being emplaced underwater. This would allow us to constrain the factors that control the processes of flow transformation from debris avalanches to turbidity currents, and would also give insights into whether the deposits of turbidity currents can mechanically affect emplacement of the subsequent debris avalanche. Dominica has experienced some of the largest magnitude explosive eruptions in the Lesser Antilles (e.g. Roseau Tuff, Carey and Sigurdsson, 1980). Recent research suggests that this eruptive phase may have involved 6 major explosive plinian eruptions between 46 and 25 ka. We anticipate recovering at this site a pumiceous turbidite unit that was produced by the youngest and possibly largest (estimated volume ~ 70 km 3 ) of these plinian eruptions (Carey and Sigurdsson, 1980; Whitham, 1989). Sedimentological and textural fabric analysis of this turbidite would provide valuable insights into the processes of submarine pyroclastic flow transport deposition, and transformation into turbidites that reached far the Grenada Bassin. 19

22 MARTINIQUE Martinique consists of several volcanic centres with a history extending back to about 23 Ma (Westercamp et al., 1983). The evolution of the active Montagne Pelée volcano has been marked by three major flank collapses (~ 0.1 Ma, ~ years, ~9000 years ago), which systematically destroyed the western flank of the volcano (Le Friant et al., 2003a; Boudon et al., 2005, 2007). The collapse volumes vary from 2 to 25 km 3 and debris avalanches flowed down to the Grenada Basin (Fig. 9a,b). Pitons du Carbet volcano has experienced a sectorcollapse (0.3 Ma, using K-Ar method (Boudon et al., 1992; 2007; Samper et al., 2007)). Fig. 9a: Montagne Pelée, Martinique. Shaded image of topographybathymetry, with flankcollapse structures on land and associated submarine debris avanche deposits (Le Friant et al., 2003a). Fig. 9b: Montagne Pelée, transverse air gun seismic profil through debris avalanche deposit 1 and 2. CARI-07B : ( N, W, 2745m depth; Fig. 2). Drill site: CARI-07B is to be drilled 400 m through the debris avalanche deposits 1 and 2 which cannot be distinguished on the seismic profiles. Expected results: The contact between avalanche units will be analysed in order to distinguish the deposit and to better understand avalanche transport dynamics, especially the basal part of the avalanche (Table 1). This would provide fundamental constraints on friction 20

23 parameters needed for realistic avalanche propagation models. Dating of sediments above deposit 2 using 0 18 chronostratigraphy should better constrain the age of this event. On the seismic profiles (Line 16, Fig. 9b), a thick and well-bedded sedimentary layer (~70m) overlies the deposit 2 with an abnormal thickness towards the NE. We will test the hypothesis that, following a flank collapse, the equilibrium profiles of the drainage system on land would be drastically modified thereby increasing erosion and sedimentation in the Grenada Basin. CARI-08A ( N, W, 2900 m depth; Fig 2). Drill site: CARI-08A is to be drilled through debris avalanche 1 offshore Martinique (Fig. 9). Expected results: Sediments above debris avalanche 1 should better constrain the age of the collapse. By drilling 200 m through the avalanche deposit, we hope to understand and quantify how debris avalanches can erode the upper sedimentary layers of the basin and subsequently incorporate large amounts of sediment in the flow, as well as disturb and deform sedimentary layers (Table 1). Finally, we would like to make some comparison between debris avalanches from Dominica and Martinique in term of erosion capability and mobility. CARI-09A ( N, W, 2935 m depth; Fig. 2). Drill site: CARI-09A is to be drilled 200 m outside of the area of debris avalanche deposition. Expected results: We expect to find older debris avalanche deposits here and aim at discriminating primary turbidites associated with the avalanche front from other turbidites. The issue is to evaluate whether submarine debris avalanches can generate voluminous turbidites long after their emplacement, and how far such turbidites can reach. We also expect to improve the reconstruction of the post collapse eruptive activity and test whether more extensive pyroclastic units (ignimbrites) are associated with the post-collapse dacite lava domes of Pitons du Carbet (Boudon et al., 2007). This would provide better constraints on the transition of activity between the Pitons du Carbet and the Montagne Pelée volcanoes. CARI-10A (14 54 N, W, 2500m; Fig. 2). Drill site: The proposed drill site is located on a high point very close to CAR-MAR4 (7 m long) taken during the Caraval cruise (2002). The CAR-MAR4 core provides a sedimentary record that extends back ~25 ka, as determined by 18 O chronostratigraphy and the sedimentation rate (including tephra) is ~29 cm/ 1000 years (Duchoiselle, 2003). Expected results: This drill core will significantly improve and extend the eruption history of Martinique to reach 1 Ma using a drill core 300m long (assuming a sedimentation rate of 29 cm/ka). We expect to identify and date layers in relation with the emplacement of the successive debris avalanches from Montagne Pelée and Pitons du Carbet volcanoes and to sample the transition between the Pitons du Carbet and Mont Conil volcanoes with Montagne 21

24 Pelée. The end of their activities (~ Ma) precedes or is synchronous with the beginning of the Montagne Pelée activity. We propose to test the hypothesis that more mafic and denser magmas were erupted for several thousand years following edifice collapse until the new cone reached a sufficient volume (Pinel & Jaupart, 2000; Boudon et al., 2007). This site may also contain tephra from volcanoes of Dominica which will be distinguished on the basis of their geochemistry and microtextural characteristics (Machault, 2008). Volcanism from Dominica has been dominated by silicic andesite to dacite since Pleistocene (Lindsay et al., 2005b). Table 1: Summary of goals, required key data, penetration (with age correspondence for tephrochronology sites) and estimates of drilling times for each site. DAD = Debris AvalancheDdeposits. Site-goals CARI-01B 100m -3 days => ~4.5 Ma Eruptive history + long term magmatic evolution Montserrat CARI-02B 200m - 5 days Recent deposits+ DAD emplacement + erosional processes, Montserrat Key data - Identification of tephras layers from Montserrat volcanoes to access the long term magmatic evolution history of the island and magma production rates - Frequency of eruptions and eruptive hiatuses - Magnitude and intensity of eruption (volcanic explosive index), eruptive style - Comparison with volcanoes from the southern part of the arc. Methodology: stratigraphy (thickness, bedding), sedimentology (clast size, sorting, morphology, and fabric), lithologic component analysis (proportions of clast types), mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility(to identify tephra layers); microtextural analysis of juvenile magmatic clasts and vesicularity (scanning electron microscope), chemical analysis of juvenile products (electron microprobe analysis on polished thin sections, ICPMS on bulk and selected samples); paleontological analysis of biota in hemipelagic sediments above or below tephra layers; dating using O 18 chronostratigraphy in hemipelagic sediments, direct dating of volcanic material using laser heating Ar/Ar. - Analysis of the recent deposit (stratigraphy, tephra diagenesis) - Stratigraphy and macroscopic fabric of the DAD (base/middle/top) - Distinction between the two main deposits (lithology, erosional surface) - Presence of erosional surface within the deposit (several layers) and at the base - Presence, nature, and proportion of incorporated sediments within the avalanche and structural features associated with incorporated material - Dating of the sediments which cover the avalanche to date the event - Comparison with on-land deposits features using similar analytical methods Methodology: x-ray radiography/tomography of cores, sedimentology (clast size, sorting, morphology, and fabric), lithologic component analysis (proportions of clast types) of the DAD indurated matrix using image analysis of rectified core images), microtextural analysis of fabric and clast size, shape and 22

25 textures using the scanning electron microscope on polished sections and image analysis; densitometry and porosity of DAD cores, DAD matrix mineralogy to determine the clay content (quantitative X-ray diffraction), microstructural analysis of the DAD facies (fractures, shearing zones, microfaults, fluidization textures); dating using O 18 chronostratigraphy in hemipelagic sediments, direct dating of volcanic material using laser heating Ar/Ar. CARI-03B -Stratigraphy of the distal facies of the debris avalanche deposit 200 m -5 days (base/middle/top) to compare with the proximal facies DAD: age + - Presence of erosional surface within the deposit (several layers) and at the base emplacement - Presence of incorporated sediments within the avalanche and proportion process Montserrat - Dating of the DAD via dating of the sedimentary cover on top and below Methodology: we will use the same methods as described for CARI-02B CARI-04B - Sedimentation rate in the Bouillante graben to compare with sedimentation rate 200 m -5 days in the south part of the arc and in the Grenada Basin. Volcaniclastic- Identification of tephra layers? Dating of tephra layers. turbidites Montserrat - Presence of volcaniclastic turbidites associated or not to flank collapse events from Montserrat or Antigua Methodology: we will use the same methods described for CARI-01B and apply them both to tephra layers and turbiditic layers CARI-05B 300 m days - Stratigraphy of the debris avalanche deposit (base/middle/top) - Distinction between the two main deposits - Presence of erosional surface within the deposit and at the base DAD : age + - Presence of incorporated sediments within the avalanche and proportion emplacement - Dating of the DAD:dating of the sedimentary cover on top and between units Dominica Methodology: we will use the same methods as described for CARI-02B CARI-06B 400 m -10 days DAD and history Dominica - Stratigraphy of the distal facies of the debris avalanche deposit (base/middle/top) to compare with the proximal facies - Presence of erosional surface within the deposit and at the base - Presence of incorporated sediments within the avalanche and proportion - Dating of the DAD: dating of the sedimentary cover on top and between units Methodology: we will use the same methods as described for CARI-02B CARI-07B 400 m -10 days DAD + aerial erosion - Stratigraphy of the debris avalanche deposit (base/middle/top) - Distinction between the two main deposits - presence of erosional surface within the deposit (several layers) and at the base - Presence of incorporated sediments within the avalanche and proportion - Dating of the sediments which cover the avalanche to date the event and test the hypothesis of increase of aerial erosion after the collapse 23

26 Martinique CARI-08A 200 m -5 days DAD: age + emplacement process Martinique CARI-09A 200 m -5 days => ~ 0.7 Ma Eruptive and collapses histories + implication for tsunamis hazards Martinique CARI-10A 300 m days => ~1Ma History + magmatic evolution Martinique Methodology: we will use the same methods as described for CARI-02B - Stratigraphy of the distal facies of the debris avalanche deposit (base/middle/top) to compare with the proximal facies - Presence of erosional surface within the deposit and at the base - Presence of incorporated sediments within the avalanche and proportion - Dating of the DAD: dating of the sedimentary cover on top and between units Methodology: we will use the same methods as described for CARI-02B - Sedimentation rate in the Grenada Basin to compare with sedimentation rate in the north part of the arc - Tephra layers - Frequency of eruptions and eruptive hiatuses - Magnitude and intensity of eruption (volcanic explosive index), eruptive style - Presence of volcaniclastic turbidites associated or not to flank collapse events from Piton du carbet or Montagne Pelée - Dating of tephras layers Methodology: we will use the same methods described for CARI-01B - and apply them both to tephra layers and turbiditic layers - Tephra layers from Montagne Pelée volcano, Martinique to access to the long term evolution of Martinique Volcanoes - Frequency of eruptions and eruptive hyatuses - Magnitude and intensity of eruption (volcanic explosive index), eruptive style - Volcanic evolution comparison with volcanoes from the north part of the arc. - Dating of tephra layers Methodology: we will use the same methods described for CARI-01B 5. DRILLING PLAN AND SHORE-BASED STUDIES Drilling plan: This study does not require use of a riser vessel. Coring during JCR123 and seismic profiles indicate that there may be large blocks of volcanic material within the deposits. At each site we will first drill using the rotary core barrel. Where possible we will use the advanced piston corer and extended core barrel to recover less disturbed sediments. In order to obtain a complete stratigraphic record, we plan multiple drill cores at each site. Stratigraphy between holes will be correlated by: 1) onboard magnetic susceptibility (volcanic material has high magnetite), 2) gamma radiation (volcanic sediment is more radioactive than background sediment), 3) colour reflectance (volcanic sediment is darker than biogenic background sediment) and 4) micropalaeontology (foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton). Pore water analyses will be done using the IODP-TAMU website protocol. 24

27 Shore-based Studies and Chronostratigraphic control: Part of the study will be carried out on board (e.g., logging, onboard pore water analyses, initial mineralogy), but extensive shorebased studies will be required. These include grain size analyses (sieving and laser techniques), component counting, detailed biostratigraphy (using foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton and pteropods) and geochemical analyses of glass and minerals to aid in the correlation of volcanic units between the sites and with on-land geology. Study of diagenetic processes requires more analytical techniques than are available onboard (e.g., ICP-MS, thermal ionization and gas source mass spectrometry). Monospecific samples or fine-fraction residues will also be used for stable isotope analysis and the development of a stratigraphy based on Marine Isotopic Stages. In the upper part of the succession some samples may also be collected (monospecific foraminiferal assemblages) for radiometric/radiocarbon dating though this is obviously limited in terms of age. Geotechnical studies will characterize the deformation and strength properties of the avalanche sole samples and subjacent sediments. Correlation between tephra sampled in drill core and on-shore deposit will be performed to assess the chronostratigraphic control using several marked levels. Chemical analysis (trace and major elements) on glass from tephra in the cores and glass from pumiceous deposits onland are a good tool for the correlation offshore (Machault, 2008) showing that there is no significative modification of the composition of glass shards. At all sites dating will be provided by use of biostratigraphy, palaeomagnetics and high precision laser-heating Ar-Ar dating for volcanic products (Ishizuka et al. 2002). Land-based analyses will be funded through applications to national grant organisations. The IODP leg will be complemented by on land data and samples. As example, logging of the four 200 m deep boreholes cored on Montserrat in the CALIPSO project will help complement the IODP marine record. Drilling Risks : Seismic profiles do not show evidence of gas hydrates or hydrocarbons at the drill sites. The sea state is conducive to drilling all year, apart from the hurricane season (1 July-30 vember). The volcano on Montserrat is active, and has resumed dome growth. However, experience from previous eruptions suggests that none of the drill sites are in areas where volcanism would endanger the drill ship. All sites lie outside shipping lanes. There is no major fishing industry or seafloor extraction. The frequency of volcanic eruptions and turbidites means seafloor biota is very sparse, so there will limited environmental impact. Further site survey : Additional crossing seismic profile will be obtained at sites CARI-02B, CARI-04B and CARI-10A during a French cruise (GWADASEIS) scheduled in March A UK IODP project has been submitted (PI: P. Talling) to collect even higher resolution 2D and 3D seismic data for sites on avalanche deposits around Montserrat. 25

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33 MacDonald, R., Hawkesworth, C.J. & Heath, E The Lesser Antilles volcano chain; a study in arc magmatism. Earth Science Reviews, 49, Machault, J., Les éruptions ponceuses des volcans actifs de la Guadeloupe et de la Dominique (arc des Petites Antilles). Corrélation entre dépôts à terre et en mer, Unpublished Master s Thesis, Université d Orsay, France, 1-29 pp. Martin, J.B Diagenesis and hydrology at the New Hebrides for arc and intra-arc Aoba Basin. ODP Sci. Res., 134, Martin-Kaye, P.H.A., A summary of the geology of the Lesser Antilles, Overseas Geol. Miner. Res., 10 (2), Mattioli, G.S., Voight, B., Linde, A.T., Sacks, I.S., Watts, P., Widiwijayanti, C., Young, S.R., Hidayat, D., Elsworth, D., Malin, P.E., Shalev, E., Van Boskirk, E., Johnston, W., Sparks, R.S.J., Neuberg, J., Bass, V., Dunkley, P., Herd, R., Syers, T., Williams, P. and Williams D.Unique and remarkable dilatometer measurements of pyroclastic flow generated tsunamis Geology, 35, McGuire, W.J., Volcano instability: a review of contemporary themes, in Volcano Instability on the Earth and Other Planets, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., vol. 110, edited by W.J. McGuire et al., pp Moore, J.G., D.A. Clague, R.T. Holcomb, P.W. Lipman, W.R. rmark, and M.E. Torresan, Prodigious submarine landslides on the Hawaiian ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 94(B12), Oehler, J.F., Labazuy, P., and Lenat, J.F. (2004), Recurrence of major flanklandslides during thje last 2 Ma-history of Reunion Island, Bull. Volcanol., 66, Oehler, J.F., Lenat, J.F., Labazuy P., Growth and collapse of the Reunion Island volcanoes. Bulletin of Volcanology, DOI /s Palmer MR & Edmond J.M The strontium isotope budget of the modern ocean. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 92, Palmer, M.R. et al Geochemical evolution of Montserrat volcanism. Submitted to Geology. Picard, M. Schneider, J.-L., & Boudon, G., Contrasting sedimentary processes along a convergent margin: the Lesser Antilles arc system. Geo-Marine Letters, 26(6), Pinel, V., & Jaupart, C., The effect of edifice load on magma ascent beneath a volcano. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, A358, 1,515-1,

34 Quideller, X., Hildebrand, A., Samper, A., Causal link between Quaternary paleoclimatic changes and volcanic islands evolution. Geophysic Research Letters, 35: L Reid, R.P., Carey, S.N., & Ross, D.R., Late Quaternary sedimentation in the Lesser Antilles island arc, Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 108 (1), Reubi, O., Hernandez, J., Volcanic debris avalanche deposits of the upper Maronne valley (Cantal Volcano, France): evidence for contrasted formation and transport mechanisms. Journal of Volcanology and geothermal Research,102: Samper, A, Etude géochronologique, aspects géomorphologiques et géochimiques du volcanisme de l'ile de Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe), et datation des structures d'effondrement de flanc majeures de l'arc des Petites Antilles, Thèse de Doctorat, Université d Orsay Paris XI, Orsay, France. Samper, A., Quidelleur, X., Lahitte, P. and Mollex, D., Timing of effusive volcanism and collapse events whithin an oceanic arc island: Basse Terre, Guadeloupe archipelago (Lesser Antilles Arc). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 258: Schmincke, H-U, Sumita, M., Volcanic evolution of Gran Canaria reconstructed from apron sediments: synthesis of vicap project drilling. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 157: Schneider, J-L., Pérez Torrado, F. J., Torrente, D.G., Wassmer, P., del Carmen Cabrera Santana, M., Carracedo, J-C., Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 138: Schneider, J-L., Gérard, M., Schmincke, H-U., Weaver, P.P.E., Firth, J., Baraza, J., Bristow, J.F., Brunner, C., Carey, S.N., Coakley, B., Fuller, M., Funk, T., Goldstrand, P., Herr, B., Hood, J., Howe, R., Jarvis, I., Lebreiro, S., Lindblom, S., Lykke-Andersen, H., Maniscalco, R., Rothwell, G., Sblendorio-Levy, J., Sumita, M., Taniguchi, H., TU, P., Wallace, P Du volcan au sediment: la dynamique du talus volcanoclastique sousmarin de Gran Canaria, Canaries (Atlantique oriental, Leg ODP 157). Comptes rendus de l Académie des Sciences, Paris, 324, IIa, Shea, T. ; van Wyk de Vries, B., Pilato, M., Emplacement mechanisms of contrasting debris avalanches at Volca Mombacho (Nicaragua), provided by structural and facies analysis. Bulletin of Volcanology, 70: Sigurdsson, H., Sparks, R.S.J., Carey, S. & Huang, T.C Volcanogenic sedimentation in the Lesser Antilles Arc. Journal of Geology, 88,

35 Smith, W.H.F & Sandwell, D.T Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science, 227, Sparks, R.S.J., Sigurdsson, H. & Carey, S.N. 1980a. The entrance of pyroclastic flows into the sea: Part l. Oceanographic and geologic evidence from Dominica, Lesser Antilles. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 7, Sparks, R.S.J., Sigurdsson, H. & Carey, S.N. 1980b. The entrance of pyroclastic flows into the sea: Part li.theoretical considerations on sub-aqueous emplacement and movement. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 7, Sparks, R.S.J., Barclay, J., Calder, E.S., Herd, R.A., Komorowski J-C., Luckett, R., rton, G.E., Ritchie, L., Voight, B., Woods, A.W., Generation of a debris avalanche and violent pyroclastic density current: the Boxing Day eruption of 26 December 1997 at the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt, T.H. & B.P. Kokelaar, B.P. (eds), The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999, Geological Society, London, Memoir, 21, Sparks, R.SJ., T Minshull, PE Malin, M Paulatto, E Shalev, B Voight, et al., The SEA- CALIPSO volcano imaging experiment on Montserrat: Part 2. Sea operations, OBS deployments, and images from streamers and offshore/onshore stations. Proc IAVCEI Congress, Reykjavik. Takarada, S., Ui, T., Yamamoto, Y., Depositional features and transportation mechanism of valley-filling Iwasegawa and Kaida debris avalanches, Japan. Bulletin of Volcanology, 60: Taylor, B., Rifting and the volcanic-tectonic evolution of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific reslts, Vol. 126, Trofimovs, J., Amy, L., G. Boudon, C. Deplus, E. Doyle, N. Fournier, M.M.B. Hart, J-C Komorowski, A. Le Friant, E. Lock, C. Pudsey, G. Ryan, R.S.J Sparks, P.J. Talling, What happens when pyroclastic flows enter the ocean? Geology, 34, Trofimovs, J., Sparks, R.S.J., Talling, P.J., Anatomy of a submarine pyroclastic flow and associated turbidity current: July 2003 dome collapse, Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. Sedimentology, 55, Urgeles, R., M. Canals, J. Baraza, B. Alonso, and D. Masson, The most recent megalandslides of the Canary Islands : El Golfo debris avalanche and Canary debris flow, west El Hierro Island, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102 (B9), Utzmann, A. et al Trace element mobility during sub-seafloor alteration of basaltic glass from Ocean Drilling Program site 953 (off Gran Canaria). 33

36 Van Gessel, Seismic study on the Portuguese continental margin and the canary islands. EC STEAM project Final Report, Project nr. MAS2-CT Vennat, J., Téphrochronologie et études des dépôts pyroclastiques à terre des éruptions récentes de la Soufrière de Guadeloupe. Unpublished Master s Thesis, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 1-29 pp. Voight, B., (ed.), Rockslides and avalanches, 1. Natural phenomena. Amsterdam : Elsevier, 833 pp. Voight, B., Time scale for the first moments of the May 18 eruption. Prof. Peper US Geol. Survey 1250 : Voight, B., Structural stability of andesite volcanoes and lava domes. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 358 : Voight, B., & Elsworth, D., Failure of volcano slopes. Geotechnique 47 :1-31. Voight, B. & Sousa, J., Lessons from Ontake-san : a comparative analysis of debris avalanche dynamics. Eng. Geol. 38 : Voight, B., Janda, R.J., Glicken, H. & Douglass, P.M., Catastrophic rockslide avalanche of May 18. Prof. Paper US Geol. Survey 1250 : Voight, B., Komorowski, J-C., rton, G.E., Belousov, A.B., Belousova, M., Boudon, G. et al., The 26 December (Boxing Day) sector collapse and debris avalanche at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt, T.H. & B.P. Kokelaar, B.P. (eds), The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999, Geological Society, London, Memoir, 21, Voight, B., Linde, A. T., Sacks, I.S., Mattioli, G.S., Sparks, R.S.J., Elsworth, D., Hidayat, D., Malin, P.E., Shalev, E., Widiwijayanti, C., Young, S.R., Bass, V., Clarke, A., Dunkley, P., Johnston, W., McWhorter, N., Neuberg, J., Williams, P., Unprecedented pressure increase in deep magma reservoir triggered by lava-dome collapse. Geophysical Reaserach Letter, Vol. 33,. 3, L Voight, B., Shalev, E., Hidayat, D., Kenedi, K.L., Brown, L., Minshull, T., Sparks, R.S.J., Snelson, C., Mattioli, G.S., Miller, V., Widiwijayanti, C., Stewart, R., Carothers, L., Johnson, M., Zamora, W., Herd, R., Malin, P.E., Ammon, C., Elsworth, D., Saldana, S., Paulatto, M., De Angelis, S., Byerly, K., Kiddle, E., Bass, V., Belousov, A., Chen, C., Clarke, A.B., Christensen, B., Christopher, T., Custance-Baker, A., Hammond, J., Hards, V., Jeffcoat, K., Lee, A., Linde, A., Loughlin, S., Malin, R., Sacks, S., Smith, D., Strutt, 34

37 M., Syers, T., Taron, J., Walton, J., Winston, J., The SEA-CALIPSO volcano imaging experiment on Montserrat: Part 1. Onshore seismometer deployments, tomography, and images from onshore stations. Proc. IAVCEI Congress, Rekjavik. Wadge, G., Comparison of volcanic production rates and subduction rates in the Lesser Antilles and Central America. Geology, 12, Wadge, G., The dykes and structural setting of the volcanic front in the Lesser Antilles island Arc. Bulletin of Volcanology, 48, Ward, S.N. & Day S.J Cumbre Vieja volcano potential collapse and tsunami at La Palma, Canary Islands. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, Watts, A.B., and D.G. Masson, A giant landslide on the north flank of Tenerife, Canary Islands, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (B12), Westbrook, G.K., McCann, W.R., Subduction of Atlantic lithosphere beneath the Caribbean. Geological Society of America, 21: Westercamp, D. & Traineau, H., Carte géologique au 1/ de la Montagne Pelée, avec notice explicative. B.R.G.M. eds, Orléans. Whitham, A.G The behaviour of sub-aerially produced pyroclastic flows in a subaqueous environment: evidence from the Roseau eruption, Dominica, West Indies. Marine Geology, 86, Wynn, R.B. & Masson, D.G Canary Islands landslides and tsunami generation: can we use turbidite deposits to interpret landslide processes? In: Locat, J. & Mienert, J. (eds), Submarine Mass Movements and their consequences, Kluwer Academic Publ., Boston, London,

38 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 1 - General Site Information Please fill out information in all gray boxes Revised 7 March 2002 New Revised Section A: Proposal Information Title of Proposal: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: insights into igneous processes of crustal growth and implications for hazard assessment Date Form Submitted: Site Specific Objectives with Priority (Must include general objectives in proposal) 30/09/08 We expect to obtain a complete record of sediments and tephra layers to a depth of ~ 100 m to reconstruct the eruptive history of Montserrat volcanoes. The completeness of the stratigraphic record will be monitored by visual logging. Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) recovery. List Previous Drilling in Area: ne Section B: General Site Information Site Name: (e.g. SWPAC-01A) CARI-01B If site is a reoccupation of an old DSDP/ODP Site, Please include former Site # Area or Location: Latitude: Deg: 16 Min: N Jurisdiction: Longitude: Deg: 62 Min: W Distance to Land: Caribbean Sea Montserrat 33 km Coordinates System: WGS 84, Other ( ) Priority of Site: Primary: X Alt: Water Depth: 790 m

39 Section C: Operational Information Sediments Proposed Penetration: 100 m (m) What is the total sed. thickness? ~100 m General Lithologies: Well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Basement Total Penetration: 100 m Coring Plan: (Specify or check) Wireline Logging Plan: Max.Borehole Temp. : Mud Logging: (Riser Holes Only) APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry HRGB * Systems Currently Under Development Standard Tools Special Tools LWD Neutron-Porosity Borehole Televiewer Formation Fluid Sampling Density-Neutron Litho-Density Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Borehole Temperature & Pressure Gamma Ray Geochemical Borehole Seismic Acoustic Resistivity Acoustic Side-Wall Core Sampling Resistivity-Gamma Ray Formation Image Others ( ) Others ( ) Expected value (For Riser Drilling) C Cuttings Sampling Intervals from m to m, m intervals from m to m, m intervals Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 2 Logging: 1 Total On-Site: 3 Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan Hazards/ Weather: Please check following List of Potential Hazards Shallow Gas Complicated Seabed Condition Hydrothermal Activity Hydrocarbon Soft Seabed Landslide and Turbidity Current Shallow Water Flow Currents Methane Hydrate Abnormal Pressure Fractured Zone Diapir and Mud Volcano What is your Weather window? (Preferable period with the reasons) Any time except hurricane season (~1 july - 30 vember). Man-made Objects Fault High Temperature H 2 S High Dip Angle Ice Conditions CO 2

40 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 2 - Site Survey Detail Please fill out information in all gray boxes New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-01B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Data Type SSP Requirements Exists In DB Details of available data and data that are still to be collected 1 2 High resolution seismic reflection Deep Penetration seismic reflection Primary Line(s): Done Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Line 47 (2h30), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Crossing Lines(s): Done Line 214 (20h15), Aguadomar Cruise (dec 1998-Jan 1999), 6 channels reflection profiles Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Crossing Lines(s): 3 Seismic Velocity, velocity analysis cannot be deduced from seismic reflection 4 Seismic Grid 5a 5b Refraction (surface) Refraction (near bottom) Location of Site on line (Time) khz Done, 3.5 Khz echo sounder, Line 47 (2h30), Line 214 (20h15) 7 Swath bathymetry Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises (Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data) 8a Side-looking sonar (surface) 8b Side-looking sonar (bottom) 9 Photography or Video 10 Heat Flow 11a Magnetics Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 11b Gravity Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 12 Sediment cores Done, piston core CAR-MON2, 5m long (250ka), Caraval Cruise (2002, N/O L Atalante) 13 Rock sampling 14a Water current data 14b Ice Conditions 15 OBS microseismicity 16 Navigation Done 17 Other SSP Classification of Site: SSP Watchdog: Date of Last Review: SSP Comments: X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites; R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; Accurate velocity information is required for holes deeper than 400m.

41 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 3 - Detailed Logging Plan New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-01B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Water Depth (m):790 Sed. Penetration (m): 100 Basement Penetration (m): Do you need to use the conical side-entry sub (CSES) at this site? Yes Are high temperatures expected at this site? Yes Are there any other special requirements for logging at this site? Yes If Yes Please describe requirements: What do you estimate the total logging time for this site to be: 1 days Measurement Type Scientific Objective Neutron-Porosity Relevance (1=high, 3=Low) Litho-Density Natural Gamma Ray Resistivity-Induction To detect volcanic sediments which are more radioactive than background sediments Acoustic FMS BHTV Resistivity-Laterolog Magnetic/Susceptibility Density-Neutron (LWD) Montserrat volcanic material has high magnetite, and background sediment has low susceptibility Resitivity-Gamma Ray (LWD) Other: Special tools (CORK, PACKER, VSP, PCS, FWS, WSP For help in determining logging times, please contact the ODP-LDEO Wireline Logging Services group at: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Phone/Fax: (914) / (914) te: Sites with greater than 400 m of penetration or significant basement penetration require deployment of standard toolstrings.

42 IODP Site Summary Forms: Please fill out information in all gray boxes Form 4 Pollution & Safety Hazard Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-01B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Summary of Operations at site: (Example: Triple-APC to refusal, XCB 10 m into basement, log as shown on page 3.) 2 Based on Previous DSDP/ODP drilling, list all hydrocarbon occurrences of greater than background levels. Give nature of show, age and depth of rock: 3 From Available information, list all commercial drilling in this area that produced or yielded significant hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and ages of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. 4 Are there any indications of gas hydrates at this location? 5 Are there reasons to expect hydrocarbon accumulations at this site? Please give details. 6 What special precautions will be taken during drilling? (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) recovery. 7 What abandonment procedures do you plan to follow: 8 Please list other natural or manmade hazards which may effect ship s operations: (e.g. ice, currents, cables) 9 Summary: What do you consider the major risks in drilling at this site?

43 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 5 Lithologic Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-01B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Subbottom depth (m) Key reflectors, Unconformities, faults, etc 0-100m Key reflectors expected: sedimentary reflectors Age ~ 4.5 My Assumed velocity (km/sec) 1.8km/s Lithology Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Paleo-environme nt Avg. rate of sed. accum. (m/my) 230m/My Comments Details are related to the core CAR-MON2 7m long from caraval cruise (2002); Le Friant et al., 2008

44 Proposal 681 Site CARI-01B (penetration: 100m) Site Summary Form 6 Caraval cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante Supporting data Location map above: site-cari-01b.tiff Seismic data figures: CARI-01B-P47-Cara.jpg CARI-01B-P214-Aguad.jpg Su data: Prof47.migkt.su Prof214.migkt.su Navigation data: Aguadomar cruise, , N/O L Atalante Site CARI-01B 2h30 on P47 caraval 20h15 on P214 Aguadomar

45 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 1 - General Site Information Please fill out information in all gray boxes Revised 7 March 2002 Section A: Proposal Information New Revised Title of Proposal: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: insights into igneous processes of crustal growth and implications for hazard assessment Date Form Submitted: Site Specific Objectives with Priority (Must include general objectives in proposal) List Previous Drilling in Area: 30/09/08 Recover continuous record of debris flows generated by dome collapse events, pyroclastic flows, together with tephra layers and background sediments. This will necessitate multiple holes to ensure that missing sections in one core are recovered in subsequent core. The completeness of the stratigraphic record will be monitored by visual logging. Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB). ne Section B: General Site Information Site Name: (e.g. SWPAC-01A) CARI-02B If site is a reoccupation of an old DSDP/ODP Site, Please include former Site # Area or Location: Latitude: Deg: 16 Min: 43 N Jurisdiction: Longitude: Deg: 62 Min: 05 W Distance to Land: Caribbean Sea Montserrat 8.12 km Coordinates System: WGS 84, Other ( ) Priority of Site: Primary: X Alt: Water Depth: 940m

46 Section C: Operational Information Sediments Proposed Penetration: 200 m (m) What is the total sed. thickness? 200 m General Lithologies: Coring Plan: (Specify or check) Wireline Logging Plan: Max.Borehole Temp. : Mud Logging: (Riser Holes Only) Well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Basement Total Penetration: APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry HRGB * Systems Currently Under Development Standard Tools Special Tools LWD Neutron-Porosity Borehole Televiewer Formation Fluid Sampling Density-Neutron Litho-Density Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Borehole Temperature & Pressure Gamma Ray Geochemical Borehole Seismic Acoustic Resistivity Acoustic Side-Wall Core Sampling m Resistivity-Gamma Ray Formation Image Others ( ) Others ( ) Expected value (For Riser Drilling) C Cuttings Sampling Intervals from m to m, m intervals from m to m, m intervals Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 4 Logging: 1 Total On-Site: 5 Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m Hazards/ Weather: Please check following List of Potential Hazards Shallow Gas Complicated Seabed Condition Hydrothermal Activity Hydrocarbon Soft Seabed Landslide and Turbidity Current Shallow Water Flow Currents Methane Hydrate Abnormal Pressure Fractured Zone Diapir and Mud Volcano What is your Weather window? (Preferable period with the reasons) Any time except hurricane season (~1 july - 30 vember). Man-made Objects Fault High Temperature H 2 S High Dip Angle Ice Conditions CO 2

47 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 2 - Site Survey Detail Please fill out information in all gray boxes New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-02B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Data Type High resolution seismic reflection SSP Requirements Exists In DB Details of available data and data that are still to be collected Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Line 52 (6h28), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Crossing Lines(s): 2 Primary Line(s): Deep Penetration seismic reflection Crossing Lines(s): 3 Seismic Velocity, velocity analysis cannot be deduced from seismic reflection 4 Seismic Grid 5a 5b Refraction (surface) Refraction (near bottom) Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Location of Site on line (Time) khz Done, 3.5 Khz echo sounder, Line 52 (6h28), 7 Swath bathymetry Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises (Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data) 8a Side-looking sonar (surface) 8b Side-looking sonar (bottom) 9 Photography or Video 10 Heat Flow 11a Magnetics Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 11b Gravity Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 12 Sediment cores Some in the same area, JR 123 cruise (2005) 13 Rock sampling 14a Water current data 14b Ice Conditions 15 OBS microseismicity 16 Navigation yes 17 Other SSP Classification of Site: SSP Watchdog: Date of Last Review: SSP Comments: X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites; R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; Accurate velocity information is required for holes deeper than 400m.

48 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 3 - Detailed Logging Plan New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-02B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Water Depth (m): 940 Sed. Penetration (m): 200 Basement Penetration (m): Do you need to use the conical side-entry sub (CSES) at this site? Yes Are high temperatures expected at this site? Yes Are there any other special requirements for logging at this site? Yes If Yes Please describe requirements: What do you estimate the total logging time for this site to be: 1 days Measurement Type Scientific Objective Neutron-Porosity Relevance (1=high, 3=Low) Litho-Density Natural Gamma Ray Resistivity-Induction To detect volcanic sediments which are more radioactive than background sediments Acoustic FMS BHTV Resistivity-Laterolog Magnetic/Susceptibility Density-Neutron (LWD) Montserrat volcanic material has high magnetite, and background sediment has low susceptibility Resitivity-Gamma Ray (LWD) Other: Special tools (CORK, PACKER, VSP, PCS, FWS, WSP For help in determining logging times, please contact the ODP-LDEO Wireline Logging Services group at: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Phone/Fax: (914) / (914) te: Sites with greater than 400 m of penetration or significant basement penetration require deployment of standard toolstrings.

49 IODP Site Summary Forms: Please fill out information in all gray boxes Form 4 Pollution & Safety Hazard Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-02B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Summary of Operations at site: (Example: Triple-APC to refusal, XCB 10 m into basement, log as shown on page 3.) 2 Based on Previous DSDP/ODP drilling, list all hydrocarbon occurrences of greater than background levels. Give nature of show, age and depth of rock: Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) 3 From Available information, list all commercial drilling in this area that produced or yielded significant hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and ages of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. 4 Are there any indications of gas hydrates at this location? 5 Are there reasons to expect hydrocarbon accumulations at this site? Please give details. 6 What special precautions will be taken during drilling? 7 What abandonment procedures do you plan to follow: 8 Please list other natural or manmade hazards which may effect ship s operations: (e.g. ice, currents, cables) 9 Summary: What do you consider the major risks in drilling at this site?

50 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 5 Lithologic Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-02B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Subbottom depth (m) 0-70 m Key reflectors, Unconformities, faults, etc Chaotic reflectors DAD Age Assumed velocity (km/sec) 1.8km/s Lithology Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Paleo-environ ment Avg. rate of sed. accum. (m/my) 230m/My in Comments Details regarding the average rate of sedimentation are related to the core Car-Mon2 from caraval m Chaotic reflectors DAD Alternance of debris avalanche deposits and of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Debris avalanche are: Chaotic indurated volcanic breccia containing clasts of solid lava ranging from decimeters to decameters in size set in a variably indurated and massive matrix of finer grained volcanic material locally containing significant proportions of hydrothermally altered minerals and clays as well as blocks of less indurated incorporated sediments and potentially stratified volcanic material (sands, gravels).

51 Proposal 681 Site CARI-02B (penetration: 200m) Site Summary Form 6 P 52 Supporting data Location map above: site-cari-02b.tiff Seismic data figures: CARI-02B-P52-Cara.jpg Su data: Prof52.migkt.su Navigation data: Caraval cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante Aguadomar cruise, , N/O L Atalante Site CARI-02B - 6h28 on P52 caraval - Crossing line should be Collected during a next cruise In december (PI: S. Sparks) Base of the debris avalanche deposits

52 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 1 - General Site Information Please fill out information in all gray boxes Revised 7 March 2002 Section A: Proposal Information New Revised Title of Proposal: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: insights into igneous processes of crustal growth and implications for hazard assessment Date Form Submitted: Site Specific Objectives with Priority (Must include general objectives in proposal) List Previous Drilling in Area: 30/09/08 Recover continuous record of debris flows generated by dome collapse events, pyroclastic flows, together with tephra layers and background sediments. This will necessitate multiple holes to ensure that missing sections in one core are recovered in subsequent core. The completeness of the stratigraphic record will be monitored by visual logging. Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB). ne Section B: General Site Information Site Name: (e.g. SWPAC-01A) CARI-03B If site is a reoccupation of an old DSDP/ODP Site, Please include former Site # Area or Location: Latitude: Deg: 16 Min: N Jurisdiction: Longitude: Deg: 62 Min: W Distance to Land: Caribbean Sea Montserrat 14.5 km Coordinates System: WGS 84, Other ( ) Priority of Site: Primary: X Alt: Water Depth: 1122 m

53 Section C: Operational Information Sediments Proposed Penetration: 200 m (m) What is the total sed. thickness? 200 m General Lithologies: Coring Plan: (Specify or check) Wireline Logging Plan: Max.Borehole Temp. : Mud Logging: (Riser Holes Only) Well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Basement Total Penetration: APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry HRGB * Systems Currently Under Development Standard Tools Special Tools LWD Neutron-Porosity Borehole Televiewer Formation Fluid Sampling Density-Neutron Litho-Density Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Borehole Temperature & Pressure Gamma Ray Geochemical Borehole Seismic Acoustic Resistivity Acoustic Side-Wall Core Sampling m Resistivity-Gamma Ray Formation Image Others ( ) Others ( ) Expected value (For Riser Drilling) C Cuttings Sampling Intervals from m to m, m intervals from m to m, m intervals Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 4 Logging: 1 Total On-Site: 5 Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m Hazards/ Weather: Please check following List of Potential Hazards Shallow Gas Complicated Seabed Condition Hydrothermal Activity Hydrocarbon Soft Seabed Landslide and Turbidity Current Shallow Water Flow Currents Methane Hydrate Abnormal Pressure Fractured Zone Diapir and Mud Volcano What is your Weather window? (Preferable period with the reasons) Any time except hurricane season (~1 july - 30 vember). Man-made Objects Fault High Temperature H 2 S High Dip Angle Ice Conditions CO 2

54 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 2 - Site Survey Detail Please fill out information in all gray boxes New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-03B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/ Data Type High resolution seismic reflection SSP Requirements Exists In DB Details of available data and data that are still to be collected Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Line 47 (7h35), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Crossing Lines(s): Line 52 (5h19), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Deep Penetration seismic reflection Crossing Lines(s): 3 Seismic Velocity, velocity analysis cannot be deduced from available seismic reflection 4 Seismic Grid 5a 5b Refraction (surface) Refraction (near bottom) Location of Site on line (Time) khz Done, 3.5 Khz echo sounder, Line 47 (7h35), Line 52 (5h19) 7 Swath bathymetry Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises (Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data) 8a Side-looking sonar (surface) 8b Side-looking sonar (bottom) 9 Photography or Video 10 Heat Flow 11a Magnetics Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 11b Gravity Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 12 Sediment cores Some in the same area, JR 123 cruise (2005) 13 Rock sampling 14a Water current data 14b Ice Conditions 15 OBS microseismicity 16 Navigation yes 17 Other SSP Classification of Site: SSP Watchdog: Date of Last Review: SSP Comments: X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites; R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; Accurate velocity information is required for holes deeper than 400m.

55 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 3 - Detailed Logging Plan New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-03B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Water Depth (m): 1122 Sed. Penetration (m): 200 Basement Penetration (m): Do you need to use the conical side-entry sub (CSES) at this site? Yes Are high temperatures expected at this site? Yes Are there any other special requirements for logging at this site? Yes If Yes Please describe requirements: What do you estimate the total logging time for this site to be: 1 days Measurement Type Scientific Objective Neutron-Porosity Relevance (1=high, 3=Low) Litho-Density Natural Gamma Ray Resistivity-Induction To detect volcanic sediments which are more radioactive than background sediments Acoustic FMS BHTV Resistivity-Laterolog Magnetic/Susceptibility Density-Neutron (LWD) Montserrat volcanic material has high magnetite, and background sediment has low susceptibility Resitivity-Gamma Ray (LWD) Other: Special tools (CORK, PACKER, VSP, PCS, FWS, WSP For help in determining logging times, please contact the ODP-LDEO Wireline Logging Services group at: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Phone/Fax: (914) / (914) te: Sites with greater than 400 m of penetration or significant basement penetration require deployment of standard toolstrings.

56 IODP Site Summary Forms: Please fill out information in all gray boxes Form 4 Pollution & Safety Hazard Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-03B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Summary of Operations at site: (Example: Triple-APC to refusal, XCB 10 m into basement, log as shown on page 3.) 2 Based on Previous DSDP/ODP drilling, list all hydrocarbon occurrences of greater than background levels. Give nature of show, age and depth of rock: Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) 3 From Available information, list all commercial drilling in this area that produced or yielded significant hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and ages of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. 4 Are there any indications of gas hydrates at this location? 5 Are there reasons to expect hydrocarbon accumulations at this site? Please give details. 6 What special precautions will be taken during drilling? 7 What abandonment procedures do you plan to follow: 8 Please list other natural or manmade hazards which may effect ship s operations: (e.g. ice, currents, cables) 9 Summary: What do you consider the major risks in drilling at this site?

57 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 5 Lithologic Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-03B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Subbottom depth (m) 0-80 m Key reflectors, Unconformities, faults, etc Chaotic reflectors DAD Age Assumed velocity (km/sec) 1.8km/s Lithology Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Paleo-environ ment Avg. rate of sed. accum. (m/my) 230m/My in Comments Details regarding the average rate of sedimentation are related to the core Car-Mon2 from caraval (without taking into account large debris avalanche deposits m Sediments reflectors Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Debris avalanche are: Chaotic indurated volcanic breccia containing clasts of solid lava ranging from decimeters to decameters in size set in a variably indurated and massive matrix of finer grained volcanic material locally containing significant proportions of hydrothermally altered minerals and clays as well as blocks of less indurated incorporated sediments and potentially stratified volcanic material (sands, gravels).

58 Proposal 681 Site CARI-03B (penetration: 200m) Site Summary Form 6 P 47 P 52 Base of the debris avalanche deposits Caraval cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante Supporting data Location map above: site-cari-03b.tiff Seismic data figures: CARI-03B-P47-Cara.jpg CARI-03B-P52-Cara.jpg Su data: Prof47.migkt.su Prof52.migkt.su Navigation data: Aguadomar cruise, , N/O L Atalante Site CARI-03B - 7h35 on P47 Caraval - 5h19 on P52 Caraval

59 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 1 - General Site Information Please fill out information in all gray boxes Revised 7March2002 Section A: Proposal Information New Revised Title of Proposal: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: insights into igneous processes of crustal growth and implications for hazard assessment Date Form Submitted: Site Specific Objectives with Priority (Must include general objectives in proposal) List Previous Drilling in Area: 30/09/08 Recover continuous record of turbidites generated by debris avalanche from dome collapse events, pyroclastic flows, together with tephra layers and background sediments. This will necessitate multiple holes to ensure that missing sections in one core are recovered in subsequent core. The completeness of the stratigraphic record will be monitored by visual logging. Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB). ne Section B: General Site Information Site Name: (e.g. SWPAC-01A) CARI-04B If site is a reoccupation of an old DSDP/ODP Site, Please include former Site # Area or Location: Latitude: Deg: 16 Min: 29.6 N Jurisdiction: Longitude: Deg: 61 Min: W Distance to Land: Caribbean Sea Guadeloupe / France 31 km (from Montserrat) Coordinates System: WGS 84, Other ( ) Priority of Site: Primary: X Alt: Water Depth: 1200 m

60 Section C: Operational Information Sediments Proposed Penetration: 200 m (m) What is the total sed. thickness? 200 m General Lithologies: Coring Plan: (Specify or check) Wireline Logging Plan: Max.Borehole Temp. : Mud Logging: (Riser Holes Only) Well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Basement Total Penetration: APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry HRGB * Systems Currently Under Development Standard Tools Special Tools LWD Neutron-Porosity Borehole Televiewer Formation Fluid Sampling Density-Neutron Litho-Density Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Borehole Temperature & Pressure Gamma Ray Geochemical Borehole Seismic Acoustic Resistivity Acoustic Side-Wall Core Sampling m Resistivity-Gamma Ray Formation Image Others ( ) Others ( ) Expected value (For Riser Drilling) C Cuttings Sampling Intervals from m to m, m intervals from m to m, m intervals Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 4 Logging: 1 Total On-Site: 5 Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m Hazards/ Weather: Please check following List of Potential Hazards Shallow Gas Complicated Seabed Condition Hydrothermal Activity Hydrocarbon Soft Seabed Landslide and Turbidity Current Shallow Water Flow Currents Methane Hydrate Abnormal Pressure Fractured Zone Diapir and Mud Volcano What is your Weather window? (Preferable period with the reasons) Any time except hurricane season (~1 july - 30 vember). Man-made Objects Fault High Temperature H 2 S High Dip Angle Ice Conditions CO 2

61 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 2 - Site Survey Detail Please fill out information in all gray boxes New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-04B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/ Data Type High resolution seismic reflection SSP Requirements Exists In DB Primary Line(s): Details of available data and data that are still to be collected Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Line 52 (3h22), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Crossing Lines(s): Should be collected during a next NERC cruise in December 2007 (PI: S. Sparks) Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Deep Penetration seismic reflection Crossing Lines(s): 3 Seismic Velocity, velocity analysis cannot be deduced from available seismic reflection 4 Seismic Grid 5a 5b Refraction (surface) Refraction (near bottom) Location of Site on line (Time) khz Done, 3.5 Khz echo sounder, Line 52 (3h22) 7 Swath bathymetry Done, Caraval (2002) cruises (Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data) 8a Side-looking sonar (surface) 8b Side-looking sonar (bottom) 9 Photography or Video 10 Heat Flow 11a Magnetics Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 11b Gravity Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 12 Sediment cores Some in the same area, JR 123 cruise (2005) 13 Rock sampling 14a Water current data 14b Ice Conditions 15 OBS microseismicity 16 Navigation yes 17 Other SSP Classification of Site: SSP Watchdog: Date of Last Review: SSP Comments: X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites; R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; Accurate velocity information is required for holes deeper than 400m.

62 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 3 - Detailed Logging Plan New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-04B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Water Depth (m): 1200 Sed. Penetration (m): 200 Basement Penetration (m): Do you need to use the conical side-entry sub (CSES) at this site? Yes Are high temperatures expected at this site? Yes Are there any other special requirements for logging at this site? Yes If Yes Please describe requirements: What do you estimate the total logging time for this site to be: 1 days Measurement Type Scientific Objective Neutron-Porosity Relevance (1=high, 3=Low) Litho-Density Natural Gamma Ray Resistivity-Induction To detect volcanic sediments which are more radioactive than background sediments Acoustic FMS BHTV Resistivity-Laterolog Magnetic/Susceptibility Density-Neutron (LWD) Montserrat volcanic material has high magnetite, and background sediment has low susceptibility Resitivity-Gamma Ray (LWD) Other: Special tools (CORK, PACKER, VSP, PCS, FWS, WSP For help in determining logging times, please contact the ODP-LDEO Wireline Logging Services group at: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Phone/Fax: (914) / (914) te: Sites with greater than 400 m of penetration or significant basement penetration require deployment of standard toolstrings.

63 IODP Site Summary Forms: Please fill out information in all gray boxes Form 4 Pollution & Safety Hazard Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-04B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Summary of Operations at site: (Example: Triple-APC to refusal, XCB 10 m into basement, log as shown on page 3.) 2 Based on Previous DSDP/ODP drilling, list all hydrocarbon occurrences of greater than background levels. Give nature of show, age and depth of rock: Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) 3 From Available information, list all commercial drilling in this area that produced or yielded significant hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and ages of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. 4 Are there any indications of gas hydrates at this location? 5 Are there reasons to expect hydrocarbon accumulations at this site? Please give details. 6 What special precautions will be taken during drilling? 7 What abandonment procedures do you plan to follow: 8 Please list other natural or manmade hazards which may effect ship s operations: (e.g. ice, currents, cables) 9 Summary: What do you consider the major risks in drilling at this site?

64 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 5 Lithologic Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-04B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Subbottom depth (m) Key reflectors, Unconformities, faults, etc m Sediments reflectors Age Assumed velocity (km/sec) 1.8km/s Lithology Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra, perhaps with some turbidites associated to the debris avalanche Paleo-environ ment Avg. rate of sed. accum. (m/my) 230m/My in Comments Details regarding the average rate of sedimentation are related to the core Car-Mon2 from caraval

65 Proposal 681 Site CARI-04B (penetration: 200m) Site Summary Form 6 Supporting data Location map above: site-cari-04b.tiff Seismic data figures: CARI-04B-P52-Cara.jpg Su data: Prof52.migkt.su Navigation data: Caraval cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante Aguadomar cruise, , N/O L Atalante Site CARI-04B - 3h22 on P52 caraval - Crossing line should be Collected during a next cruise In december (PI: S. Sparks)

66 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 1 - General Site Information Please fill out information in all gray boxes Revised 7March2002 Section A: Proposal Information New Revised Title of Proposal: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: insights into igneous processes of crustal growth and implications for hazard assessment Date Form Submitted: Site Specific Objectives with Priority (Must include general objectives in proposal) List Previous Drilling in Area: 30/09/08 We expect to drill in the proximal part of the typical hummocky morphology debris avalanche deposit from Dominica. The debris avalanche contain megablocks of lava and have probably a different behaviour than the debris avalanches from Montagne Pelée (Martinique) dominantly composed of pyroclastic deposits. The completeness of the stratigraphic record will be monitored by visual logging. Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB). ne Section B: General Site Information Site Name: (e.g. SWPAC-01A) CARI-05B If site is a reoccupation of an old DSDP/ODP Site, Please include former Site # Area or Location: Latitude: Deg: 15 Min: N Jurisdiction: Longitude: Deg: 61 Min: W Distance to Land: Caribbean Sea Dominica ~ 30 km Coordinates System: WGS 84, Other ( ) Priority of Site: Primary: X Alt: Water Depth: 2643 m

67 Section C: Operational Information Sediments Proposed Penetration: 300 m (m) What is the total sed. thickness? 300 m General Lithologies: Coring Plan: (Specify or check) Wireline Logging Plan: Max.Borehole Temp. : Mud Logging: (Riser Holes Only) Well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Basement Total Penetration: APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry HRGB * Systems Currently Under Development Standard Tools Special Tools LWD Neutron-Porosity Borehole Televiewer Formation Fluid Sampling Density-Neutron Litho-Density Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Borehole Temperature & Pressure Gamma Ray Geochemical Borehole Seismic Acoustic Resistivity Acoustic Side-Wall Core Sampling m Resistivity-Gamma Ray Formation Image Others ( ) Others ( ) Expected value (For Riser Drilling) C Cuttings Sampling Intervals from m to m, m intervals from m to m, m intervals Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 6 Logging: 1.5 Total On-Site: 7.5 Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m Hazards/ Weather: Please check following List of Potential Hazards Shallow Gas Complicated Seabed Condition Hydrothermal Activity Hydrocarbon Soft Seabed Landslide and Turbidity Current Shallow Water Flow Currents Methane Hydrate Abnormal Pressure Fractured Zone Diapir and Mud Volcano What is your Weather window? (Preferable period with the reasons) Any time except hurricane season (~1 july - 30 vember). Man-made Objects Fault High Temperature H 2 S High Dip Angle Ice Conditions CO 2

68 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 2 - Site Survey Detail Please fill out information in all gray boxes New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-05B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/ Data Type High resolution seismic reflection SSP Requirements Exists In DB Details of available data and data that are still to be collected Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Line 18 (21h40), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Crossing Lines(s): Line 47 (13h09), Aguadomar Cruise (2002), 6 channels reflection profiles, Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Deep Penetration seismic reflection Crossing Lines(s): 3 Seismic Velocity, velocity analysis cannot be deduced from available seismic reflection 4 Seismic Grid 5a 5b Refraction (surface) Refraction (near bottom) Location of Site on line (Time) khz Done, 3.5 Khz echo sounder, Line 18 (21h40), Line 47 (13h09) 7 Swath bathymetry Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises (Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data) 8a Side-looking sonar (surface) 8b Side-looking sonar (bottom) 9 Photography or Video 10 Heat Flow 11a Magnetics Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 11b Gravity Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 12 Sediment cores 13 Rock sampling 14a Water current data 14b Ice Conditions 15 OBS microseismicity 16 Navigation Done 17 Other SSP Classification of Site: SSP Watchdog: Date of Last Review: SSP Comments: X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites; R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; Accurate velocity information is required for holes deeper than 400m.

69 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 3 - Detailed Logging Plan New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-05B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Water Depth (m): 2643 Sed. Penetration (m): 300 Basement Penetration (m): Do you need to use the conical side-entry sub (CSES) at this site? Yes Are high temperatures expected at this site? Yes Are there any other special requirements for logging at this site? Yes If Yes Please describe requirements: What do you estimate the total logging time for this site to be: 1.5 days Measurement Type Scientific Objective Neutron-Porosity Relevance (1=high, 3=Low) Litho-Density Natural Gamma Ray Resistivity-Induction To detect volcanic sediments which are more radioactive than background sediments Acoustic FMS BHTV Resistivity-Laterolog Magnetic/Susceptibility Density-Neutron (LWD) Resitivity-Gamma Ray (LWD) Other: Special tools (CORK, PACKER, VSP, PCS, FWS, WSP For help in determining logging times, please contact the ODP-LDEO Wireline Logging Services group at: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Phone/Fax: (914) / (914) te: Sites with greater than 400 m of penetration or significant basement penetration require deployment of standard toolstrings.

70 IODP Site Summary Forms: Please fill out information in all gray boxes Form 4 Pollution & Safety Hazard Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-05B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Summary of Operations at site: (Example: Triple-APC to refusal, XCB 10 m into basement, log as shown on page 3.) 2 Based on Previous DSDP/ODP drilling, list all hydrocarbon occurrences of greater than background levels. Give nature of show, age and depth of rock: Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) 3 From Available information, list all commercial drilling in this area that produced or yielded significant hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and ages of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. 4 Are there any indications of gas hydrates at this location? 5 Are there reasons to expect hydrocarbon accumulations at this site? Please give details. 6 What special precautions will be taken during drilling? 7 What abandonment procedures do you plan to follow: 8 Please list other natural or manmade hazards which may effect ship s operations: (e.g. ice, currents, cables) 9 Summary: What do you consider the major risks in drilling at this site?

71 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 5 Lithologic Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-05B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Subbottom depth (m) 0-45 m m m m Key reflectors, Unconformities, faults, etc Chaotic reflectors DAD Sediments reflector Chaotic reflectors DAD Sediments reflectors Age Assumed velocity (km/sec) 1.8km/s Lithology Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Alternance of well-layered sediments, which seems to separate 2 debris avalanche deposit units Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Paleo-environ ment Avg. rate of sed. accum. (m/my) Comments Debris avalanche are: Chaotic indurated volcanic breccia containing clasts of solid lava ranging from decimeters to decameters in size set in a variably indurated and massive matrix of finer grained volcanic material locally containing significant proportions of hydrothermally altered minerals and clays as well as blocks of less indurated incorporated sediments and potentially stratified volcanic material (sands, gravels).

72 Proposal 681 Site CARI-05B (penetration: 300m) Site Summary Form 6 Megablocks from the debris avalanche deposits Supporting data Location map above: site-cari-05b.tiff Seismic data figures: CARI-05B-P18-Cara.jpg CARI-05B-P47-Aguad.jpg Su data: Prof18.migkt.su Prof47.migkt.su Navigation data: Caraval cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante Aguadomar cruise, , N/O L Atalante Site CARI-05B - 21h40 on P18 caraval - 13h09 on P47 Aguadomar Base of the debris avalanche deposits

73 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 1 - General Site Information Please fill out information in all gray boxes Revised 7March2002 Section A: Proposal Information New Revised Title of Proposal: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: insights into igneous processes of crustal growth and implications for hazard assessment Date Form Submitted: Site Specific Objectives with Priority (Must include general objectives in proposal) List Previous Drilling in Area: 30/09/08 We expect to drill in a more distal part of the debris avalanche of Dominica (outside the main megablock facies) to study the evolution of the fragmentation of the material as a result of avalanche transport, constrain the erosional processes that affect the base and quantify the amount and nature of sediment incorporation (bulking). We will make some correlations with the debris avalanche deposits observed on-land which represent a more proximal part. The completeness of the stratigraphic record will be monitored by visual logging. Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB). ne Section B: General Site Information Site Name: (e.g. SWPAC-01A) CARI-06B If site is a reoccupation of an old DSDP/ODP Site, Please include former Site # Area or Location: Latitude: Deg: 14 Min: N Jurisdiction: Longitude: Deg: 61 Min: W Distance to Land: Caribbean Sea Dominica ~ 87 km Coordinates System: WGS 84, Other ( ) Priority of Site: Primary: X Alt: Water Depth: 2821 m

74 Section C: Operational Information Sediments Proposed Penetration: 400 m (m) What is the total sed. thickness? 400 m General Lithologies: Coring Plan: (Specify or check) Wireline Logging Plan: Max.Borehole Temp. : Mud Logging: (Riser Holes Only) Well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Basement Total Penetration: APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry HRGB * Systems Currently Under Development Standard Tools Special Tools LWD Neutron-Porosity Borehole Televiewer Formation Fluid Sampling Density-Neutron Litho-Density Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Borehole Temperature & Pressure Gamma Ray Geochemical Borehole Seismic Acoustic Resistivity Acoustic Side-Wall Core Sampling m Resistivity-Gamma Ray Formation Image Others ( ) Others ( ) Expected value (For Riser Drilling) C Cuttings Sampling Intervals from m to m, m intervals from m to m, m intervals Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 8 Logging: 2 Total On-Site: 10 Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m Hazards/ Weather: Please check following List of Potential Hazards Shallow Gas Complicated Seabed Condition Hydrothermal Activity Hydrocarbon Soft Seabed Landslide and Turbidity Current Shallow Water Flow Currents Methane Hydrate Abnormal Pressure Fractured Zone Diapir and Mud Volcano What is your Weather window? (Preferable period with the reasons) Any time except hurricane season (~1 july - 30 vember). Man-made Objects Fault High Temperature H 2 S High Dip Angle Ice Conditions CO 2

75 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 2 - Site Survey Detail Please fill out information in all gray boxes New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-06B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/ Data Type High resolution seismic reflection SSP Requirements Exists In DB Details of available data and data that are still to be collected Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Line 18 (16h17), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Crossing Lines(s): Line 63 (00h39), Aguadomar Cruise (2002), 6 channels reflection profiles, Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Deep Penetration seismic reflection Crossing Lines(s): 3 Seismic Velocity, velocity analysis cannot be deduced from available seismic reflection 4 Seismic Grid 5a 5b Refraction (surface) Refraction (near bottom) Location of Site on line (Time) khz Done, 3.5 Khz echo sounder, Line 18 (16h17), Line 63 (00h39) 7 Swath bathymetry Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises (Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data) 8a Side-looking sonar (surface) 8b Side-looking sonar (bottom) 9 Photography or Video 10 Heat Flow 11a Magnetics Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 11b Gravity Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 12 Sediment cores 13 Rock sampling 14a Water current data 14b Ice Conditions 15 OBS microseismicity 16 Navigation Done 17 Other SSP Classification of Site: SSP Watchdog: Date of Last Review: SSP Comments: X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites; R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; Accurate velocity information is required for holes deeper than 400m.

76 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 3 - Detailed Logging Plan New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-06B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Water Depth (m): 2821 Sed. Penetration (m): 400 Basement Penetration (m): Do you need to use the conical side-entry sub (CSES) at this site? Yes Are high temperatures expected at this site? Yes Are there any other special requirements for logging at this site? Yes If Yes Please describe requirements: What do you estimate the total logging time for this site to be: 2 days Measurement Type Scientific Objective Neutron-Porosity Relevance (1=high, 3=Low) Litho-Density Natural Gamma Ray Resistivity-Induction To detect volcanic sediments which are more radioactive than background sediments Acoustic FMS BHTV Resistivity-Laterolog Magnetic/Susceptibility Density-Neutron (LWD) Resitivity-Gamma Ray (LWD) Other: Special tools (CORK, PACKER, VSP, PCS, FWS, WSP For help in determining logging times, please contact the ODP-LDEO Wireline Logging Services group at: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Phone/Fax: (914) / (914) te: Sites with greater than 400 m of penetration or significant basement penetration require deployment of standard toolstrings.

77 IODP Site Summary Forms: Please fill out information in all gray boxes Form 4 Pollution & Safety Hazard Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-06B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Summary of Operations at site: (Example: Triple-APC to refusal, XCB 10 m into basement, log as shown on page 3.) 2 Based on Previous DSDP/ODP drilling, list all hydrocarbon occurrences of greater than background levels. Give nature of show, age and depth of rock: Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) 3 From Available information, list all commercial drilling in this area that produced or yielded significant hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and ages of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. 4 Are there any indications of gas hydrates at this location? 5 Are there reasons to expect hydrocarbon accumulations at this site? Please give details. 6 What special precautions will be taken during drilling? 7 What abandonment procedures do you plan to follow: 8 Please list other natural or manmade hazards which may effect ship s operations: (e.g. ice, currents, cables) 9 Summary: What do you consider the major risks in drilling at this site?

78 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 5 Lithologic Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-06B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Subbottom depth (m) m m Key reflectors, Unconformities, faults, etc Chaotic reflectors DAD Sediments reflector +chaotic Age Assumed velocity (km/sec) 1.8km/s Lithology Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias, with sediments at the top Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra Paleo-environ ment Avg. rate of sed. accum. (m/my) Comments Debris avalanche are: Chaotic indurated volcanic breccia containing clasts of solid lava ranging from decimeters to decameters in size set in a variably indurated and massive matrix of finer grained volcanic material locally containing significant proportions of hydrothermally altered minerals and clays as well as blocks of less indurated incorporated sediments and potentially stratified volcanic material (sands, gravels).

79 Proposal 681 Site CARI-06B (penetration: 400m) Site Summary Form 6 Supporting data Location map above: site-cari-06b.tiff Seismic data figures: CARI-06B-P18-Cara.jpg CARI-06B-P63-Aguad.jpg Su data: Prof18.migkt.su Prof63.migkt.su Navigation data: Caraval cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante Aguadomar cruise, , N/O L Atalante Site CARI-06B - 16h17 on P18 caraval - 00h39 on P63 Aguadomar Base of the debris avalanche deposits

80 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 1 - General Site Information Please fill out information in all gray boxes Revised 7 March 2002 Section A: Proposal Information New Revised Title of Proposal: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: insights into igneous processes of crustal growth and implications for hazard assessment Date Form Submitted: Site Specific Objectives with Priority (Must include general objectives in proposal) List Previous Drilling in Area: 30/09/08 We expect to drill through debris avalanche deposit 1 and debris avalanche deposit 2 from Montagne Pelée volcano to test the possibility to distinguish the two avalanche deposits and identify erosive levels or frictional interactions between them. We expect to drill sediments at the top at the avalanche to test how erosion and detritic sedimentation rates can increase in the Grenada Basin after a flank-collapse event. The completeness of the stratigraphic record will be monitored by visual logging. Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) ne Section B: General Site Information Site Name: (e.g. SWPAC-01A) CARI-07B If site is a reoccupation of an old DSDP/ODP Site, Please include former Site # Area or Location: Latitude: Deg: 14 Min: 32.6 N Jurisdiction: Longitude: Deg: 61 Min: 27.6 W Distance to Land: Caribbean Sea Martinique 34 km Coordinates System: WGS 84, Other ( ) Priority of Site: Primary: X Alt: Water Depth: 2745m

81 Section C: Operational Information Sediments Proposed Penetration: 400 m (m) What is the total sed. thickness? ~400 m General Lithologies: Coring Plan: (Specify or check) Wireline Logging Plan: Max.Borehole Temp. : Mud Logging: (Riser Holes Only) Well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Basement Total Penetration: APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry HRGB * Systems Currently Under Development Standard Tools Special Tools LWD Neutron-Porosity Borehole Televiewer Formation Fluid Sampling Density-Neutron Litho-Density Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Borehole Temperature & Pressure Gamma Ray Geochemical Borehole Seismic Acoustic Resistivity Acoustic Side-Wall Core Sampling m Resistivity-Gamma Ray Formation Image Others ( ) Others ( ) Expected value (For Riser Drilling) C Cuttings Sampling Intervals from m to m, m intervals from m to m, m intervals Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 8 Logging: 2 Total On-Site: 10 Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m Hazards/ Weather: Please check following List of Potential Hazards Shallow Gas Complicated Seabed Condition Hydrothermal Activity Hydrocarbon Soft Seabed Landslide and Turbidity Current Shallow Water Flow Currents Methane Hydrate Abnormal Pressure Fractured Zone Diapir and Mud Volcano What is your Weather window? (Preferable period with the reasons) Any time except hurricane season (~1 july - 30 vember). Man-made Objects Fault High Temperature H 2 S High Dip Angle Ice Conditions CO 2

82 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 2 - Site Survey Detail Please fill out information in all gray boxes New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-07B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/ Data Type High resolution seismic reflection SSP Requirements Exists In DB Details of available data and data that are still to be collected Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Line 16 (20h40), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Crossing Lines(s): Line 57 (15h52), Aguadomar Cruise (2002), 6 channels reflection profiles, Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Deep Penetration seismic reflection Crossing Lines(s): 3 Seismic Velocity, velocity analysis cannot be deduced from available seismic reflection 4 Seismic Grid 5a 5b Refraction (surface) Refraction (near bottom) Location of Site on line (Time) khz Done, 3.5 Khz echo sounder, Line 16 (20h40), Line 57 (15h52) 7 Swath bathymetry Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises (Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data) 8a Side-looking sonar (surface) 8b Side-looking sonar (bottom) 9 Photography or Video 10 Heat Flow 11a Magnetics Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 11b Gravity Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 12 Sediment cores 13 Rock sampling 14a Water current data 14b Ice Conditions 15 OBS microseismicity 16 Navigation Done 17 Other SSP Classification of Site: SSP Watchdog: Date of Last Review: SSP Comments: X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites; R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; Accurate velocity information is required for holes deeper than 400m.

83 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 3 - Detailed Logging Plan New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-07B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Water Depth (m): 2745 Sed. Penetration (m): 400 Basement Penetration (m): Do you need to use the conical side-entry sub (CSES) at this site? Yes Are high temperatures expected at this site? Yes Are there any other special requirements for logging at this site? Yes If Yes Please describe requirements: What do you estimate the total logging time for this site to be: 2 days Measurement Type Scientific Objective Neutron-Porosity Relevance (1=high, 3=Low) Litho-Density Natural Gamma Ray Resistivity-Induction To detect volcanic sediments which are more radioactive than background sediments Acoustic FMS BHTV Resistivity-Laterolog Magnetic/Susceptibility Density-Neutron (LWD) Resitivity-Gamma Ray (LWD) Other: Special tools (CORK, PACKER, VSP, PCS, FWS, WSP For help in determining logging times, please contact the ODP-LDEO Wireline Logging Services group at: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Phone/Fax: (914) / (914) te: Sites with greater than 400 m of penetration or significant basement penetration require deployment of standard toolstrings.

84 IODP Site Summary Forms: Please fill out information in all gray boxes Form 4 Pollution & Safety Hazard Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-07B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Summary of Operations at site: (Example: Triple-APC to refusal, XCB 10 m into basement, log as shown on page 3.) 2 Based on Previous DSDP/ODP drilling, list all hydrocarbon occurrences of greater than background levels. Give nature of show, age and depth of rock: Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB 3 From Available information, list all commercial drilling in this area that produced or yielded significant hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and ages of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. 4 Are there any indications of gas hydrates at this location? 5 Are there reasons to expect hydrocarbon accumulations at this site? Please give details. 6 What special precautions will be taken during drilling? 7 What abandonment procedures do you plan to follow: 8 Please list other natural or manmade hazards which may effect ship s operations: (e.g. ice, currents, cables) 9 Summary: What do you consider the major risks in drilling at this site?

85 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 5 Lithologic Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-07B Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Subbottom depth (m) 0-45m Key reflectors, Unconformities, faults, etc Key reflectors sediments reflectors Age Assumed velocity (km/sec) 1.8km/s Lithology Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Paleo-environ ment Avg. rate of sed. accum. (m/my) 290m/My in average but without debris avalanche deposits Comments Details are related to the core Car-mar4, 7m long from caraval Chaotic reflectors DAD > years Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Debris avalanche are: Chaotic indurated volcanic breccia containing clasts of solid lava ranging from decimeters to decameters in size set in a variably indurated and massive matrix of finer grained volcanic material locally containing significant proportions of hydrothermally altered minerals and clays as well as blocks of less indurated incorporated sediments and potentially stratified volcanic material (sands, gravels) sediments reflectors Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra.

86 Proposal 681 Site CARI-07B (penetration: 400m) Site Summary Form 6 Supporting data Location map above: site-cari-07b.tiff Seismic data figures: CARI-07B-P16-Cara.jpg CARI-07B-P57-Aguad.jpg Su data: Prof16.migkt.su Prof57.migkt.su Navigation data: Caraval cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante Aguadomar cruise, , N/O L Atalante Site CARI-07B 20h40 on P16 caraval 15h52 on P57 Aguadomar Base and top of the debris avalanche deposits

87 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 1 - General Site Information Please fill out information in all gray boxes Revised 7 March 2002 Section A: Proposal Information New Revised Title of Proposal: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: insights into igneous processes of crustal growth and implications for hazard assessment Date Form Submitted: Site Specific Objectives with Priority (Must include general objectives in proposal) List Previous Drilling in Area: 30/09/08 We expect to drill through debris avalanche deposit 1 from Montagne Pelée volcano to understand and quantify how debris avalanches can erode the upper sedimentary layers of the basin and subsequently incorporate large amounts of sediments in the flow as well as disturb and deform sedimentary layers. The completeness of the stratigraphic record will be monitored by visual logging. Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) ne Section B: General Site Information Site Name: (e.g. SWPAC-01A) CARI-08A If site is a reoccupation of an old DSDP/ODP Site, Please include former Site # Area or Location: Latitude: Deg: 14 Min: N Jurisdiction: Longitude: Deg: 61 Min: W Distance to Land: Caribbean Sea Martinique 70 km Coordinates System: WGS 84, Other ( ) Priority of Site: Primary: X Alt: Water Depth: 2900 m

88 Section C: Operational Information Sediments Proposed Penetration: 200 m (m) What is the total sed. thickness? ~200 m General Lithologies: Coring Plan: (Specify or check) Wireline Logging Plan: Max.Borehole Temp. : Mud Logging: (Riser Holes Only) Well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Basement Total Penetration: APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry HRGB * Systems Currently Under Development Standard Tools Special Tools LWD Neutron-Porosity Borehole Televiewer Formation Fluid Sampling Density-Neutron Litho-Density Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Borehole Temperature & Pressure Gamma Ray Geochemical Borehole Seismic Acoustic Resistivity Acoustic Side-Wall Core Sampling m Resistivity-Gamma Ray Formation Image Others ( ) Others ( ) Expected value (For Riser Drilling) C Cuttings Sampling Intervals from m to m, m intervals from m to m, m intervals Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 4 Logging: 1 Total On-Site: 5 Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m Hazards/ Weather: Please check following List of Potential Hazards Shallow Gas Complicated Seabed Condition Hydrothermal Activity Hydrocarbon Soft Seabed Landslide and Turbidity Current Shallow Water Flow Currents Methane Hydrate Abnormal Pressure Fractured Zone Diapir and Mud Volcano What is your Weather window? (Preferable period with the reasons) Any time except hurricane season (~1 july - 30 vember). Man-made Objects Fault High Temperature H 2 S High Dip Angle Ice Conditions CO 2

89 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 2 - Site Survey Detail Please fill out information in all gray boxes New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-08A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/ Data Type High resolution seismic reflection SSP Requirements Exists In DB Details of available data and data that are still to be collected Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Line 16 (17h18), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Crossing Lines(s): Line 62 (21h56), Aguadomar Cruise (2002), 6 channels reflection profiles, Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Deep Penetration seismic reflection Crossing Lines(s): 3 Seismic Velocity, velocity analysis cannot be deduced from available seismic reflection 4 Seismic Grid 5a 5b Refraction (surface) Refraction (near bottom) Location of Site on line (Time) khz Done, 3.5 Khz echo sounder, Line 16 (17h18), Line 62 (21h56) 7 Swath bathymetry Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises (Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data) 8a Side-looking sonar (surface) 8b Side-looking sonar (bottom) 9 Photography or Video 10 Heat Flow 11a Magnetics Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 11b Gravity Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 12 Sediment cores 13 Rock sampling 14a Water current data 14b Ice Conditions 15 OBS microseismicity 16 Navigation Done 17 Other SSP Classification of Site: SSP Watchdog: Date of Last Review: SSP Comments: X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites; R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; Accurate velocity information is required for holes deeper than 400m.

90 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 3 - Detailed Logging Plan New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-08A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Water Depth (m): 2900 Sed. Penetration (m): 200 Basement Penetration (m): Do you need to use the conical side-entry sub (CSES) at this site? Yes Are high temperatures expected at this site? Yes Are there any other special requirements for logging at this site? Yes If Yes Please describe requirements: What do you estimate the total logging time for this site to be: 1 days Measurement Type Scientific Objective Neutron-Porosity Relevance (1=high, 3=Low) Litho-Density Natural Gamma Ray Resistivity-Induction To detect volcanic sediments which are more radioactive than background sediments Acoustic FMS BHTV Resistivity-Laterolog Magnetic/Susceptibility Density-Neutron (LWD) Resitivity-Gamma Ray (LWD) Other: Special tools (CORK, PACKER, VSP, PCS, FWS, WSP For help in determining logging times, please contact the ODP-LDEO Wireline Logging Services group at: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Phone/Fax: (914) / (914) te: Sites with greater than 400 m of penetration or significant basement penetration require deployment of standard toolstrings.

91 IODP Site Summary Forms: Please fill out information in all gray boxes Form 4 Pollution & Safety Hazard Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-08A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Summary of Operations at site: (Example: Triple-APC to refusal, XCB 10 m into basement, log as shown on page 3.) 2 Based on Previous DSDP/ODP drilling, list all hydrocarbon occurrences of greater than background levels. Give nature of show, age and depth of rock: Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB 3 From Available information, list all commercial drilling in this area that produced or yielded significant hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and ages of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. 4 Are there any indications of gas hydrates at this location? 5 Are there reasons to expect hydrocarbon accumulations at this site? Please give details. 6 What special precautions will be taken during drilling? 7 What abandonment procedures do you plan to follow: 8 Please list other natural or manmade hazards which may effect ship s operations: (e.g. ice, currents, cables) 9 Summary: What do you consider the major risks in drilling at this site?

92 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 5 Lithologic Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-08A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Subbottom depth (m) 0-40 m Key reflectors, Unconformities, faults, etc Key reflectors expected: sediment reflectors Age Assumed velocity (km/sec) 1.8km/s Lithology Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Paleo-environ ment Avg. rate of sed. accum. (m/my) 290m/My in average but without debris avalanche deposits Comments Details are related to the core Car-mar4, 7m long from caraval cruise m Chaotic reflectors DAD Chaotic debris-avalanche deposits, breccias Debris avalanche are: Chaotic indurated volcanic breccia containing clasts of solid lava ranging from decimeters to decameters in size set in a variably indurated and massive matrix of finer grained volcanic material locally containing significant proportions of hydrothermally altered minerals and clays as well as blocks of less indurated incorporated sediments and potentially stratified volcanic material (sands, gravels) m sediment reflectors Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra.

93 Proposal 681 Site CARI-08A (penetration: 200m) Site Summary Form 6 Supporting data Location map above: site-cari-08a.tiff Seismic data figures: CARI-08A-P16-Cara.jpg CARI-08A-P62-Aguad.jpg Su data: Prof16.migkt.su Prof62.migkt.su Navigation data: Caraval cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante Aguadomar cruise, , N/O L Atalante Site CARI-08A 17h18 on P16 caraval 21h56 on P62 Aguadomar Base and top of the debris avalanche deposits

94 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 1 - General Site Information Please fill out information in all gray boxes Revised 7 March 2002 Section A: Proposal Information New Revised Title of Proposal: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: insights into igneous processes of crustal growth and implications for hazard assessment Date Form Submitted: Site Specific Objectives with Priority (Must include general objectives in proposal) List Previous Drilling in Area: 30/09/08 We will drill outside debris avalanche deposits from Montagne Pelée volcano. We expect to find turbidites associated to debris avalanches and to improve the reconstruction of eruptive activity of Montagne Pelée and pitons du Carbet volcano. The completeness of the stratigraphic record will be monitored by visual logging. Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) ne Section B: General Site Information Site Name: (e.g. SWPAC-01A) CARI-09A If site is a reoccupation of an old DSDP/ODP Site, Please include former Site # Area or Location: Latitude: Deg: 14 Min: N Jurisdiction: Longitude: Deg: 61 Min: W Distance to Land: Caribbean Sea Martinique 90 km Coordinates System: WGS 84, Other ( ) Priority of Site: Primary: X Alt: Water Depth: 2935 m

95 Section C: Operational Information Sediments Proposed Penetration: 200 m (m) What is the total sed. thickness? ~200 m General Lithologies: Coring Plan: (Specify or check) Wireline Logging Plan: Max.Borehole Temp. : Mud Logging: (Riser Holes Only) Well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Turbidites deposits, breccias Basement Total Penetration: APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry HRGB * Systems Currently Under Development Standard Tools Special Tools LWD Neutron-Porosity Borehole Televiewer Formation Fluid Sampling Density-Neutron Litho-Density Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Borehole Temperature & Pressure Gamma Ray Geochemical Borehole Seismic Acoustic Resistivity Acoustic Side-Wall Core Sampling m Resistivity-Gamma Ray Formation Image Others ( ) Others ( ) Expected value (For Riser Drilling) C Cuttings Sampling Intervals from m to m, m intervals from m to m, m intervals Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 4 Logging: 1 Total On-Site: 5 Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m Hazards/ Weather: Please check following List of Potential Hazards Shallow Gas Complicated Seabed Condition Hydrothermal Activity Hydrocarbon Soft Seabed Landslide and Turbidity Current Shallow Water Flow Currents Methane Hydrate Abnormal Pressure Fractured Zone Diapir and Mud Volcano What is your Weather window? (Preferable period with the reasons) Any time except hurricane season (~1 july - 30 vember). Man-made Objects Fault High Temperature H 2 S High Dip Angle Ice Conditions CO 2

96 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 2 - Site Survey Detail Please fill out information in all gray boxes New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-09A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/ Data Type High resolution seismic reflection SSP Requirements Exists In DB Details of available data and data that are still to be collected Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Line 5 (12h18), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Crossing Lines(s): Line 16 (14h58), Caraval Cruise (2002), 24 channels reflection profiles, Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Deep Penetration seismic reflection Crossing Lines(s): 3 Seismic Velocity, velocity analysis cannot be deduced from available seismic reflection 4 Seismic Grid 5a 5b Refraction (surface) Refraction (near bottom) Location of Site on line (Time) khz Done, 3.5 Khz echo sounder, Line 5 (12h18), Line 16 (14h58) 7 Swath bathymetry Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises (Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data) 8a Side-looking sonar (surface) 8b Side-looking sonar (bottom) 9 Photography or Video 10 Heat Flow 11a Magnetics Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 11b Gravity Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 12 Sediment cores 13 Rock sampling 14a Water current data 14b Ice Conditions 15 OBS microseismicity 16 Navigation Done 17 Other SSP Classification of Site: SSP Watchdog: Date of Last Review: SSP Comments: X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites; R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; Accurate velocity information is required for holes deeper than 400m.

97 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 3 - Detailed Logging Plan New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-09A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Water Depth (m): 2935 Sed. Penetration (m): 200 Basement Penetration (m): Do you need to use the conical side-entry sub (CSES) at this site? Yes Are high temperatures expected at this site? Yes Are there any other special requirements for logging at this site? Yes If Yes Please describe requirements: What do you estimate the total logging time for this site to be: 1 days Measurement Type Scientific Objective Neutron-Porosity Relevance (1=high, 3=Low) Litho-Density Natural Gamma Ray Resistivity-Induction To detect volcanic sediments which are more radioactive than background sediments Acoustic FMS BHTV Resistivity-Laterolog Magnetic/Susceptibility Density-Neutron (LWD) Resitivity-Gamma Ray (LWD) Other: Special tools (CORK, PACKER, VSP, PCS, FWS, WSP For help in determining logging times, please contact the ODP-LDEO Wireline Logging Services group at: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Phone/Fax: (914) / (914) te: Sites with greater than 400 m of penetration or significant basement penetration require deployment of standard toolstrings.

98 IODP Site Summary Forms: Please fill out information in all gray boxes Form 4 Pollution & Safety Hazard Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-09A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Summary of Operations at site: (Example: Triple-APC to refusal, XCB 10 m into basement, log as shown on page 3.) 2 Based on Previous DSDP/ODP drilling, list all hydrocarbon occurrences of greater than background levels. Give nature of show, age and depth of rock: Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB 3 From Available information, list all commercial drilling in this area that produced or yielded significant hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and ages of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. 4 Are there any indications of gas hydrates at this location? 5 Are there reasons to expect hydrocarbon accumulations at this site? Please give details. 6 What special precautions will be taken during drilling? 7 What abandonment procedures do you plan to follow: 8 Please list other natural or manmade hazards which may effect ship s operations: (e.g. ice, currents, cables) 9 Summary: What do you consider the major risks in drilling at this site?

99 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 5 Lithologic Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-09A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Subbottom depth (m) Key reflectors, Unconformities, faults, etc m Key reflectors expected: sediment reflectors Age Assumed velocity (km/sec) 1.8km/s Lithology Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra and turbidites Paleo-environ ment Avg. rate of sed. accum. (m/my) 290m/My in average Comments Details regarding sedimentation rates are related to the core Car-mar4, 7m long from caraval cruise.

100 Proposal 681 Site CARI-09A (penetration: 200m) Site Summary Form Supporting data Location map above: site-cari-09a.tiff Seismic data figures: CARI-09A-P5-Cara.jpg CARI-09A-P16-Cara.jpg Su data: Prof5.migkt.su Prof16.migkt.su Navigation data: Caraval cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante Site CARI-09 12h18 on P5 Caraval 14h58 on P16 Caraval

101 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 1 - General Site Information Please fill out information in all gray boxes Revised 7 March 2002 New Revised Section A: Proposal Information Title of Proposal: Drilling volcanic landslides deposits and volcanoclastic sediments in the Lesser Antilles Arc: insights into igneous processes of crustal growth and implications for hazard assessment Date Form Submitted: Site Specific Objectives with Priority (Must include general objectives in proposal) List Previous Drilling in Area: 30/09/08 We expect to obtain a complete record of sediments and tephra layers to a depth of ~ 300 m to reconstruct the eruptive history of Montagne Pelée volcano. We expect also to sample the transition between the Pitons du Carbet and Mont Conil volcanoes with Montagne Pelée. Site will be rotary cored (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) recovery. ne Section B: General Site Information Site Name: (e.g. SWPAC-01A) CARI-10A If site is a reoccupation of an old DSDP/ODP Site, Please include former Site # Area or Location: Latitude: Deg: 14 Min: 54 N Jurisdiction: Longitude: Deg: 61 Min: 25.8 W Distance to Land: Caribbean Sea Martinique 14 km Coordinates System: WGS 84, Other ( ) Priority of Site: Primary: X Alt: Water Depth: 2500m

102 Section C: Operational Information Sediments Proposed Penetration: 300 m (m) What is the total sed. thickness? ~300 m General Lithologies: Well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Basement Total Penetration: 300 m Coring Plan: (Specify or check) Wireline Logging Plan: Max.Borehole Temp. : Mud Logging: (Riser Holes Only) APC VPC* XCB MDCB* PCS RCB Re-entry HRGB * Systems Currently Under Development Standard Tools Special Tools LWD Neutron-Porosity Borehole Televiewer Formation Fluid Sampling Density-Neutron Litho-Density Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Borehole Temperature & Pressure Gamma Ray Geochemical Borehole Seismic Acoustic Resistivity Acoustic Side-Wall Core Sampling Resistivity-Gamma Ray Formation Image Others ( ) Others ( ) Expected value (For Riser Drilling) C Cuttings Sampling Intervals from m to m, m intervals from m to m, m intervals Basic Sampling Intervals: 5m Estimated days: Drilling/Coring: 6 Logging: 1.5 Total On-Site: 7.5 Future Plan: Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan Hazards/ Weather: Please check following List of Potential Hazards Shallow Gas Complicated Seabed Condition Hydrothermal Activity Hydrocarbon Soft Seabed Landslide and Turbidity Current Shallow Water Flow Currents Methane Hydrate Abnormal Pressure Fractured Zone Diapir and Mud Volcano What is your Weather window? (Preferable period with the reasons) Any time except hurricane season (~1 july - 30 vember). Man-made Objects Fault High Temperature H 2 S High Dip Angle Ice Conditions CO 2

103 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 2 - Site Survey Detail Please fill out information in all gray boxes New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-10A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Data Type SSP Requirements Exists In DB Details of available data and data that are still to be collected 1 2 High resolution seismic reflection Deep Penetration seismic reflection Primary Line(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) Line 45 (1h03), Aguadomar Cruise (dec 1998-jan 1999), 6 channels reflection profiles Crossing Lines(s):. chould be collected during next French cruises (Gwadaseis, bathysaintes) Primary Line(s): Crossing Lines(s): Location of Site on line (SP or Time only) 3 Seismic Velocity, velocity analysis cannot be deduced from available seismic reflection 4 Seismic Grid 5a 5b Refraction (surface) Refraction (near bottom) Location of Site on line (Time) khz Done, 3.5 Khz echo sounder, Line 5 (12h18), Line 16 (14h58) 7 Swath bathymetry Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises (Simrad EM12D swath bathymetry and backscatter data) 8a Side-looking sonar (surface) 8b Side-looking sonar (bottom) 9 Photography or Video 10 Heat Flow 11a Magnetics Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 11b Gravity Done, Aguadomar (dec 1998-Jan 1999) and Caraval (2002) cruises 12 Sediment cores Done, piston core CAR-MAR4, 7m long (25ka), Caraval Cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante 13 Rock sampling 14a Water current data 14b Ice Conditions 15 OBS microseismicity 16 Navigation Done 17 Other SSP Classification of Site: SSP Watchdog: Date of Last Review: SSP Comments: X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites; R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; Accurate velocity information is required for holes deeper than 400m.

104 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 3 - Detailed Logging Plan New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-10A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Water Depth (m): 2500 Sed. Penetration (m): 300 Basement Penetration (m): Do you need to use the conical side-entry sub (CSES) at this site? Yes Are high temperatures expected at this site? Yes Are there any other special requirements for logging at this site? Yes If Yes Please describe requirements: What do you estimate the total logging time for this site to be: 1.5 days Measurement Type Scientific Objective Neutron-Porosity Relevance (1=high, 3=Low) Litho-Density Natural Gamma Ray Resistivity-Induction To detect volcanic sediments which are more radioactive than background sediments Acoustic FMS BHTV Resistivity-Laterolog Magnetic/Susceptibility Density-Neutron (LWD) Resitivity-Gamma Ray (LWD) Other: Special tools (CORK, PACKER, VSP, PCS, FWS, WSP For help in determining logging times, please contact the ODP-LDEO Wireline Logging Services group at: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Phone/Fax: (914) / (914) te: Sites with greater than 400 m of penetration or significant basement penetration require deployment of standard toolstrings.

105 IODP Site Summary Forms: Please fill out information in all gray boxes Form 4 Pollution & Safety Hazard Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-10A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 1 Summary of Operations at site: (Example: Triple-APC to refusal, XCB 10 m into basement, log as shown on page 3.) 2 Based on Previous DSDP/ODP drilling, list all hydrocarbon occurrences of greater than background levels. Give nature of show, age and depth of rock: 3 From Available information, list all commercial drilling in this area that produced or yielded significant hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and ages of hydrocarbon-bearing deposits. 4 Are there any indications of gas hydrates at this location? 5 Are there reasons to expect hydrocarbon accumulations at this site? Please give details. 6 What special precautions will be taken during drilling? (RCB) first to identify any layers not amenable to advanced piston coring (APC) and extended core barrel (XCB) recovery. 7 What abandonment procedures do you plan to follow: 8 Please list other natural or manmade hazards which may effect ship s operations: (e.g. ice, currents, cables) 9 Summary: What do you consider the major risks in drilling at this site?

106 IODP Site Summary Forms: Form 5 Lithologic Summary New Revised Proposal #: 681 Site #: CARI-10A Date Form Submitted: 30/09/08 Subbottom depth (m) Key reflectors, Unconformities, faults, etc 0-300m Key reflectors expected: volcanism reflectors Age Assumed velocity (km/sec) Lithology ~ 1My 1.8km/s Alternance of well-layered sediments of volcanogenic, biogenic sediments and tephra. Paleo-environme nt Avg. rate of sed. accum. (m/my) 290m/My Comments Details are related to the core Car-mar4 7m long from caraval

107 Proposal 681 Site CARI-10A (penetration: 300m) Site Summary Form 6 Supporting data Location map above: site-cari-10a.tiff Seismic data figures: CARI-10A-P45-Aguad.jpg Su data: Prof45.migkt.su Navigation data: Caraval cruise, 2002, N/O L Atalante Aguadomar cruise, , N/O L Atalante Site CARI-10A - 01h04 on P45 Aguadomar - Crossing line could be Collected during a next french cruise In Lesser Antilles (Bathysaintes or Gwadaseis)