Natural Hazards and Disaster
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1 Natural Hazards and Disaster Lab 7: Volcanoes and Land Slides (Question Set 5) Types of volcanoes Lahars Extreme eruptions Most common and deadly landslides
2 Question Set 5: Volcanoes and Landslides 1 What are the main types of volcanoes and what are the main characteristics of eruptions for these types? 2 What is a lahar? 3 Briefly describe the impacts of a VEI 7 eruption that took place during the Holocene. 4 What are the most common and most deadly landslides and what are their main characteristics?
3 1 What are the main types of volcanoes and what are the main characteristics of eruptions for these types?
4 1 What are the main types of volcanoes and what are the main characteristics of eruptions for these types? Three main types: stratovolcanoes (or composite volcanoes): conical, consists of layers cinder cone volcanoes: doesn t have layers, steep conical hills shield volcanoes: large shields.
5 1 What are the main types of volcanoes and what are the main characteristics of eruptions for these types? Three main types: stratovolcanoes (or composite volcanoes): conical, consists of layers cinder cone volcanoes: doesn t have layers, steep conical hills shield volcanoes: large shields. The volcano type depends on the type of magma and its viscosity: Volcanoes above subduction zones extrude silicarich, iron-poor lavas that are very viscous and can range widely in composition. Basaltic lava is very fluid. Mid-ocean ridge lava is predominantly basaltic.
6 Size of Volcanic Eruptions Natural Hazards and Disaster Plag et al., 2015
7 2 What is a lahar and why are they dangerous?
8 2 What is a lahar and why are they dangerous? Rivers of tephra and water slurry, called lahars, are a danger to those who live near volcanoes.
9 3 Briefly describe the impacts of a VEI 7 eruption that took place during the Holocene.
10 Large Eruptions VEI 7 / M 7: - at least seven events in the Holocene - ~5% - 10% chance that this will happen in the 21st century - Will have very different impact than previously
11 Large Eruptions 12 Billion by 2100 Kurile, ~5550 BC Crater Lake, ~5680 BC VEI 7 Eruptions Santorini, ~1610 BC Kikai, 2350 BC Taupo, 230 Tambora, 1815 Changbai, ~970 11
12 4 What are the most common and most deadly landslides and what are their main characteristics?
13 4 What are the most common and most deadly landslides and what are their main characteristics?
14 4 What are the most common and most deadly landslides and what are their main characteristics? Rotational debris and earth slides, also known as slumps, are among the most common and they can also be the most deadly. These slides frequently become debris or earth flows that can travel significant distances as the loose material moves rapidly downhill, entrapping air and water so that the foot and toe of the slide behaves as a fluid.
15 4 What are the most common and most deadly landslides and what are their main characteristics? Rotational debris and earth slides, also known as slumps, are among the most common and they can also be the most deadly. Left: General landslide terminology for a rotational slump or slide, in which the basal rupture surface is curved, Right: Same for a translational slide, in which the rupture surface is planar.
16 4 What are the most common and most deadly landslides and what are their main characteristics? Rotational debris and earth slides, also known as slumps, are among the most common and they can also be the most deadly. A rotational slide near Oso, Washington, U.S.A. on March 22, 2014, shows a clear scarp, flanks, and head. Run out of the slide s foot overwhelmed the community of Steelhead Haven on the other side of the valley, destroying homes and killing 43 people.
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1 MAR110 LECTURE #6 Volcanoes I Ocean Basin Volcanism Mid-ocean ridge volcanism produces ocean crust and occasional volcanic islands which when underwater are called seamounts. Isolated hotspots produce