Evolu&on Cont d. h:p:// content/uploads/2009/09/evolu&on.jpg. 7 th Grade Biology Mr. Joanides
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1 Evolu&on Cont d h:p:// content/uploads/2009/09/evolu&on.jpg 7 th Grade Biology Mr. Joanides
2 The Fossil Record Fossil Preserved remains or markings lem by organisms that live in the past. Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock Others can be buried under volcanic ash and dust Sedimentary rock eroded par&cles of sand, silt, etc that flow down river to seas and swamps and se:le at the bo:om. Over &me, they are cemented together under pressure and heat to form rock.
3 Sedimentary Rock Being Formed h:p:// geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca/ nsask/images/ rocks1_e.jpg
4 The Fossil Record Provides evidence of Earth s changing life. Ex. Timelines from class Earth is 4.6 billion years old (byo) Oldest known fossil is 3.8 byo. Fossils of prokaryotes [bacteria and archaea] 3.5 byo (oldest form of life) Fossils in younger rock show evidence of evolu&on
5 Evolu&on of the Whale Modern whales evolved 50 million years ago But from where? Fossils of ex&nct species can help put the puzzle together. Basilosaurus h:p:// upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/ archive/4/4e/ ! Basilosaurus.jpg
6 Geographic Distribu&on Differences and similari&es between organisms around the world Evolved from ancestral forms TOPIC FOR DISCUSSION Why do S. American tropical species have more in common with S. American desert species than they do with African desert species?
7 Australia Unique Plants and Animals Numerous pouched mammals (marsupials) Few placental mammals Why did this happen? Also a good case study for introduced animals economic and ecologic nuisances
8 Homologous Structures Forelimbs of animals & goose bumps
9 Ves&gial Structures Modern whales have no hind limbs, but s&ll have remnant hipbones
10 Defini&ons Homologous structures structural similari&es species share from a common ancestor Ves&gial structures are remnants of structures that may have had important func&ons in an ancestral species, but have no clear func&on in modern descendant.
11 Similari&es in Development Embryos of closely related organisms have similar states in development.
12 Gene&cs DNA & Protein analysis are new tools for tes&ng evolu&on DNA passed from parents to offspring, so should show evolu&on (i.e. ancestry) Darwin hypothesized that all life forms are related. He was right and it is proven in the fact that DNA is the common language in which traits are passed.
13 Hemoglobin Comparisons
14 Answer these in your notes (5 min) Why are older fossils generally in deeper rock layers than younger fossils? How can evolu&onary theory explain why Australia is home to rela&vely few na&ve placental mammals? What are homologous and ves&gial structures? What can you infer about species that differ significantly in their DNA sequences?
15 Natural Selec&on Popula&on a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. Survival of the Fi:est images/stories/peppered%20moth.jpg
16 Ar&ficial Selec&on Defini&on Selec&ve breeding of domes&cated plants and animals to produce offspring with gene&c traits that humans value. Chickens that weigh too much Dogs with aggression Dogs with keen sense of smell and longing to retrieve Plants that are not suscep&ble to pes&cides
17 Pes&cides Natural Selec&on in Ac&on Pes&cides are poisons used to kill pests Insec&cides Roden&cides Etc A li:le poison will kill 99% of pests the first &me Second &me it s not as successful. Why?
18 Inherited Resistance 573px-Pesticide_resistance.svg.png
19 Affects of Pes&cides fs152-95/atmos1.gif Birth Defects Cancer Stronger Resistance Affects Na&ve Species
20 Gene Pools Consist of all the alleles (genes) in all the individuals that make up a popula&on. om/dogs/ group_pic.jpg
21 Changes in Gene Pools Muta&ons Sexual recombina&on Promotes survival and reproduc&ve success Some alleles become more common Ex. Peppered Moth Microevolu&on A genera&on- to- genera&on change (over a short &me)
22 Gene&c DriM A change in the gene pool of a popula&on due to chance. Occurs more dras&cally in smaller popula&ons Ex. Coin toss 10 x s vs 1,000 x s The Bo:leneck Effect Disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts and fires may dras&cally reduce the size of a popula&on, which reduces the size of its gene pool.
23 Bo:leneck Effect bottleneck_effect.jpg bulk/ zj505_red_g_front_0 1.jpg
24 Muta&ons Change in the DNA of an individual, which in turn can change a popula&on over great &me. Influenced by natural selec&on or gene&c drim. Darwinian fitness = the contribu&on that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next genera&on.
25 Interes&ng Muta&ons Sickle cell disease An&bio&cs and Bacterial Resistance Tuberculosis
26 Interes&ng Muta&ons cont d news2/researchers-discover-how-todetect-mutations-2.jpg uploads/2009/04/teenage-mutant-ninjaturtles.jpg
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