U-Pb Isotope Studies on Titanites and Zircons
|
|
- Nancy Henry
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER -4 U-Pb Isotope Studies on Titanites and Zircons from the Granitoids surrounding the Hutti Schist Belt of the Eastern Dharwar Craton
2 U-Pb ISOTOPE STUDIES ON TITANITES AND ZIRCONS FROM THE GRANITOIDS SURROUNDING THE RUTTI SCHIST BELT OF THE EASTERV DNARWAR CRATON 4.1 Introduction: Titanite (sphene) and zircon are accessory minerals commonly found in granitoid rocks and syenites. Titanite crystallizes in monoclinic system. It varies in colour from green, brown to black or colourless. It is a calcium titanium silicate (CaTiSiOj), in which one of 02- can be replaced by OH- or F ions. ca2+ is substituted by larger ions including REE, U, Th, Mn and Pb (Higgins and Ribbe, 1976), though U is preferred over Pb. This property renders titanite as an eligible candidate for U-Pb isotope geochronology (Pamsh, 1989). Zircon crystallizes in the tetragonal system and may vary in colour from colourless to reddish brown. It is a zirconium silicate with the composition ZrSiOa. The Zr site accommodates U, Th and Hf and largely excludes Pb making zircon an important geochronometer (Parrish, 1989; Mezger and Krogstad, 1997). Zircon has a higher closure temperature for U-Pb isotope system than titanite and hence considered to record the time of its crystallization in granitoid magmas. Titanite on the other hand can crystallize or re-equilibrate in a variety of conditions and hence records the time when it was last closed for U-Pb. The closure temperature for U-Pb isotope system in titanite is still debated though 600 C to 712OC is considered as the most appropriate range for closure temperature (Scott and St- Onge, 1995; Zhang and Scharer, 1996). Zhang and Schiirer (1996) and Pidgeon et al. (1996) have shown that the closure temperature increases with the grain size of titanites. Nevertheless, zircon seems to lose Pb more readily than titanite at low temperatures leading to discordance in the U-Pb ages (Mezger and Krogstad, 1997). This may be due to the high U content of zircon which resclts in metamictization leading to excessive Pb loss and certain other reasons such as volume diffusion (Watson and Harrison, 1983). By and large, zircon and titanite, though present in accessory amounts, chiefly control the distribution of U and Th in most granitoid rocks along with apatite and allanite. The granitoids surrounding the Hutti Schist Belt, in the eastern Dharwar craton are predominantly granodiorites having titanite and zircon as common accessory
3 minerals. Six granodiorite samples from different locations in the Hutti area were taken for the U-Pb isotope analysis on zircons and titanites separated from them. Tile sample locations are marked in Fig The sample descriptions are given in section ofchapter3. Feldspar mineral grains were also separated following conventional mineral separation techniques (described in Chapter 3, section 3.2) and used for estimation of common Pb isotopic composition. Microscopic handpicking, column chromatography for the separation of U and Pb and mass spectrometry were performed at the Zentrallabor fiir Geochronologie (ZLG), Institut f~ir Mineralogie, Universitat Miinster, 'Germany. The sample preparation, column chromatography and mass spectrometry procedures are described in the section 3.3 of Chapter 3. The principle of geochronology using U and Pb is based on the decay of U isotopes to stable isotopes of Pb. All the three naturally occumng isotopes of U ( 238~, and ~ 234~) are radioactive is ~ an intermediate daughter in the decay series of which ~ finally ends in stable '06pb. The end product of is ~ '07pb. The decay of 238 U and ' 3 5 ~ can be summarized as follows: 2:! u_j2::~b +8: ~e + 6,B- + Q, where Q = 47.4 MeVIatorn 2:i ~ 3~:: Pb +7: ~e + 4P- + Q, where Q = 45.2 MeVIatom The decay constants (Steiger and Jager, 1977) used are A*~~u= x lo-'' ;1235~ = x 10~'~ 4.2 Analytical Results: Care was taken to pick the clearest zircon grains (15-to 30 grains) free of visible cores under a binocular microscope. These mineral grains were abraded, spiked and digested in ~eflon' lined pressure vessel and taken for U-Pb separation. Titanite mineral separates (1 A fraction) were also handpicked (50 to 60 grains) carefully without any visible inclusions under a microscope. These grains were abraded, washed, weighed, spiked and digested in ~eflon@ lined pressure vessel and taken for U-Pb separation. The column cheniistry and mass spectrometry were performed as described in Section 3.3, Chapter 3. The U-Pb data obtained from zircon and titanite mineral separates from the granitoids surrounding the Hutti Schist Belt area are given in Table 4.1.
4 - Table 4.1 U-Pb data for zircon and mineral separates from different granitoids surrounding the Hutti Schist Belt. 1:ractionS Concentrations (ppm) Atomic Ratios sample u T" pb 206pb 206pb, Ages ma) I[-1 Golapalli Granodiorite Zircon Zircon , Zircon Titanite Titanite I[-7 Yelagatti Granodiorite Zircon Zircon Zircon Titanitel Titanite Western Granitoids Zircon I Zircon Zircon Titanite Titanite Titanite Watgal Granodiorite Zircon Zircon Zircon Titanite Titanite [I-9 Gajalagatta Granodiorite Zircon Zircon Zircon Titanite Titanite A-3 Kasan~doddi Granite Zircon
5 Chczpter 4 U-Pb Isotope Stztdies.. The U-Pb Concordia plots for zircon and titanite are given in figures 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5. Isoplot 2.49 version of Ludwig (2001) was used for generating the concordia plots (Wetherill, 1956). Initial-Pb correction was performed on the samples after determination of Pb isotopic composition on feldspar separates (Table 4.2). Zircons are more discordant than the titanites. Pb blanks were less than 30 pg and U blanks were less than 5 pg during the entire analysis. All age errors reported are estimated using Isoplot 2.49 version on the basis of analytical uncertainties. Table 4.2 Pb ratios for Feldspar separates from the Hutti granitoids Nortlzern Granitoids Golapalli Granodiorite Three fractions of zircons and two fractions of titanites were separated from the Golapalli Granodiorite (location H-1, Fig. 2.2). The zircons were 4 00 microns in size, pink and translucent. They have given 207~b/206~b ages of.2496, 2509 and 2486 Ma for the three different fractions, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. From the concordia plots (Fig. 4.la) the upper intercept age obtained is 2519 * 500 Ma. Because the zircons are highly discordant (ca. 50%) the above age could be considered as a minimum one and the actual age of crystallization of zircon is higher than Ma. Titanites were about 100 microns in size, honey brown in colour. The titanite 207~b/206~b ages for the Golapalli granodiorite are 2577 and 2573 Ma for the two different fractions. The titanite U-Pb concordia (upper intercept) age is 2574 * 8 Ma (Fig. 4.lb). One of the titanite samples (TI) is reversely discordant plotting above the concordia curve. This could happen due to U loss or Pb gain. However, the 206~b/204~b ratio for this sample is low (206~b/204~b = 47.25, Table 4.1) and therefore, these titanites must have had significant amount of common Pb. Due to uncertainties in knowing the precise isotope composition of the common Pb, the correction for it
6 Qlupter 4 U-Pb Isotope Stzddies... could have made this sample to plot reversely discordant. The initial-pb correction was performed using the Pb isotope compositions measured on K-feldspar separates from this sample (Table 4.2). Yelagatti Granitoid Three fractions of zircons and two fractions of titanites were separated from the Yelagatti Granitoid (H-7 in Fig. 2.2). The zircons were moderate in size, pink and translucent. They have given 207~b/206~b age of 25 10,2523 and 2514 Ma and an upper intercept discordia age of 2555 h 210 Ma (Fig. 4.2a). The zircons are -40% discordant and hence the age obtained could be considered as a minimum age of crystallization of the zircons. The titanites were > 100 microns in size, brown coloured and subhedral with broken edges. They have given 207~b/206~b age of 2532 and 2530 Ma for the different fractions. The titanite upper intercept age on the concordia curve is 2528 h 18 and the lower intercept age of * 800 Ma (Fig. 4.2b). As the lower intercept obtained is meaningless, the discordia was forced through zero and the upper intercept age thus obtained is A 3 Ma (Fig. 4.2~) Western Granitoids A sample of granodiorite was collected from the western part of the Hutti Schist Belt near Kardikal at location H-2 (Fig. 2.2). Three fractions each of zircons and titanites were separated for U-Pb analysis. The zircons are pink, moderate in size and translucent. They are discordant (35-45%) and give an upper intercept discordia age of 2559 zt 13 Ma (Fig. 4.3a). As they define a tightly fit collinear array (MSWD = 0.81) the above date could closely represent the crystallization age of the zircons and the actual age of crystallization of the zircons could be older. The titanites were brown and sub-angular. Two fractions were collected at 1A and one fraction was collected at O.8A on the isodynamic separator. They plot very close to the concordia (Fig. 4.3b) giving an age of 2574 * 43 Ma. Their 207~b/206~b ages of 2555, 2545 and 2557 Ma are indistinguishable from each other and they could be considered as the time of closure of these titanites to U-Pb isotope system.
7 Chapter I Lr-Pb Isotope Studies ,. 800~".,.,. Lower Intercept: 80 * 1700 Ma 7'.,. Upper Intercept: 2519 i: 500 Ma - 7',:-' P,: MSWD = 37.I....,, ,... " ,.... Fig. 4.1 U-Pb Concordia diagrams for Golapalli granodiorite. a) discordia line defined by three fractions of zircons. The points are ca % discordant due to partial Pb loss. The Pb loss is variable for these zircon fractions; b) discordia line defined by two fractions of titanites separated from this granodiorite. TI is reversely discordant due to inaccurate correction for common Pb.
8 /-, Chapter r n &!a 04 0 N 2400,/ -, ,,/22,,, , Lower Intercept Ma Upper lntercept Ma -%- -,-. MSWD = Fig. 4.2 U-Pb Concordia diagrams for Yelagatti granodiorite. a) discordia line defined by three fractions of zircons. The points arc ca % discordant due to partial Pb loss. The Pb loss is variabic for these zircon fractions; b) discordia line defined by two fractions of titanites separated from this sample. The titanite fractions are close to the concordia curve and hence the discordia thus defined intercepts the concordia curve on the lower side below zcro giving a negative lower intercept age; c) discordia line defined by two fractions of titanites separated from this granodiorite and forccd through zero. The upper intercept age thus obtained is Ma.
9 Chapter I I..' -c----, Upper Intercept 2559 * I3 Ma Fig. 4.3 U-Pb Concordia diagrams for Kardikal granodiorite. a) discordia line defined by three fractions of zircons which show 35-45% discordance. These points define a tightly fit collinear array and the upper intercept age could represent minimum age of crystallization age of the zircons; b) three fractions of titanites separated from this sample plot close to the concordia curve. The discordia line has a very high lower intercept. Hence, the discordia line is not shown.
10 U-Pb Isotope Stztdies Eastern Granitoids Watgal Granodiorite Zircons and titanites were separated from the granodiorite collected from location H-5 (Fig. 2.2). The clearest of the zircon grains (three fractions) were selected for U-Pb analysis. They were 60 to 80 microns in size, pale pink in colour and translucent. The following are the age data obtained from the three fractions. 207~b/206~b ages are 2483, 2462 and 2458 Ma for the different fractions. The zircons are discordant and give an upper intercept discordia age of 2474 * 180 Ma (Fig. 4.4a) which could be the minimum age of crystallization of zircons. The titanites were pale brown and moderately sized, discordant and give an upper intercept age of 2548 * 3 Ma (Fig. 4.4b). Because the lower intercept age is -78 =t 280, it is inferred that the Pb loss might have occurred recently due to weathering. The 207~b/20G~b ages for the two titanite fractions are 2549 and 2547 Ma. Gaialaaatta Granodiorite The sample H-9 from Gajalagatta (Fig. 2.2) immediately east of the Hutti Schist Belt gives a zircon upper intercept discordia age of 2522 i 210 Ma (Fig. 4.5a). The zircons were small in size, pink and translucent. They give 207~b/206~b ages of 2512, and 2507 Ma for the three different fractions which could be considered as minimum age of their crystallization. The titanites were sub-angular, moderate in size and honey brown in colour. The upper intercept titanite age on the concordia curve is 2539 i 14 Ma (Fig. 4.5b). The 207~b/206~b ages for the two fractions of titanites are 2544 and 2514 Ma. Kasamdoddi Granite One fraction of zircon was separated from the granite sample from ICasamdoddi. The zircons were pale pink, small in size and anhedral with broken edges. This fraction has given a 207~b/206~b age of 2173 Ma and is highly discordant (Table 4.1).
11 Chapter 4 LT-Pb Isotope Studies...,. / _.' / /", Lower Intercept: Ma -,/'..,,. MSWD /'..>2, = 38.';* '....,",."'.,...A,. Upper Intercept: 2474 * I80 Ma,, #, #, #,,,,,,, - Fig. 4.4 U-Pb Concordia diagrams for Watgal granodiorite. a) discordia line defined by three fractions of zircons. One of the points is ca. 90% discordant. The upper intercept age could represent the minimum age of crystallization of zircons; b) Concordia diagram for Watgai granodiorite showing a discordia line defined by two fractions of titanite. The points plot very close to the concordia and hence the discordia defines a negative lower intercept age.
12 Chapter I C7- Pb Isotope Studies..-, Lower Intercept: 405 r 200 Ma,; Upper Intercept: 2539 i 14 Ma Fig. 4.5 U-Pb Concordia diagrams for Gajalagatta granodiorite. a) discordia line defined by three fractions of zircons which show 25-30% discordance. Two of the fractions are very close to each other and hence the discordia defined has a higher uncertainty on the age; b) discordia line defined by two fractions of titanites separated from this sample. One of the titanite fractions is slightly reversely discordant due to common Pb correction.
13 Cfzczpter 4 U-Pb Isotope Studies Discussion: The granitoids occurring to the north of the Hutti Schist Belt are distinct from the rest of the granitoid rocks surrounding the schist belt. The Golapalli granitoid has yielded a titanite age of 2574 * 8 Ma which is distinct from the titanite ages of the other granitoids. This appears to be the oldest of the granitoids surrounding the Hutti Schist Belt based on titanite ages. The titanite age obtained for the Yelagatti granodiorite is 2531 * 3 Ma. From this it is inferred that these granodiorite plutons cooled to less than 650 C, the blocking temperature for U-Pb in titanites, at distinct dates with a minimum difference of 32 million years. The difference in the ages could be argued as due to different rates of cooling for these plutons. These plutons show noticeable similarities in mineralogy and texture (porphyritic nature with I<-feldspar megacrysts) and are exposed in an elliptical zone north of the Hutti Schist Belt. They were probably emplaced at relatively upper/shallower crustal levels. The rate of cooling hence must have been faster and could not have taken more than 10 Ma to cool to ca. 600 C from the temperature of crystallization (<900 C) of these plutons. Both these plutons, with similar texture, mineralogy, composition and size would be expected to have similar cooling rates. In view of this, the difference in titanite ages may indicate their emplacement and cooling to <6S0 C at different times. The similarity in the rock types can be attributed to a singular source and petrogenetic process that was responsible for the emplacement of these plutons. Thus the difference in titanite ages could be due to the emplacement of these plutons in different time periods. Prolonged granitoid magmatism lasting tens of million years have been observed along the active plate margins such as the North American Cordillera (Wemicke et nl., 1987; Liu, 2001) and the Peruvian Andes (Petford and Atherton, 1992). Occurrences of subduction related granitoid plutons that were emplaced over a period of 60 Ma (starting from ca. 100 to 40 Ma ago) have been reported from Transhimalayas in the Ladakh region (Scharer et nl. 1990). The titanite age of 2531 rt 3 Ma for the Yelagatti granitoids is not recorded in the granitoids from any other part of the Hutti area. This age for Yelagatti granitoid is indistinguishable from the zircon ages of 2532 =k 3 Ma and 2528 rt 1 Ma for the eastern Kambha Gneisses of the Kolar area and the western Gangam Complex of the Ramagiri area respectively (Krogstad et al., 1991 and Balakrishnan et nl., Also refer Tables 2.1 and 4.1).
14 Chapter 4 U-Pb Isotope Studies... The sample (H-2) from the granodiorites occurring towards west of the Hutti Schist Belt near Icardikal has given indistinguishable ages for titanite and zircon within the analytical uncertainty. The zircon discordia upper intercept age of 2559 * 13 Ma can be considered as the minimum age of crystallization of zircons from granitoid magma. The 207~b/206~b age for the titanite fractions are 2555 could represent the time when the pluton has cooled to < 650 C. Therefore, based on similar zircon and titanite ages it is suggested that the western granodiorite was emplaced Ma ago and cooled to < 650 C within a few million years. Furthermore, it did not undergo a thermal event that could disturb the U-Pb isotope system in titanites after their emplacement. Two samples of granodiorites were considered for the U-Pb analysis on titanites from the eastern granitoids of the Hutti area. One fraction of zircon from a granite sample from location H-3 near Kasarndoddi (Fig. 2.2) was also used for U-Pb analysis (no titanite separates from this sample). The samples from Watgal and Gajalagatta, locations H-5 and H-9 (Fig 2.2), are about 8 km apart. These eastern granitoid outcrops are characterized by their occurrence as linear ridges running approximately northwest-southeast. The Gajalagatta pluton (sample H-9) has intrusive contact relationship with the schist belt (Plate 3.2b), which indicates that the metavolcanics are older than this pluton. The titanite upper intercept ages for both Watgal and Gajalagatta samples (2539 i 14 Ma and 2548 * 3 Ma) are indistinguishable within their analytical uncertainties. The more precise titanite upper intercept age for sample H-9 (Gajalagatta pluton) of 2548 i 3 Ma can be considered as the time when titanite closed to the U-Pb isotope system at both the locations occumng to the east of the Hutti Schist Belt. The similarity in these ages suggests that a series of granodioritic plutons were emplaced and cooled to < 650 C ca Ma ago which occur to east of Hutti Schist Belt. Further this age also places constraints on the age of the rocks of the schist belt, which must be older than 2548 Ma. Precise U-Pb studies on titanites and zircons have been carried out on the granitoid rocks surrounding Kolar and Ramagiri schist belts of the eastern Dhanvar craton (Krogstad et al., 1989, Krogstad et al., 1991 and Balakrishnan et al., 1999). Krogstad et al. (1991) have reported zircon ages of 2631 =i 6.5 Ma, Ma and 2551 * 2.5 Ma and titanite age of 2552 =k 1 Ma for the granitoids occumng west (Dod, Dosa and Patna plutons) of the Kolar Schist Belt. The Chenna Gneisses
15 Chapter 4 U-Pb Isotope Studies... occuning east of the Ramagiri Schist Belt has given a zircon age of >2650 * 7 Ma and a titanite age of Ma (Balakrishnan et nl. 1999) representing intrusive and cooling ages respectively (Table 2.1). Balakrishnan et al. (1999) noticed the similarities between the Chenna Gneisses that are granodioritic and migmatized and the western granitoids of the Kolar area that are dioritic to granitic and are not migmatized. The zircon age of 2554 k 13 Ma obtained on the western granitoids fi-om Hutti area is the minimum age for crystallization of zircons. The same sample has yielded a titanite age of 2557 k 4 Ma. These ages are similar to the titanite ages for Dod and Dosa gneisses and Patna granite of the Kolar area and the titanite.age for Chenna gneiss of the Ramagiri area (Table 2.1). In the present study zircons older than 2600 hla are not found. Based on the titanite ages it is evident that the granitoids occuning to the east and west of the Hutti Schist Belt probably cooled to below 650 C at around the same time (ca Ma) as the western granitoids of the Kolar area and eastern granitoids of the Ramagiri area. In the case of Hutti, unlike Kolar and Rarnagiri, the eastern granitoids show intrusive relationship with the schist belt rocks. Extensive outcrops of migmatites observed in the Kolar and Ramagiri areas are not encountered in the Hutti area. There is a general increase in the grade of metamorphism from lower green schist facies to the upper amphibolite and granulite facies observed fi-om north to south in the Dhanvar craton (Pichamuthu, 1965; Raase et al., 1986). The signature of a thermal event that could have affected the rocks of the Kolar and Ramagiri areas between 500 and 800 Ma, as evidenced by discordia lower intercept ages (Krogstad et al., 1991; Balakrishnan et al., 1999), is absent in the Hutti granitoids. This Pb-loss during Pan- African tectono-thermal event reported in the granitoids of the Kolar and Rarnagiri areas may be attributed to their proximity to the Southern Granulite Terrain which has numerous ca. 550 Ma old granite intrusions (Hansen et al., 1985, Barlett et al., 1995, Jayananda et al., 1995, Jayananda and Peucat, 1996). All the zircon and titanite ages obtained for the granitoid rocks of the Hutti area are less than 2600 Ma old. These rocks are younger than the significant phases of granitoid gneisses of the western Dhanvar craton, whose ages are in the range of ca Ma (Beckinsale et al., 1980; Taylor et al., 1984; Bhaskar Rao et al., 1991; Naha et nl., 1993; Peucat et al., 1993; Chadwick et al., 1997). The Hutti granitoids are
16 Chapter 4 U-Pb isotope Studies... however older than the Ma age reported for the Closepet Granitoids (Friend and Nutman, 1991). Based on this geochronological study it is evident that different phases of granitoid maamatism have taken place during the late Archean around the Hutti area. The northern granitoids represent the oldest and the youngest of the granitoids in the Hutti area on the basis of their titanite ages. The western granitoids could be relatively older than the eastern granitoids, though their' ages are indistinguishable within the analytical uncertainties. Thus between Ma ago substantial addition to the continental crust had taken place in the Hutti area.
CHAPTER -3. Methodology
CHAPTER -3 Methodology METHODOLOGY Methodology includes field study and sampling, petrography, separation of mineral fractions for IJ-Pb isotope studies and trace element studies, processing of rock samples
More informationCLOSURE TEMPERATURES OF ACCESSORY MINERALS
DR2005002 Flowers et al. CLOSURE TEMPERATURES OF ACCESSORY MINERALS The range of Pb diffusivity in accessory minerals provides the opportunity to reconstruct detailed thermal histories using the U-Pb isotopic
More information2 Britain s oldest rocks: remnants of
Britain s oldest rocks: remnants of Archaean crust 15 2 Britain s oldest rocks: remnants of Archaean crust 2.1 Introduction Owing to the complex nature of extremely old deformed rocks, the standard methods
More informationArchean Terranes. Archean Rocks. Southeastern Africa. West Greenland. Kaapvaal Craton. Ancient Gneiss Complex
Archean Terranes Archean Rocks Chapter 15A >2.5 Gy old Younger supracrustal sequences Greenstone belts Calc-alkaline metavolcanic rocks Older gneiss complexes Quartzo-feldspathic rocks Tonalites and migmatites
More informationHadean diamonds in zircon from Jack Hills, Western Australia
Hadean diamonds in zircon from Jack Hills, Western Australia Martina Menneken 1, Alexander A. Nemchin 2, Thorsten Geisler 1, Robert T. Pidgeon 2 & Simon A. Wilde 2 1 Institut fur Mineralogie, WestfalischeWilhelms-Universitat,
More information"When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka
Metamorphosis "When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka Metamorphism The transformation of rock by temperature
More informationN = N 0 e -λt D* = N 0 -N D* = N 0 (1-e -λt ) or N(e λt -1) where N is number of parent atoms at time t, N 0
N = N 0 e -λt D* = N 0 -N D* = N 0 (1-e -λt ) or N(e λt -1) where N is number of parent atoms at time t, N 0 is initial number of parents, D* is number of radiogenic daughter atoms, and λ is the decay
More informationAnswers. Rocks. Year 8 Science Chapter 8
Answers Rocks Year 8 Science Chapter 8 p171 1 Rocks are made up of minerals such as quartz, feldspars, micas, and calcite. Different rocks are made up of different combinations of minerals. 2 Igneous,
More informationChapter 3 Time and Geology
Chapter 3 Time and Geology Methods of Dating Rocks 1. Relative dating - Using fundamental principles of geology (Steno's Laws, Fossil Succession, etc.) to determine the relative ages of rocks (which rocks
More informationFigure 2. Location map of Himalayan Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau (from Searle et al., 1997).
Nazca Plate Figure 1. Location map of Central Andes arc. This map also shows the extent of the high Altiplano-Puna plateau (from Allmendinger et al., 1997). 33 Figure 2. Location map of Himalayan Mountains
More informationLAB 5: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS
EESC 2100: Mineralogy LAB 5: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS Part 1: Minerals in Granitic Rocks Learning Objectives: Students will be able to identify the most common minerals in granitoids Students will
More informationGY 112 Lecture Notes Archean Geology
GY 112 Lecture Notes D. Haywick (2006) 1 GY 112 Lecture Notes Archean Geology Lecture Goals: A) Time frame (the Archean and earlier) B) Rocks and tectonic elements (shield/platform/craton) C) Tectonics
More informationENVI.2030L Geologic Time
Name ENVI.2030L Geologic Time I. Introduction There are two types of geologic time, relative and absolute. In the case of relative time geologic events are arranged in their order of occurrence. No attempt
More informationIsotope Geochem Notes (U,Th-Pb; Sm-Nd; Re-Os; Lu-Hf)
Isotope Geochem Notes (U,Th-Pb; Sm-Nd; Re-Os; Lu-Hf) Reading for this topic: White, Nos. 7,8,9,11. Guide questions: What are the special features of the U,Th - Pb system that make it uniquely useful for
More information6 Exhumation of the Grampian
73 6 Exhumation of the Grampian mountains 6.1 Introduction Section 5 discussed the collision of an island arc with the margin of Laurentia, which led to the formation of a major mountain belt, the Grampian
More informationB Maibam 1,3,, J N Goswami 1 and R Srinivasan 2
Pb Pb zircon ages of Archaean metasediments and gneisses from the Dharwar craton, southern India: Implications for the antiquity of the eastern Dharwar craton B Maibam 1,3,, J N Goswami 1 and R Srinivasan
More informationEvolution of the Slave Province and Abitibi Subprovince Based on U-Pb Dating and Hf Isotopic Composition of Zircon
Evolution of the Slave Province and Abitibi Subprovince Based on U-Pb Dating and Hf Isotopic Composition of Zircon John W.F. Ketchum 1, Wouter Bleeker 2, William L. Griffin 1, Suzanne Y. O Reilly 1, Norman
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:10.1038/nature11021 Sample Description Tuff beds and granular iron formation Tuff beds were identified in the basal Frere Formation in diamond drill-core from drill hole TDH26
More informationEvolution of the Earth
Evolution of the Earth http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/f/fe/geologic_clock.jpg Evolution of the Earth Solar system, 4.6 byr Collapse of a nebula Star forms as gravity concentrates material at center
More informationLisa Gaston NMT. Photo courtesy of Mike Williams. Matt Heizler
Lisa Gaston NMT Photo courtesy of Mike Williams Matt Heizler Precambrian Geology Field Area 40 Ar/ 39 Ar results Do the pegmatites record intrusion ages? Conclusions Future work Precambrian provinces of
More informationIMSG Post-conference Field Guide
IMSG 2017 - Post-conference Field Guide Jérémie Lehmann, Marlina Elburg and Trishya Owen-Smith The purpose of this short field excursion on Wednesday 18 January is to show a variety of rocks that make
More informationUniaxial Minerals Descriptions
Uniaxial Minerals Descriptions Look at 6 uniaxial minerals Quartz Nepheline Calcite Apatite Tourmaline Zircon Examine composition, relief, colour, form, cleavage, twinning, birefringence, occurrence Quartz
More informationU-Pb ages and Nd isotope characteristics of the lateorogenic, migmatizing microcline granites in southwestern Finland
Bulletin Bulletin of the of the Geological Society Society of Finland, of Finland, Vol. Vol. 77, 77, 2005, 2005, pp. pp. 105 128 00 00 U-Pb ages and Nd isotope characteristics of the lateorogenic, migmatizing
More informationCHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS In this Chapter, salient observations made in understanding the various tectonothermal events, including U-Pb in-situ monazite geochronology of Sargur schists and granulites exposed
More informationFluorine and Chlorine in Alkaline Rocks and A-type Granites
Fluorine and Chlorine in Alkaline Rocks and A-type Granites Using the fluorine and chlorine content of Amphibole, Apatite and Biotite to monitor magma halogen content Chilwa Province, Malawi, and Carboniferous
More informationb. atomic mass H What is the density of an object with a volume of 15cm 3 and a mass of 45g?
Name Period Date Earth Science Midterm Review 2015-2016 Quarter 1 Review Assign #1 Basic Chemistry An atom is a basic chemical building block of matter. An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
More informationChapter 8 10/19/2012. Introduction. Metamorphism. and Metamorphic Rocks. Introduction. Introduction. The Agents of Metamorphism
Chapter 8 Metamorphism Introduction Metamorphism - The transformation of rocks, usually beneath Earth's surface, as the result of heat, pressure, and/or fluid activity, produces metamorphic rocks During
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS Precambrian Research xxx (2012) xxx xxx
Precambrian Research xxx (2012) xxx xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Precambrian Research journa l h omepa g e: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres Subduction related tectonic evolution
More informationGEOLOGIC TIME. Smith and Pun, Chapter 7 DETERMINING THE ORDER OF EVENTS
GEOLOGIC TIME Smith and Pun, Chapter 7 DETERMINING THE ORDER OF EVENTS Examination of ancient rocks reveals the history of our planet. Sedimentary and volcanic rocks record processes that occur on the
More informationIntroduction. Introduction. Introduction 10/15/2014. The Agents of Metamorphism. Metamorphism. and Metamorphic Rocks
Introduction Metamorphism The transformation of rocks, usually beneath Earth's surface, as the result of heat, pressure, and/or fluid activity, produces metamorphic rocks Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
More informationTo get you thinking What natural process is responsible for the appearance of these rocks? Rocks and the Rock Cycle
To get you thinking What natural process is responsible for the appearance of these rocks? Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bell Ringer Name the 3 types of rock. Is one type of rock able to change into a different
More informationPETROGENESIS OF A GRANITE XENOLITH IN THE 1.1 GA MIDCONTINENT RIFT AT SILVER BAY, MN
PETROGEESIS OF A GRAITE XEOLITH I THE 1.1 GA MIDCOTIET RIFT AT SILVER BAY, M ATALIE JUDA Macalester College Sponsor: Karl Wirth ITRODUCTIO Much of the study of the orth American 1.1 Ga Keweenawan Midcontinent
More informationPlate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth
Plate Tectonics Structure of the Earth The Earth can be considered as being made up of a series of concentric spheres, each made up of materials that differ in terms of composition and mechanical properties.
More information6. Relative and Absolute Dating
6. Relative and Absolute Dating Adapted by Sean W. Lacey & Joyce M. McBeth (2018) University of Saskatchewan from Deline B, Harris R, & Tefend K. (2015) "Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology". First
More informationGSA DATA REPOSITORY Topuz et al. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE
GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2013062 Topuz et al. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE 40 Ar/ 39 Ar Dating Samples were selected, prepared and analysed following procedures described in Rolland et al. (2008). Pure white mica and
More informationSCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION THE RADIOMETRIC AGE OF THE REPOSAARI GRANITE AND ITS BEARING ON THE EXTENT OF THE LAITILA RAPAKIVI BATHOLITH IN WESTERN FINLAND MATTI VAASJOKI, PEKKA PIHLAJA and MATTI SAKKO Bull.
More informationU-Pb zircon geochronology, Hf isotope, latest Neoarchean, magmatic event, Douling Complex, Yangtze craton
Article Geochemistry October 2013 Vol.58 No.28-29: 3564 3579 doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-5904-1 A ~2.5 Ga magmatic event at the northern margin of the Yangtze craton: Evidence from U-Pb dating and Hf isotope
More informationEarth Science 11: Earth Materials: Rock Cycle
Name: Date: Earth Science 11: Earth Materials: Rock Cycle Chapter 2, pages 44 to 46 2.1: Rock Cycle What is a Rock? A solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet
More information9. RELATIVE AND RADIOMETRIC AGES
LAST NAME (IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: Instructions: 9. RELATIVE AND RADIOMETRIC AGES Your work will be graded on the basis of its accuracy, completion, clarity, neatness, legibility, and correct spelling of
More informationEarth Science - Lab #11 Geologic Time
Earth Science - Lab #11 Geologic Time Page # Below are standard geologic symbols for the 3 main categories of rocks. Although these symbols are not universal, they are generally accepted by most geologists
More informationDifferentiation 2: mantle, crust OUTLINE
Differentiation 2: mantle, crust OUTLINE Reading this week: Should have been White Ch 10 and 11!! 7- Nov Differentiation of the Earth, Core formation W 10.6.6, 11.4 9- Nov Moon, crust, mantle, atmosphere
More informationLin Chen Robert A Creaser Daniel J Kontak Oct 29th, 2014
FURTHER Re-Os ARSENOPYRITE GEOCHRONOLOGY FROM SELECTED MEGUMA AU DEPOSITS, MEGUMA TERRANE, NOVA SCOTIA: POSSIBLE EVIDENCE FOR A PROTRACTED GOLD-FORMING SYSTEM Lin Chen Robert A Creaser Daniel J Kontak
More informationTopics Laramide Orogeny: Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Reading: GSA DNAG volume 3, Ch. 6
Topics Laramide Orogeny: Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Reading: GSA DNAG volume 3, Ch. 6 Late Cretaceous to early Eocene New patterns developed 5 main regions Tectonic interpretations Post-Laramide events
More informationU-PB AGE OF THE GABBRO AND OTHER PLUTONS AT LYNN LAKE (PART OF NTS 64C)
GS-18 U-PB AGE OF THE GABBRO AND OTHER PLUTONS AT LYNN LAKE (PART OF NTS 64C) by A. Turek 1, J. Woodhead 2 and H.V. Zwanzig Turek, A., Woodhead, J. and Zwanzig H.V. 2000: U-Pb age of the gabbro and other
More informationEarth Science 11: Minerals
lname: Date: Earth Science 11: Minerals Purpose: Text Pages: I can identify and classify minerals using their physical and chemical properties 90-111 *This is recommended reading! Matter and Atoms (5.1)
More information5. Compare the density of the oceanic crust to continental crust. 6. What kind of plate boundary is this? convergent
The youngest rock is in the middle (at ridge) and it gets older on either side as you move away in a symmetrical pattern. 1. How does the age of the seafloor compare on either side of the ridge? A = youngest
More informationTerm 1 final review ES
Name: Date: 1. t what approximate altitude in the atmosphere can stratospheric ozone be found?. 10 km. 30 km. 70 km D. 100 km 2. What percentage of Earth s history represents human existence?. less than
More informationGeol. 655 Isotope Geochemistry
GEOCHRONOLOGY I We have now discussed many of the basic aspects of radiogenic isotope geochemistry and we can now consider how it is applied to solving questions about the Earth. We will begin by discussing
More informationCarbonatites to Alkali Granites Petrogenetic Insights from the Chilwa and Monteregian Hills-White Mountain Igneous Provinces
Carbonatites to Alkali Granites Petrogenetic Insights from the Chilwa and Monteregian Hills-White Mountain Igneous Provinces G. Nelson Eby Department of Environmental, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences University
More informationNew insights on the THO-Superior boundary: Tectonic and metallogenic implications
New insights on the THO-Superior boundary: Tectonic and metallogenic implications John Percival, GSC Nicole Rayner, GSC Herman Zwanzig, MGS Linda Murphy, MGS Joe Whalen, GSC Martha Growdon, Indiana U.
More informationGSA Data Repository Denyszyn, et al., 2018, A bigger tent for CAMP: Geology,
GSA Data Repository 2018306 Denyszyn, et al., 2018, A bigger tent for CAMP: Geology, https://doi.org/10.1130/g45050.1 SPPLEMENTARY FILE: Methods and Data Geochemistry Methods Bulk-rock compositions of
More informationChapter 1. The Science of Historical Geology
Chapter 1 The Science of Historical Geology Geology Geology is the study of the Earth. Two major branches of geology: Physical Geology - deals with Earth materials and processes Historical Geology - deals
More informationIntroduction. Introduction. Chapter 7. Important Points: Metamorphism is driven by Earth s s internal heat
Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Introduction Metamorphism - The transformation of rocks, usually beneath Earth's surface, as the result of heat, pressure, and/or fluid activity, produces metamorphic
More informationU-Pb MINERAL AGE DETERMINATIONS FROM ARCHEAN ROCKS IN EASTERN LAPLAND
Radiometric age determinations from Finnish Lapland and their bearing on the timing of Precambrian volcano-sedimentary sequences Edited by Matti Vaasjoki Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 33,
More informationZircon A Robust Insight to the Process of Crustal Evolution
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) e-issn: 2321 0990, p-issn: 2321 0982.Volume 5, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. - Feb. 2017), PP 52-56 www.iosrjournals.org Zircon A Robust Insight to the
More informationTOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW DO WE DETERMINE A ROCK S AGE BY THE SURROUNDING ROCKS?
TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW DO WE DETERMINE A ROCK S AGE BY THE SURROUNDING ROCKS? TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING UNIFORMITARIANISM: THE IDEA THAT THE SAME FORCES HAVE BEEN AND CONTINUE
More informationFigure GS-25-1: General geology and domain subdivisions in northwestern Superior Province. 155
GS-25 ASSEAN LAKE ANCIENT CRUST: AN UPDATE by M.T. Corkery, Ch.O. Böhm 1 and L.M Heaman 1 Corkery, M.T., Böhm, Ch.O. and Heaman, L.M. 2000: Assean Lake ancient crust: an update; in Report of Activities
More informationChapter 3 Time and Geology
Chapter 3 Time and Geology Finding the age of rocks: Relative versus Actual Dating The science that deals with determining the ages of rocks is called geochronology. Methods of Dating Rocks 1. Relative
More informationMetamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism: occurs when rocks are subjected to heat, pressure, and/or other environmental conditions - The rock remains a solid during this time period - Why Should You
More informationDiffusion in minerals and melts
Diffusion in minerals and melts There are three types of diffusion in a rock Surface diffusion essentially over a 2 dimensional area Grain-boundary diffusion along grain boundaries, slower than surface
More informationEssentials of Geology, 11e
Essentials of Geology, 11e Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity Chapter 3 Instructor Jennifer Barson Spokane Falls Community College Geology 101 Stanley Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Characteristics
More informationReview of isotope data for Precambrian rocks from the Disko Bugt region, West Greenland
Review of isotope data for Precambrian rocks from the Disko Bugt region, West Greenland Feiko Kalsbeek and Paul N. Taylor Pb-Pb and Rb-Sr isotope data yield whole-rock isochron ages of c. 2800 Ma for two
More informationMetamorphic Petrology GLY 262 P-T-t paths
Metamorphic Petrology GLY 262 P-T-t paths Pressure-Temperature-Time (P-T-t) Paths The complete set of T-P conditions that a rock may experience during a metamorphic cycle from burial to metamorphism (and
More informationSingle zircon U/Pb analyses were performed at the Berkeley Geochronology Center. After using
DR2010104 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 APPENDIX: ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES Single zircon U/Pb analyses were performed at the Berkeley Geochronology Center. After using standard
More informationChapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks
Chapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks Rock Definition A naturally occurring consolidated mixture of one or more minerals e.g, marble, granite, sandstone, limestone Rock Definition Must naturally occur in nature,
More informationThe Rock Cycle & Plate Tectonics
The Rock Cycle & Plate Tectonics I. The Rock Cycle 1. Rocks are the most common material on Earth. 2. They are made up of one or more minerals. A. The rock cycle explains how Earth processes change a rock
More informationBlock: Igneous Rocks. From this list, select the terms which answer the following questions.
Geology 12 Name: Mix and Match: Igneous Rocks Refer to the following list. Block: porphyritic volatiles mafic glassy magma mixing concordant discontinuous reaction series igneous vesicular partial melting
More informationAMHERST COLLEGE Department of Geology GEOLOGY 41 - Environmental and Solid Earth Geophysics Lab 2: Geochronology Solution
AMHERST COLLEGE Department of Geology GEOLOGY 41 - Environmental and Solid Earth Geophysics Lab 2: Geochronology Solution U/Pb data aliquot # U (ppm) Pb (ppm) 206 Pb/ 204 Pb 207 Pb/ 204 Pb 208 Pb/ 204
More information3. Radiometry. The Australian Continent: A Geophysical Synthesis Radiometry
16 3. Radiometry A major effort has been made to assemble a continent-scale study combining the results of many different airborne radiometric surveys (Figure 3.1). The radiometric surveys measure the
More informationU Pb systematics of the McClure Mountain syenite: thermochronological constraints on the age of the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar standard MMhb
Contrib Mineral Petrol (2006) DOI 10.1007/s00410-006-0077-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Blair Schoene Æ Samuel A. Bowring U Pb systematics of the McClure Mountain syenite: thermochronological constraints on the age
More informationAPPENDIX - I. Appendices E 76'39'15"
APPENDICES APPENDIX - I Table showing the name, type and location for different samples collected fiom Hutti, Kolar and Ramagiri areas. The samples HMBl to HMB13, HAVI, HAV2 and H-I, H-2, H-3, H-5, EI-7
More informationDiscrimination between Archean A-type granitoids and sanukitoid suites using tectonic setting, geochemistry, and fertility type
Discrimination between Archean A-type granitoids and sanukitoid suites using tectonic setting, geochemistry, and fertility type ZOZULYA DMITRY 1, EBY NELSON 2 1 - Geological Institute Kola Science Centre
More informationLab: Metamorphism: minerals, rocks and plate tectonics!
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More informationLATE ARCHAEAN FELSIC ALKALINE MAGMATISM: GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND TECTONIC SETTING
LATE ARCHAEAN FELSIC ALKALINE MAGMATISM: GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND TECTONIC SETTING ZOZULYA DMITRY 1, EBY NELSON 2 1 - Geological Institute Kola Science Centre RAS, Apatity, Russia 2 - Department of Environmental,
More informationPelican Narrows Project - Update
Pelican Narrows Project - Update R. Maxeiner and N. Rayner Objective of Pelican Narrows project Overview of previously completed geochronology and regional geology Quick review of geology of the Kakinagimak
More informationZircons were separated using standard techniques of mineral separation, including a Wilfley
GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2011129 Dhuime et al. Analytical methods Zircons were separated using standard techniques of mineral separation, including a Wilfley table, a Frantz isodynamic separator and heavy liquid.
More information9/4/2015. Feldspars White, pink, variable Clays White perfect Quartz Colourless, white, red, None
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Chapter 3.0: Weathering & soils Chapter 4.0: Geological
More informationIgneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100
Igneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100 Ray Rector - Instructor Major Concepts 1) Igneous rocks form directly from the crystallization of a magma or lava 2)
More informationIgneous Rocks. Definition of Igneous Rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling and crystallization of molten rock- magma
Igneous Rocks Definition of Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form from cooling and crystallization of molten rock- magma Magma molten rock within the Earth Lava molten rock on the Earth s s surface Igneous
More informationIgneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 4: IGNEOUS ROCKS Solids from Melts 2011
More informationTABLE DR2. Lu-Hf ISOTOPIC DATA FOR WHOLE ROCK SAMPLES AND ZIRCONS [Lu] [Hf]
TABLE DR1. LOWER CRUSTAL GRANULITE XENOLITH DERIVATION AND MINERALOGY Sample Kimberlite Type Mineralogy KX1-1 Lace s gt + qz + sa + rt (sil, ky, gr, su, cor, zr, mz) KX1-2 Lace s gt + sa + qz + rt (sil,
More informationClassification and Origin of Granites. A Multi-faceted Question
Classification and Origin of Granites A Multi-faceted Question What is a granite? IUGS classification Based on Modal Mineralogy Plutonic rock with less than 90% mafic minerals Alkali Granite Granite Quartz
More informationPetrography and Magnetic Investigation of Western Part of Zafarghand Granitoidic Pluton, Ardestan, Isfahan.
Petrography and Magnetic Investigation of Western Part of Zafarghand Granitoidic Pluton, Ardestan, Isfahan. Corresponding authors: Negar Gavanji*, Dr.Mahmood sadeghian. Postal address: Iran, Shahrood,
More informationLab 6: Metamorphic Rocks
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More information9. DATING OF ROCKS, FOSSILS, AND GEOLOGIC EVENTS
LAST NAME (IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: Instructions: 9. DATING OF ROCKS, FOSSILS, AND GEOLOGIC EVENTS Refer to Laboratory 8 in your Lab Manual on pages 207-226 to answer the questions in this work sheet. Your
More information1. are most likely to study the images sent back from Mars. A. Astronomers B. Geologists C. Doctors D. Engineers
1. are most likely to study the images sent back from Mars. A. Astronomers B. Geologists C. Doctors D. Engineers 2. When did the Earth form? A. About 540 million years ago B. About 2.5 billion years ago
More informationMinerals Give Clues To Their Environment Of Formation. Also. Rocks: Mixtures of Minerals
Minerals Give Clues To Their Environment Of Formation!!Can be a unique set of conditions to form a particular mineral or rock!!temperature and pressure determine conditions to form diamond or graphite
More informationCHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The Aravalli Mountain Range (AMR) is the main edifice of NW Indian shield. It is about 800 km long and 200 km wide with NE-SW strike. The rocks of AMR are hosted in an
More informationAge and tectonic evolution of Neoproterozoic ductile shear zones in the Southern Granulite Terrain of India, with implications for Gondwana studies
TECTONICS, VOL. 23,, doi:10.1029/2002tc001444, 2004 Age and tectonic evolution of Neoproterozoic ductile shear zones in the Southern Granulite Terrain of India, with implications for Gondwana studies Joy
More informationRocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
1 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Presentation modified from: Instructor Resource Center on CD-ROM, Foundations of Earth Science,, 4 th Edition, Lutgens/Tarbuck, Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks Today 2 Rock
More informationGCE AS/A level 1211/01 GEOLOGY GL1 Foundation Unit
Surname Centre Number Candidate Number Other Names 2 GCE AS/A level 1211/01 GEOLOGY GL1 Foundation Unit S15-1211-01 A.M. MONDAY, 11 May 2015 1 hour For s use Question Maximum Mark 1. 15 2. 14 Mark Awarded
More informationCEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe
CEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification Thomas Doe Igneous Origins Intrusive Batholithic or plutonic: phaneritic Dikes or sills that chill rapidly: aphanitic Extrusive deposition as melt (lava) pyroclastic
More informationamphibole PART 3 Pyroxene: augite CHAIN SILICATES
amphibole PART 3 Pyroxene: augite CHAIN SILICATES CHAIN SILICATES = INOSILICATES inos = chains Basic structural group: Si 2 O 6 (each tetrahedra shared two corners) Simple or double chains linked by cations
More information23/9/2013 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. Chapter 2: Rock classification:
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 2: Rock classification: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
More informationUSU 1360 TECTONICS / PROCESSES
USU 1360 TECTONICS / PROCESSES Observe the world map and each enlargement Pacific Northwest Tibet South America Japan 03.00.a1 South Atlantic Arabian Peninsula Observe features near the Pacific Northwest
More informationSCIENTIA GEOLOGIA SINICA, 33(4): (1998) 1
SCIENTIA GEOLOGIA SINICA, 33(4): 455-462 (1998) 1 A Raman spectroscopic study of zircons on micro-scale and Its significance in explaining the origin of zircons Xuezhao Bao a1, Huiming Li b, Songnian Lu
More informationLecture 3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Dr. Shwan Omar
Rocks A naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals (e.g., granite), or a body of non-crystalline material (e.g., obsidian glass), or of solid organic material (e.g., coal). Rock Cycle A sequence
More information2812 *address correspondence to: File DR1: Detailed description of U-Pb and Hf-isotope results from each sample
Sauer, K.B., Gordon, S.M., Miller, R.B., Vervoort, J.D., and Fisher, C.M., 2018, Provenance and metamorphism of the Swakane Gneiss: Implications for incorporation of sediment into the deep levels of the
More informationREE Geochemistry of ore zones in the Archean auriferous schist belts of the eastern Dharwar Craton, south India
REE Geochemistry of ore zones in the Archean auriferous schist belts of the eastern Dharwar Craton, south India T S Giritharan and V Rajamani School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
More informationLAYERING IN RAPAKIVI GRANITE, SW FINLAND
LAYERING IN RAPAKIVI GRANITE, SW FINLAND CARL EHLERS EHLERS, CARL 1974: Layering in rapakivi granite, SW Finland. Bull. Geol. Finland 46, 145149. Soc. Layering in rapakivi granite occurs locally in the
More information