TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW DO WE DETERMINE A ROCK S AGE BY THE SURROUNDING ROCKS?
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2 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW DO WE DETERMINE A ROCK S AGE BY THE SURROUNDING ROCKS?
3 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING UNIFORMITARIANISM: THE IDEA THAT THE SAME FORCES HAVE BEEN AND CONTINUE TO BE WORKING ON AND CHANGING EARTH THE PRESENT IS THE KEY TO THE PAST
4 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING RELATIVE DATING: METHOD OF DETERMINING A ROCK S OR EVENT S AGE COMPARED TO OTHER ROCKS OR EVENTS PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION: THE BASIS FOR RELATIVE DATING STATES THAT THE BOTTOM ROCK LAYER IS OLDEST AND EACH LAYER ABOVE IT GETS PROGRESSIVELY YOUNGER
5 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY: SEDIMENTARY AND IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE DEPOSITED IN HORIZONTAL, PARALLEL LAYERS TO EARTH S SURFACE
6 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING BUT AS HAPPENS IN NATURE, THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS TO SUPERPOSITION/ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY INTRUSIONS: WHEN MOLTEN ROCK SQUEEZES INTO PRE-EXISTING ROCK LAYERS (MAGMA) YOUNGER THAN THE ROCKS THEY CUT ACROSS
7 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING CONTACT METAMORPHISM: TEMPERATURE-INDUCED CHANGE OF PRE- EXISTING ROCKS ALONG AN INTRUSION
8 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING BUT AS HAPPENS IN NATURE, THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS TO SUPERPOSITION/ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY FAULTS: CRACKS IN ROCKS WHERE MOVEMENT HAS HAPPENED YOUNGER THAN THE ROCKS THEY CUT ACROSS
9 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING BUT AS HAPPENS IN NATURE, THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS TO SUPERPOSITION/ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY FOLDS: WHEN PLATE TECTONICS CAUSES ROCK LAYERS TO BE PUSHED UP, THEN CAUSING PRE-EXISTING ROCK LAYERS TO OVERTURN
10 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING USING THE DIAGRAM ON THE BOTTOM OF PG. 2 IN YOUR NOTES, WRITE THE ROCK LAYERS IN ORDER FROM OLDEST TO YOUNGEST
11 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING USING THE DIAGRAM ON THE BOTTOM OF PG. 2 IN YOUR NOTES, WRITE THE ROCK LAYERS IN ORDER FROM OLDEST TO YOUNGEST OLDEST E G L C M D J A N K B F YOUNGEST
12 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING CORRELATION: THE PROCESS OF SHOWING THAT ROCKS OR GEOLOGIC EVENTS FROM DIFFERENT PLACES HAVE THE SAME OR SIMILAR AGES THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD WHEN USING RELATIVE DATING
13 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING WHAT TO LOOK FOR WHEN CORRELATING ROCKS: SIMILARITIES IN ROCK TYPES THE ORDER OF THE ROCKS (ROCK SEQUENCE) MINERAL COMPOSITIONS COLOR FOSSILS
14 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING FOSSILS: THE REMAINS OF ONCE-LIVING THINGS EXAMPLES: BONES, SHELLS, FOOTPRINTS, & ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (DNA) INDEX FOSSIL: FOSSIL USED TO DEFINE AND IDENTIFY GEOLOGIC PERIODS BEST METHOD FOR CORRELATING ROCKS TO BE CONSIDERED A GOOD INDEX FOSSIL, IT NEEDS TO MEET 2 CRITERIA: 1. LARGE HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION: ORGANISM EXISTED OVER A LARGE GEOGRAPHIC AREA 2. SMALL VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION: ORGANISM EXISTED OVER A SHORT TIME
15 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING
16 TOPIC 1: RELATIVE DATING GEOLOGIC TIME MARKERS: DEPOSITS SPREAD OVER LARGE AREAS THAT OCCURRED ON A SPECIFIC KNOWN DATE EXAMPLES: VOLCANIC ASH DEPOSITS, METEORITE IMPACTS
17 QUESTIONS?
18 TOPIC 2: ABSOLUTE DATING ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW DO WE USE RADIOACTIVE DECAY IN DATING THE ABSOLUTE AGE OF A ROCK, FOSSIL, OR EVENT?
19 TOPIC 2: ABSOLUTE DATING ABSOLUTE DATING: USING RADIOACTIVE DECAY TO DETERMINE THE EXACT AGE OF A ROCK, FOSSIL, OR GEOLOGIC EVENT RADIOACTIVE DECAY: THE DISINTEGRATION OF AN UNSTABLE ELEMENT (ISOTOPE) OVER TIME ISOTOPES: ELEMENTS THAT HAVE THE SAME ATOMIC NUMBER BUT DIFFERENT ATOMIC MASSES EXAMPLE: STABLE CARBON HAS A MASS OF 12 UNITS (CARBON-12) WHILE ISOTOPIC CARBON HAS A MASS OF 14 UNITS (CARBON-14)
20 TOPIC 2: ABSOLUTE DATING HALF-LIFE: THE TIME REQUIRED FOR HALF OF A RADIOACTIVE PRODUCT TO DECAY AND BECOME A STABLE PRODUCT IN A GIVEN SAMPLE OF A RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE, HALF OF THE ATOMS WILL DECAY TO A STABLE PRODUCT BUT THE REMAINING HALF IS STILL RADIOACTIVE EACH ELEMENT HAS ITS OWN HALF-LIFE THAT RANGE FROM SECONDS TO BILLIONS OF YEARS
21 TOPIC 2: ABSOLUTE DATING THE HALF-LIFE OF AN ISOTOPE IS NOT EFFECTED BY ANY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, OR CHEMICAL REACTIONS FOR EXAMPLE: URANIUM-238: ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ISOTOPES WHEN DATING ROCKS OR EVENTS MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO MASS: 238 UNITS DECAY: URANIUM-238 LEAD-206 HALF-LIFE: 4,500,000,000 YEARS
22 TOPIC 2: ABSOLUTE DATING CARBON-14: ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ISOTOPES WHEN DATING ORGANIC (ONCE-LIVING) REMAINS WITHIN TENS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS MASS: 14 UNITS DECAY: CARBON-14 NITROGEN-14 HALF-LIFE: 5,700 YEARS
23 QUESTIONS?
24 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW DID EVERYTHING EVOLVE ON EARTH?
25 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION 4.6 BILLION YEARS AGO RADIOACTIVE DECAY SHOWS THAT EARTH FORMED DURING THE EARLY FORMATION, EARTH HEATED UP DUE TO THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF ISOTOPES WITHIN EARTH S INTERIOR
26 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION 4.4 BILLION YEARS AGO DURING EARTH S EARLY MELTING, MATERIALS SEPARATED INTO ZONES ACCORDING TO THEIR DENSITIES FE (IRON) AND NI (NICKEL) SETTLED INTO THE CORE SILICATES (SIO2) FORMED THE EARLIEST CRUST GASESOUS COMPOUNDS (N2, O2, H2) MADE UP THE ATMOSPHERE
27 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION 4.2 BILLION YEARS AGO SOLID CRUST FORMED AND PLATE TECTONICS STARTED GASES TRAPPED INSIDE THE EARTH LEAKED OUT THROUGH OUTGASSING AND A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT SECOND ATMOSPHERE WAS CREATED
28 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION 3.9 BILLION YEARS AGO AFTER THE CRUST HAD COOLED ENOUGH, WATER VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE BEGAN TO PRECIPITATE AND FORM WATER ON EARTH
29 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION 3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO WEATHERING, EROSION, AND DEPOSITION BEGAN AND THE FIRST SEDIMENTARY ROCK WAS FORMED
30 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION 3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO LIFE FORMS THAT USED CO2 AND RELEASED OXYGEN (02) BEGAN TO EVOLVE THIS ALLOWED OXYGEN TO START BUILDING UP IN OUR ATMOSPHERE
31 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION BILLION YEARS AGO OXYGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE REACTED WITH IRON IN THE SOIL TO CREATE RUST EARTH S SURFACE LOOKED LIKE THE SURFACE COLOR OF MARS
32 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION 2.8 BILLION YEARS AGO MOST OF THE IRON COMPOUNDS HAD REACTED WITH OXYGEN SO OXYGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE CONTINUED TO INCREASE
33 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION 2.8 PRESENT BILLION YEARS AGO LIFE SLOWLY EVOLVED FROM SINGLE-CELLED BACTERIA TO MULTICELLULAR TO HARD PARTS ON LIFE FORMS
34 TOPIC 3: EARLY EVOLUTION ESRT PGS. 8-9
35 QUESTIONS?
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