9. DATING OF ROCKS, FOSSILS, AND GEOLOGIC EVENTS

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1 LAST NAME (IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: Instructions: 9. DATING OF ROCKS, FOSSILS, AND GEOLOGIC EVENTS Refer to Laboratory 8 in your Lab Manual on pages to answer the questions in this work sheet. Your work will be graded on the basis of its accuracy, completion, clarity, neatness, legibility, and correct spelling of scientific terms. For questions that require you to show your work, you must present your work in a step-by-step manner and with clarity. INTRODUCTION Two Kinds of Ages: Relative age: Order of geologic events are known, but not dates Absolute (Radiometric, Numerical) age: Dates geologic events happened are known Geologic events include: the formation of rocks, faulting, tilting, folding, metamorphism, erosion etc RELATIVE AGE DATING The order of geologic events can be correctly placed on the basis of the following geologic laws (principles): Law of Original Horizontality: Water-laid sediments are deposited in horizontal strata. Law of Superposition: In any undisturbed sequence of strata, each stratum is younger than the stratum below it and older than the stratum above. Law of Cross-cutting relationships: A rock unit is always older than any feature (e.g. fault, dike etc.) that cuts it. Law of Inclusion: If a rock unit contains pieces of another rock (inclusions), then it must be younger than the pieces it engulfed. Law of Unconformities: Unconformities are depositional gaps in the rock record. They indicate a time when uplift and erosion have occurred such that layers deposited at an earlier time have been stripped away by erosion. Disconformity: A surface of erosion in which sedimentary layers above and below the unconformity are horizontal (parallel). Angular Unconformity: A surface of erosion between two groups of sedimentary rocks in which the orientation of older strata, below, is at an angle to younger strata, above. Nonconformity: A surface of erosion that separates younger sedimentary strata above from older igneous or metamorphic rocks below. ABSOLUTE (RADIOMETRIC) DATING Makes use of radiometric techniques to provide the actual # of years since rocks (minerals), faults, folds, etc formed. Half-Life: The time it takes for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms E.g. C N: 5730 years; U Pb: 4.5 b.y. Page 1 of 7

2 Take a starting amount of parent isotope (at time=zero): 100 % Half-life 1 2 % of parent isotope (element) in sample Suppose the half-life value of a radioactive element is 100 m.y. How many years will it take for 50% of the parent isotope to change (decay) to the daughter product? 3 4 If the % of parent isotope found in a sample is 12.5%, how old is the sample? QUESTIONS Relative Ages of Rocks Q1. Use Figures 8.6 and 8.7 to answers the following questions. I) In Figure 8.6 the oldest rock unit is labeled and the youngest rock unit is labelled. II) Based on Figure 8.7, list the rocks and unconformity in the correct order starting with the oldest. Youngest Figure 8.6 Figure 8.7 Oldest Page 2 of 7

3 Q2. Study the next four geologic cross sections (1 through 4) and review the legend of symbols given at the bottom of page 219 (Lab Manual). On the lines provided, write letters to indicate the sequence of events from oldest (first in the sequence of events) to youngest (last in the sequence of events). Please use corresponding figures from your Lab Manual for clarity. Page 3 of 7

4 Page 4 of 7

5 Q3. Refer to the geologic cross-section given in Figure 8.2 to answer questions I through III. Refer to Figure 8.10 as needed. I) Which one of the contacts (surfaces) between the lettered layers is an unconformity? II) At the disconformity you identified at (I) above, certain rock units along with their fossils must be missing. What kind of organisms (later changed to fossils) are missing at the unconformity? III) What amount of absolute time in m.y. (millions of years) is missing at the unconformity? Q4. Refer to Figure 8.4 to answer questions I through V. Use Figure 8.10 to determine the relative age of fossils and the hosting rock units. I) The relative age of layer B is Period II) The relative age of layer C is Period III) The relative age of layer D is Period IV) The relative age of layer F is Period V) Note that in the cross section (Fig 8.4) fossils that belong to the Mesozoic Era are missing. What geologic event must have occurred during the Mesozoic era in the region? Explain. Page 5 of 7

6 Q5. Using index fossils to date rocks and events. Use your Lab Manual, page 221, for clearer pictures of fossils. I) What index fossils from Figure 8.10 are present? II) Based on the overlap of range zones for these index fossils, what is the relative age (name of one or more periods of time) of the rock? III) Using figure 8.10, what is the absolute age of the rock in Ma (millions of years), as a range from youngest to oldest? I) What index fossils from Figure 8.10 are present? II) Based on the overlap of range zones for these index fossils, what is the relative age (name of one or more periods of time) of the rock? III) Using figure 8.10, what is the absolute age of the rock in Ma (millions of years), as a range from youngest to oldest? I) What index fossils from Figure 8.10 are present? II) Based on the overlap of range zones for these index fossils, what is the relative age (name of one or more periods of time) of the rock? III) Using figure 8.10, what is the absolute age of the rock in Ma (millions of years), as a range from youngest to oldest? Page 6 of 7

7 Absolute (Radiometric) Ages of Rocks Q6. A rock was sent for analysis to a mass spectrometric lab. The result shows a parent to daughter ratio of 1:1. How many half-lives have elapsed since that rock was formed? Explain. Q7. The half-life of C-N (C-14, or Radiocarbon) is 5,730 years. How old is a fossil that contains 6.25% of the original (parent) C-14? Show your work in detail. Q8. Refer to the picture given on page 223, an outcrop in a surface mine (coal strip mine) in northern New Mexico. Note the sill, sedimentary rocks, fault, places where a fossil leaf was found, and isotope data for zircon crystals in the sill. (I) What is the relative age of the clay shale in this rock exposure? Explain your reasoning. (II) What is the absolute age of the sill? Show how you calculated the age. (III) Locate the fault. How much displacement has occurred along the fault? meters. Q9. Astronomers think that Earth probably formed at the same time as all of the other rocky materials of the solar system, including meteorites. The oldest meteorites ever found on Earth contain equal amounts of both U-238 and Pb-206. What is Earth s age? Show your work in a step-by-step manner. See Figure 8.11 (Table on top) for half-life values of U-238 and Pb-206. Q10. An authentic dinosaur bone is being offered for sale on the Internet. The seller claims that he had it analyzed by scientists who confirmed that it is a dinosaur bone and used carbon dating to determine that it is 400 million years old. Give two reasons why you should be suspicious of this bone s authenticity. (See figures 8.10 and 8.11). Page 7 of 7

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